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Data from: Asexual queen succession mediates an accelerated colony life cycle in the termite Silvestritermes minutus
Mixed modes of reproduction, combining sexual processes with thelytokous parthenogenesis, occur in all major clades of social insects. In several species of termites, queens maximize their genetic input into nondispersing replacement queens through parthenogenesis, while maintaining genetically diverse sterile offspring and dispersing reproductives via sexual reproduction. This so-called asexual queen succession (AQS) has multiple independent origins and its presumed advantages are diverse as well, ranging from multiplication of colony reproductive potential to extension of its lifespan beyond that of the foundress. However, how AQS shapes colony life cycles under natural conditions remains poorly known. The neotropical termite Silvestritermes minutus inhabits small but conspicuous nests, offering a unique opportunity to investigate the impact of AQS on life history. We report on its breeding system, life cycle and sex allocation using social structure census in 137 nests and genotyping of 12 colonies at 12 microsatellite loci. We show that colonies are established by an outbred pair of primary reproductives. In less than 2 years, the foundress is replaced by multiple neotenic queens, arising mostly through automixis with central fusion. Sterile castes, male and most (93%) female dispersers are produced sexually. Colony reproduction is usually restricted to a single dispersal of alates with unbiased sex ratio, taking place after 3 years. We conclude that S. minutus benefits from AQS to maximize colony growth rate and alate production within a very short life cycle rather than to extend colony lifespan. This highlights the versatile role of AQS in different cases of its polyphyletic origin.
Data from: Demographic and spatiotemporal patterns of avian influenza infection at the continental scale, and in relation to annual life cycle of a migratory host
Since the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in the eastern hemisphere, numerous surveillance programs and studies have been undertaken to detect the occurrence, distribution, or spread of avian influenza viruses (AIV) in wild bird populations worldwide. To identify demographic determinants and spatiotemporal patterns of AIV infection in long distance migratory waterfowl in North America, we fitted generalized linear models with binominal distribution to analyze results from 13,574 blue-winged teal (Anas discors, BWTE) sampled in 2007 to 2010 year round during AIV surveillance programs in Canada and the United States. Our analyses revealed that during late summer staging (July-August) and fall migration (September-October), hatch year (HY) birds were more likely to be infected than after hatch year (AHY) birds, however there was no difference between age categories for the remainder of the year (winter, spring migration, and breeding period), likely due to maturing immune systems and newly acquired immunity of HY birds. Probability of infection increased non-linearly with latitude, and was highest in late summer prior to fall migration when densities of birds and the proportion of susceptible HY birds in the population are highest. Birds in the Central and Mississippi flyways were more likely to be infected compared to those in the Atlantic flyway. Seasonal cycles and spatial variation of AIV infection were largely driven by the dynamics of AIV infection in HY birds, which had more prominent cycles and spatial variation in infection compared to AHY birds. Our results demonstrate demographic as well as seasonal, latitudinal and flyway trends across Canada and the US, while illustrating the importance of migratory host life cycle and age in driving cyclical patterns of prevalence.
Data from: Contrasting definitive hosts as determinants of the genetic structure in a parasite with complex life cycle along the Southeastern Pacific
The spatial genetic structure (and gene flow) of parasites with complex life cycles, such as digeneans, has been attributed mainly to the dispersion ability of the most mobile host, which most often corresponds to the definitive host (DH). In this study, we compared the genetic structure and diversity of adult Neolebouria georgenascimentoi in two fish species (DHs) that are extensively distributed along the Southeastern Pacific (SEP). The analysis was based on the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene sequences of parasites collected between 23°S and 45°S. In total, 202 sequences of N. georgenascimentoi in Pinguipes chilensis isolated from 9 sites and 136 sequences of Prolatilus jugularis from 5 sites were analyzed. Our results showed that N. georgenascimentoi is a species complex that includes three different parasite species; however, in this study, only group 1 and 2 found in P. chilensis and P. jugularis, respectively, were studied because they are widely distributed along the coastline. Group 1 parasites had two common haplotypes with wide distribution and unique haplotypes in northern sites. Group 2 had only one common haplotype with wide distribution and a large number of unique haplotypes with greater genetic diversity. Both groups have experienced recent population expansion. Only group 1 exhibited a genetic structure that was mainly associated with a biogeographic break at approximately 30°S along the SEP. Our finding suggests that host access to different prey (=intermediate hosts) could affect the genetic structure of the parasite complex discovered here. Consequently, difference between these patterns suggests that factors other than DH dispersal are involved in the genetic structure of autogenic parasites.
Data from: Diversity and distribution of Wolbachia in relation to geography, host plant affiliation and life cycle of a heterogonic gall wasp
Background: The maternally inherited endosymbiont Wolbachia is widespread in arthropods and nematodes and can play an important role in the ecology and evolution of its host through reproductive manipulation. Here, we survey Wolbachia in Belonocnema treatae, a widely distributed North American cynipid gall forming wasp that exhibits regional host specialization on three species of oaks and alternation of sexually and aseuxlly reproducing generations. We investigated whether patterns of Wolbachia infection and diversity in B. treatae are associated with the insect's geographic distribution, host plant association, life cycle, and mitochondrial evolutionary history. Results: Screening of 463 individuals from 23 populations including sexual and asexual generations from all three host plants across the southern U.S. showed an average infection rate of 56% with three common Wolbachia strains: wTre1-3 and an additional rare variant wTre4. Phylogenetic analysis based on wsp showed that these strains are unrelated and likely independently inherited. We found no difference in Wolbachia infection frequency among host plant associated populations or between the asexual and sexual generations, or between males and females of the sexual generation. Partially incomplete Wolbachia transmission rates might explain the occurrence of uninfected individuals. A parallel analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene in B. treatae showed high mtDNA haplotype diversity in both infected and uninfected populations suggesting an ancestral infection by Wolbachia as well as a clear split between eastern and western B. treatae mtDNA clades with a sequence divergence of > 6%. The strain wTre1 was present almost exclusively in the western clade while wTre2 and wTre3 occur almost exclusively in eastern populations. In contrast, the same strains co-occur as double-infection in Georgia and triple-infections in two populations in central Florida. Conclusions: The diversity of Wolbachia across geographically and genetically distinct populations of B. treatae and the co-occurrence of the same strains within three populations highlights the complex infection dynamics in this system. Moreover, the association of distinct Wolbachia strains with mitochondrial haplotypes of its host in populations infected by different Wolbachia strains suggests a potential role of the endosymbiont in reproductive isolation in B. treatae.
FIGURE 7. Polydora ecuadoriana life cycle diagram. A in Morphology and biology of Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) boring into oyster shells in South America, with the description of a new species
FIGURE 7. Polydora ecuadoriana life cycle diagram. A, sinuous spermatophore released by male and caught by female. B, female brooding early larvae in egg capsules joined to each other in string, with each attached by two stalks to inner wall of burrow in shell. C, fragment of egg capsule string. D, 3-chaetiger larva hatched from egg capsule and entered into the plankton. E, 16-chaetiger pelagic larva ready for settlement and metamorphosis. F, juvenile in silty tube at beginning of boring into shell, with palps lacking pigmentation.
FIGURES 23–31 in Redescription of the marine scuticociliate Glauconema trihymene Thompson, 1966 (Protozoa: Ciliophora): life cycle and stomatogenesis
FIGURES 23–31. Transformation from trophont to tomite in Glauconema trihymene. (23) Proliferation of paroral membrane to form an anarchic field (arrows). (24) Anarchic field forming several parts and the disappearance of M3 (arrows). (25) Anarchic field divides into two primordia: primordium of paroral membrane (priPM) and primordium of membranelles (priM) which comprises 5–6 stacked fields; parental M2 partially resorbed (arrows). (26) PriPM aligning into one line (arrowheads). (27–29) Proliferation of priPM and the resorption of membranelles (arrow). (30–31) Formation of three membranelles, arrow showing the anterior end of the paroral membrane. Scale bars = 20 m.
FIGURES 14–22 in Redescription of the marine scuticociliate Glauconema trihymene Thompson, 1966 (Protozoa: Ciliophora): life cycle and stomatogenesis
FIGURES 14–22. Stomatogenesis in trophont of Glauconema trihymene. (1415) Proliferation and irregular rearrangement of kinetosomes in the scutica which forms the first primordial field (PF). (16) Splitting of paroral membrane, the right line of kinetosomes forms the second primordial field (SF). (17) Proliferation and division of SF into anterior (SFa) and posterior (SFp) parts. (18) Migration of SFa and SFp. (19) Proliferation of the remnant of PM (arrow). (20–21) Proliferation in SFa and rearrangement of SFp and PF, arrow indicates the anterior kinetosomes of PF which join the formation of M2 in opisthe. (22) Cytokinesis, arrow shows the small gap between M1 and M2. Scale bar = 20 m.
FIGURES 32–44 in Redescription of the marine scuticociliate Glauconema trihymene Thompson, 1966 (Protozoa: Ciliophora): life cycle and stomatogenesis
FIGURES 32–44. Morphology and stomatogenesis of Glauconema trihymene, in vivo (35–37) and after protargol impregnation (32–34, 38–44). (32) Trophont, arrowhead indicates the closely spaced M1 and M2. (33–34) Tomite, arrowhead shows the anterior end of M1 located at the apical plate. (35–36) Typical form of trophont in vivo. (37) Cyst. (38) Proliferation of scutica (arrowhead). (39–40) Proliferation of first (arrowhead) and second (arrows) primordial fields. (41) Migration to anterior of SF (SFa) and the aggregation of PF (arrowhead). (42) Proliferation of kinetosomes in proter and opisthe, arrowhead shows the major portion of PF, arrow indicates the three kinetosomes originating from the PF which will join M2. (43) Rearrangement of PF (arrowhead) and SFp (arrows). (44) Cytokinesis, arrow indicates conspicuous gap between M1 and M2. Scale bars = 30
FIGURES 1–13 in Redescription of the marine scuticociliate Glauconema trihymene Thompson, 1966 (Protozoa: Ciliophora): life cycle and stomatogenesis
FIGURES 1–13. Glauconema trihymene (Qingdao population) from live cells (1–3, 8), after protargol (4a, 5a, 6–7, 12–13), silver nitrate (9–11) impregnations, and the oral apparatus of Urocryptum tortum (4b, 5b). (12) Trophont, side view, arrow indicates the apical plate. (3) Tomite, ventral view. (4a, 5a) Buccal apparatus of tomite and trophont, respectively. (4b, 5b) Buccal apparatus of tomite and trophont of Urocryptum tortum, respectively (after PérezUz & Guinea 2001). (6, 7) Infraciliature of ventral (6) and dorsal (7) sides in trophont, arrowhead indicates the closely spaced M1 and M2. (8) Transformation between trophont and cyst stages. (9) Trophont, ventral view, arrow marks the inconspicuous gap (arrow) between M1 and M2 (after Thompson 1966). (10) Portion of buccal area showing silverline system, arrowhead indicating the closely arranged M1 and M2. (11) Caudal view of silverline system. (12–13) Tomite, infraciliature of ventral (12) and dorsal (13) sides, arrow indicates the large distance between M1 and M2. CCo = caudal cilium complex; Cs = cytostome; CVP = contractile vacuole pore; CyP = cytopyge; M1–3 = membranelle 1–3; PM = paroral membrane; Sc = scutica. Scale bars = 20 m.
FIGURES 45–52 in Redescription of the marine scuticociliate Glauconema trihymene Thompson, 1966 (Protozoa: Ciliophora): life cycle and stomatogenesis
FIGURES 45–52. Transformation of Glauconema trihymene from trophont to tomite. (45) Proliferated parental paroral membrane to form an anarchic field (arrows). (46) Proliferation of anarchic field and partial resorption of M2 (arrows). (47) Proliferation of anarchic field (arrows). (48) Emergence of primordia of paroral membrane (priPM, arrowheads) and of membranelles (pri M), and the partial resorption of parental M2 (arrow). (49–50) Proliferation of priPM (arrowheads) and the rearrangement of priM. (51–52) Formation of three membranelles in tomite, arrow showing the anterior end of the paroral membrane.
FIGURE 1 in The life cycle of Eucheilota medusifera? (Torrey, 1902), comb. nov. [= Campalecium medusiferum] (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Lovenellidae) from the Bay of Biscay (northeastern Atlantic), including a description of the adult medusa
FIGURE 1. Eucheilota medusifera? (Torrey, 1902). A) Hydrothecae and a developing gonangium; note the accumulation of cnidocysts in the distal end of the latter. B) Hydrotheca and stolon; a new hydranth is budding. C) A detail of the intertentacular web showing the typical sausage-like cnidocysts; these may be lacking in some polyps. D) Sausage-like merotrichous haploneme. The real armature of this cnidocyst very likely consists of a dextral helix of two or three separate strands of small spines with several coils; there could be minute spines in the distal tube as well. Scale bar: 100 µm (A, B); 21 µm (D); C, not at scale.
FIGURE 3 in The life cycle of Eucheilota medusifera? (Torrey, 1902), comb. nov. [= Campalecium medusiferum] (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Lovenellidae) from the Bay of Biscay (northeastern Atlantic), including a description of the adult medusa
FIGURE 3. Eucheilota medusifera? (Torrey, 1902). Adult medusa (30 days old), height= 1.8 mm; width= 4.0 mm.
FIGURE 2 in The life cycle of Eucheilota medusifera? (Torrey, 1902), comb. nov. [= Campalecium medusiferum] (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Lovenellidae) from the Bay of Biscay (northeastern Atlantic), including a description of the adult medusa
FIGURE 2. Eucheilota medusifera? (Torrey, 1902). Newly released medusa. A) A specimen seen from above (exumbrellar cnidocysts not drawn). B) Side view; note the equatorial band of cnidocysts. C) A perradial bulb; note the rudimentary developing cirrus in the right side of the bulb. Three kinds of cnidocysts can be seen: minute atrichous isorhizas in the tentacle, merotrichous haplonemes in the bulb and basitrichous haplonemes in the exumbrella. D) A developing perradial bulb with lateral cirrus and the typical terminal cluster of merotrichous haplonemes. E) An interradial thickening with central cirrus. F) Exumbrellar basitrichous haploneme (frontal and side views) and a small merotrichous haploneme of the cirri. Adult medusa. G) Umbrellar margin with a statocyst with six statoliths in a single row forming a semicircle. Scale bar: 66 µm (C, D, E); 20 µm (F); B, width= 725 µm; height= 640 µm; A, G, not at scale.
FIGURE 1. A in Orientocreadium elegans n. sp. and Orientocreadium pseudobagri Ya m a g u t i (Digenea: Orientocreadiidae), from freshwater fish of the Primorsky region (southern far east, Russia) with a description of their life cycles
FIGURE 1. A. Orientocreadium pseudobagri from Perccottus glehni, adult, ventral view. B. Orientocreadium pseudobagri from Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, adult, ventral view. C. Orientocreadium elegans n. sp., holotype. D. Orientocreadium elegans n. sp., paratype. E. Cirrus sac of Orientocreadium pseudobagri.
FIGURE 2. A in Orientocreadium elegans n. sp. and Orientocreadium pseudobagri Ya m a g u t i (Digenea: Orientocreadiidae), from freshwater fish of the Primorsky region (southern far east, Russia) with a description of their life cycles
FIGURE 2. A. Cercaria of Orientocreadium pseudobagri from Lymnaea coreana, ventral view. B. Cercaria of Orientocreadium elegans n. sp. from Lymnaea coreana, ventral view. C. Metaercaria of Orientocreadium elegans n. sp. from Phoxinus lagowskii, ventral view. D. Metacercaria of Orientocreadium elegans n. sp. from Pseudorasbora parva, ventral view.
FIGURE 10 in A clearly identifiable postlarva in the life cycle of a new species of Pliciloricus (Loricifera) from the deep sea of the Angola Basin *
FIGURE 10. Pliciloricus diva sp. n., buccal channel of paratypic Higgins-larva with buccal structures like prepharyngeal armature and pharyngeal bulb, ventral view. A.1, internal features; A.2, external features; B, diagram of scalid arrangement on the head (introvert and neck) of paratypic Higgins-larva.
FIGURE 8 in A clearly identifiable postlarva in the life cycle of a new species of Pliciloricus (Loricifera) from the deep sea of the Angola Basin *
FIGURE 8. Pliciloricus diva sp. n., interference contrast light micrographs. A, exuvium of seventh larval instar with retracted introvert containing type I postlarva and adult (same specimens as drawn in Fig. 7A–C); B, focus on enclosed adult; C, anterior region with focus on both stages enclosed into larval exuvium (arrows point to different thickness of cuticle of simplified type I postlarva); D, ornamentation of midventral plica of postlarval lorica shining through larval cuticle; E, young adult female enclosed in reduced type II postlarva and exuvium of retracted seventh larval instar; F, habitus of paratypic Higgins-larva.
FIGURE 9 in A clearly identifiable postlarva in the life cycle of a new species of Pliciloricus (Loricifera) from the deep sea of the Angola Basin *
FIGURE 9. Pliciloricus diva sp. n., Higgins-larva, paratype II, habitus. A, ventral view; B, dorsal view.
FIGURE 6 in A clearly identifiable postlarva in the life cycle of a new species of Pliciloricus (Loricifera) from the deep sea of the Angola Basin *
FIGURE 6. Pliciloricus diva sp. n., interference contrast light micrographs. A, simplified parthenogenetic adult (female) in immature phase (same specimen as in Fig. 5A); B, cuticle structures of surrounding seventh larval instar, closed collar, retracted scalids, and prepharyngeal armature; C, simplified parthenogenetic adult (female) in late phase of maturity (same specimen as in Fig. 5B) with cuticle structures of surrounding seventh larval instar; D, simplified parthenogenetic adult as unisexual active stage; E, same specimen which is still enclosed together with released eggs and embryos inside exuvium of Higgins-larva; F, focus on eggs and embryo.
FIGURE 4 in A clearly identifiable postlarva in the life cycle of a new species of Pliciloricus (Loricifera) from the deep sea of the Angola Basin *
FIGURE 4. Pliciloricus diva sp. n., interference contrast light micrographs, holotypic male: A, anterior body region; paratypic male: B, habitus; C, mouth cone and introvert; D, type B scalid of fourth row; E, lorica and posterior end; F, internal view on testis.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.