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Data from: An invasive species reverses the roles in a host-parasite relationship between bitterling fish and unionid mussels
The impact of multiple invading species can be magnified due to mutual facilitation, termed "invasional meltdown", but invasive species can also be adversely affected by their interactions with other invaders. Using a unique reciprocal host-parasite relationship between a bitterling fish, Rhodeus amarus, and unionid mussels, we show that an invasive mussel reverses the roles in the relationship. Bitterling lay their eggs into mussel gills, and mussel larvae parasitize fish. Bitterling recently colonized Europe and parasitize all sympatric European mussels, but are unable to utilize a recently invasive mussel, Anodonta woodiana. The parasitic larvae of A. woodiana successfully develop on R. amarus, while larvae of European mussels are rejected by bitterling. This demonstrates that invading species may temporarily benefit from a coevolutionary lag by exploiting evolutionarily naïve hosts, but the resulting relaxed selection may facilitate its exploitation by subsequent invading species, leading to unexpected consequences for established interspecific relationships.
FIGURE 17 in New fossil mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand, with general remarks on vent and seep mussels
FIGURE 17. Diagram comparing relative maximum sizes reported* in modern species of the genus Gigantidas Cosel and B. Marshall, 2003 (thin-lined boxes), against the largest specimen** of G. c o s e li sp. nov. (specimen L4212). Mean maximum size (H = 43.7 mm, L = 197.7 mm) and H/L ratio (0.22) for genus shown by dashed lines. Faded background images are of largest specimen of both described modern species, G. gladius Cosel and B. Marshall, 2003 (H = 54.1 mm, L = 316.0 mm) and G. horikoshii Hashimoto and Yamane, 2005 (H = 49.1 mm, L = 177.8 mm). These holotype images are slightly distorted to fill the dimensions of the largest specimen of each species reported, modified from Cosel and Marshall (2003: fig. 25) and Hashimoto and Yamane (2005: fig. 8). H: shell height; L: shell length.
FIGURE 16 in New fossil mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand, with general remarks on vent and seep mussels
FIGURE 16. Diagram depicting range of relative maximum sizes reported* in species of the genus Bathymodiolus Kenk and Wilson, 1985 (sensu lato and sensu stricto) against the largest specimen of B. heretaunga sp. nov. (paratype TM8724). Modern species are represented by thin-lined boxes, fossil species by bold-lined boxes. Mean maximum size (H = 49.4 mm, L = 117.3 mm) and H/L ratio (0.44) for genus shown by dashed lines. Tick marks indicate lengths of various undescribed species (see Table 7). Faded background images are holotypes of largest (B. boomerang Cosel and Olu, 1998, H = 110.0 mm, L = 360.0 mm) and smallest (B. willapaensis (Squires and Goedert, 1991), H = 10.0 mm, L = 20.0 mm) species in the genus. These holotype images are slightly distorted to fill the dimensions of the largest specimen of each species reported, modified from Cosel and Olu (1998: fig. 1) and Squires and Goedert (1991: fig. 2.4). ad: B. aduloides Hashimoto and Okutani, 1994; ak: B. akanudaensis (Kuroda, 1931); an: B. anteumbonatus Cosel and Janssen, 2008; az: B. azoricus Cosel and Comtet in Cosel, Comtet and Krylova, 1999; bk: B. brooksi Gustafson, Turner, Lutz and Vrijenhoek, 1998; bm: B. boomerang Cosel & Olu, 1998; bv: B. brevior Cosel, Métivier and Hashimoto, 1994; ch: B. childressi Gustafson, Turner, Lutz and Vrijenhoek, 1998; ed: B. edisonensis Cosel and Janssen, 2008; el: B. elongatus Cosel, Métivier and Hashimoto, 1994; ex: B.? exbrocchii (Sacco, 1898); H: shell height; hg: B. heretaunga; hk: B. heckerae Turner, Gustafson, Lutz and Vrijenhoek in Gustafson, Turner, Lutz and Vrijenhoek, 1998; ht: B. hirtus Okutani, Fujikura and Sasaki, 2004; jp: B. japonicus Hashimoto and Okutani, 1994; L: shell length; mn: B. manusensis Hashimoto and Furuta, 2007; mi: B. marisindicus Hashimoto, 2001; mr: B. mauritanicus Cosel, 2002; pf: B. platifrons Hashimoto and Okutani, 1994; pm: B. palmarensis Kiel, Campbell and Gaillard, 2010; ps: B. puteoserpentis Cosel, Métivier and Hashimoto, 1994; sd: B. septemdierum Hashimoto and Okutani, 1994; sf: B. securiformis Okutani, Fujikura and Sasaki, 2004; th: B. thermophilus Kenk and Wilson, 1985; tta: B. tangaroa tangaroa Cosel and B. Marshall, 2003; ttu: B. tangaroa tuerkayi Cosel and Janssen, 2008; tw: B. taiwanensis Cosel, 2008a; wp: B. willapaensis (Squires and Goedert, 1991).
FIGURE 15 in New fossil mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand, with general remarks on vent and seep mussels
FIGURE 15. Graphs showing ontogenetic changes in shell height/length ratio vs. shell length in specimens of Bathymodiolus heretaunga sp. nov. and its modern congeners. A. Scatter plot of raw data. Closed symbols represent species in the B. tangaroa group; open symbols are used for other species of the B. childressi clade. B. Lines of best fit to show growth curves.: B. anteumbonatus Cosel and Janssen, 2008 (an);: B. childressi Gustafson, Turner, Lutz and Vrijenhoek, 1998 (ch);: B. edisonensis Cosel and Janssen, 2008 (ed);: B. heretaunga (hg);: B. hirtus Okutani, Fujikura and Sasaki, 2004 (ht);: B. japonicus Hashimoto and Okutani, 1994 (jp);: B. mauritanicus Cosel, 2002 (mr);: B. platifrons Hashimoto and Okutani, 1994 (pl); —: B. securiformis Okutani, Fujikura and Sasaki, 2004 (sf);: B. taiwanensis Cosel, 2008a (tw);: B. tangaroa tangaroa Cosel and B. Marshall, 2003 (tta);: B. tangaroa tuerkayi Cosel and Janssen, 2008 (ttu).
FIGURE 14 in New fossil mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand, with general remarks on vent and seep mussels
FIGURE 14. Graphs showing ontogenetic changes in shell height vs. shell length in specimens of Bathymodiolus heretaunga sp. nov. and its modern congeners. A. Scatter plot of raw data. Closed symbols represent species in the B. tangaroa group; open symbols are used for other species of the B. childressi clade. B. Lines of best fit to show growth curves.: B. anteumbonatus Cosel and Janssen, 2008 (an);: B. childressi Gustafson, Turner, Lutz and Vrijenhoek, 1998 (ch);: B. edisonensis Cosel and Janssen, 2008 (ed);: B. heretaunga (hg);: B. hirtus Okutani, Fujikura and Sasaki, 2004 (ht);: B. japonicus Hashimoto and Okutani, 1994 (jp);: B. mauritanicus Cosel, 2002 (mr);: B. platifrons Hashimoto and Okutani, 1994 (pl); —: B. securiformis Okutani, Fujikura and Sasaki, 2004 (sf);: B. taiwanensis Cosel, 2008a (tw);: B. tangaroa tangaroa Cosel and B. Marshall, 2003 (tta);: B. tangaroa tuerkayi Cosel and Janssen, 2008 (ttu).
FIGURE 12 in New fossil mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand, with general remarks on vent and seep mussels
FIGURE 12. Map to show global distribution of vent–seep mussel species. Inset: fossil and modern occurrences of New Zealand vent–mussel taxonomy.: Bathymodiolus aduloides clade;: Bathymodiolus childressi clade;: Bathymodiolus thermophilus clade;: species still in open nomenclature;: fossil occurrence. Closed and open symbols indicate modern hydrothermal vent and hydrocarbon seep environments respectively.
FIGURE 13 in New fossil mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand, with general remarks on vent and seep mussels
FIGURE 13. Stock chart showing depth ranges of described modern vent–seep mussel species and inferred palaeodepth of New Zealand hydrocarbon seep deposits. Species of the Bathymodiolus childressi clade are grouped separately from species of the B. aduloides and B. thermophilus clades to show the distinct bathymetric distributions of these two species groupings. ad: B. aduloides Hashimoto and Okutani, 1994; an: B. anteumbonatus Cosel and Janssen, 2008; az: B. azoricus Cosel and Comtet in Cosel, Comtet and Krylova, 1999; bk: B. brooksi Gustafson, Turner, Lutz and Vrijenhoek, 1998; bm: B. boomerang Cosel & Olu, 1998; bv: B. brevior Cosel, Métivier and Hashimoto, 1994; ch: B. childressi Gustafson, Turner, Lutz and Vrijenhoek, 1998; ed: B. edisonensis Cosel and Janssen, 2008; el: B. elongatus Cosel, Métivier and Hashimoto, 1994; gg: Gigantidas gladius Cosel and B. Marshall, 2003; gh: G. horikoshii Hashimoto and Yamane, 2005; hk: B. heckerae Turner, Gustafson, Lutz and Vrijenhoek in Gustafson, Turner, Lutz and Vrijenhoek, 1998; ht: B. hirtus Okutani, Fujikura and Sasaki, 2004; jp: B. japonicus Hashimoto and Okutani, 1994; mn: B. manusensis Hashimoto and Furuta, 2007; mi: B. marisindicus Hashimoto, 2001; mr: B. mauritanicus Cosel, 2002; pf: B. platifrons Hashimoto and Okutani, 1994; ps: B. puteoserpentis Cosel, Métivier and Hashimoto, 1994; sd: B. septemdierum Hashimoto and Okutani, 1994; sf: B. securiformis Okutani, Fujikura and Sasaki, 2004; th: B. thermophilus Kenk and Wilson, 1985; tta: B. tangaroa tangaroa Cosel and B. Marshall, 2003; ttu: B. tangaroa tuerkayi Cosel and Janssen, 2008; tw: B. taiwanensis Cosel, 2008a.
FIGURE 11 in New fossil mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand, with general remarks on vent and seep mussels
FIGURE 11. Scatter plot with lines of best fit showing ontogenetic changes in shell height vs. shell length (A) and shell height/length ratio vs. shell length (B) in specimens of Gigantidas coseli sp. nov. and its modern congeners.: G. c os e li;: G. gladius Cosel and B. Marshall, 2003;: G. horikoshii Hashimoto and Yamane, 2005.
FIGURE 10 in New fossil mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand, with general remarks on vent and seep mussels
FIGURE 10. Sketches of idealized internal right valves of adult specimens of Bathymodiolus heretaunga sp. nov., Gigantidas coseli sp. nov., and the two named modern species of Gigantidas Cosel and B. Marshall, 2003. Not to scale. A. B. heretaunga. B. G. c o s e l i. C. Gigantidas gladius Cosel and B. Marshall, 2003. D. Gigantidas horikoshii Hashimoto and Yamane, 2005. A and B based on holotype shell shapes but constructed as composites from details observed in several specimens for both new species. Features unknown in G. c o s e l i are estimated from those typical of the genus, and are drawn as dashed lines. C and D modified from Cosel and Marshall (2003: fig. 33) and Hashimoto and Yamane (2005: fig. 9) respectively. A: shell anterior length; aa: scar of anterior adductor; abr: scar of anterior byssal retractor; am: anterior margin; apb: scar of anterior part of posterior byssal retractor; b: beak; dm: dorsal margin; H: shell height; L: shell length; lig: ligament; pa: scar of posterior adductor; pbr: scar of posterior byssal retractor complex; pdc: posterodorsal corner; pl: pallial line; pm: posterior margin; ppb: scar of posterior part of posterior byssal retractor; u: umbo; vm: ventral margin.
FIGURE 8 in New fossil mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand, with general remarks on vent and seep mussels
FIGURE 8. Growth series and holotype of Gigantidas coseli sp. nov. A. Diagnostic lateral views of left and right valves to show growth series. Scale bar is 20 mm. A.1. Paratype L4204. A.2. Paratype TM8750. A.3. Specimen L4563. A.4. Paratype L4215. A.5. Specimen L4561. A.6. Holotype L4203. A.7. Specimen L4211. B. Diagnostic views of holotype L4203. Scale bar is 10 mm. B.1. Anterior view. B.2. Dorsal view. B.3. Lateral view of left valve. B.4. Lateral view of right valve.
FIGURE 7 in New fossil mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand, with general remarks on vent and seep mussels
FIGURE 7. Stock chart showing range and mean shell height/length ratios of specimens of Bathymodiolus heretaunga sp. nov. from each of the study localities. BX: Bexhaven; KK: Karikarihuata; MN: Moonlight North; PK: Puketawa; RK: Rocky Knob; TT: Totaranui; TW: Tauwhareparae; UH: Ugly Hill; WP: Waipiro.
FIGURE 5 in New fossil mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand, with general remarks on vent and seep mussels
FIGURE 5. Growth series and holotype of Bathymodiolus heretaunga sp. nov. A. Diagnostic lateral views of left and right valves to show growth series. Scale bar is 25 mm. A.1. Paratype L4099. A.2. Paratype L4100. A.3. Paratype L4201. A.4. Specimen L4515. A.5. Paratype L4166. A.6. Holotype TM8719. A.7. Paratype TM8734. A.8. Paratype TM8724. B. Diagnostic views of holotype TM8719. B.1. Anterior view. Scale bar is 5 mm. B.2. Dorsal view. Scale bar is 10 mm. B.3. Lateral view of right valve. Scale bar is 10 mm. B.4. Lateral view of left valve. Scale bar is 10 mm.
FIGURE 3 in New fossil mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand, with general remarks on vent and seep mussels
FIGURE 3. Geological timescale to show correlation of Miocene New Zealand series and stages with the international standard epochs and ages. E: Early; L: Late; M: Middle; Ma: million years. Modified from Cooper (2004).
FIGURE 4 in New fossil mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand, with general remarks on vent and seep mussels
FIGURE 4. Images showing typical hydrocarbon seep carbonate deposit and appearance of New Zealand hydrocarbon seep mussels in field samples before curating. A. Several float boulders (arrowed) originating upslope at Moonlight North locality. Person for scale. B. Clustered specimens of Gigantidas coseli sp. nov. occurring in situ from Bexhaven locality. Scale bar is 20 mm. C. Ex situ occurrence of specimens of G. c o s e l i (arrowed) from Moonlight North. Scale bar is 30 mm.
FIGURE 2 in New fossil mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand, with general remarks on vent and seep mussels
FIGURE 2. Generalized stratigraphy of the East Coast Basin, showing schematically the Miocene-age hydrocarbon seep carbonates that occur as isolated lenses with in the mudstones of the Tolaga Group. The organic-rich, underlying Waipawa Black Shale is thought to be one of the likely source rocks. Bx: Bexhaven Limestone; ESE: east-south-east; Ih: Ihungia Limestone; To: Tolaga Group; Wb: Weber Formation; Wn: Wanstead Formation; WNW: west-north-west; Wp: Waipawa Black Shale. Figure modified from Campbell et al. (2008).
FIGURE 1 in New fossil mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand, with general remarks on vent and seep mussels
FIGURE 1. Overview of relevant geology of the East Coast Basin, North Island, New Zealand, showing locations of the Miocene fossil hydrocarbon seep carbonates from which specimens of Bathymodiolus heretaunga sp. nov. and Gigantidas coseli sp. nov. were collected. 1–9. Sites of the northern region. 1. Bexhaven. 2. Karikarihuata. 3. Waipiro. 4. Tauwhareparae. 5. Puketawa. 6. Totaranui. 7. Moonlight North. 8. Rocky Knob. 9. Turihaua. 10, 11. Sites of the southern region. 10. Wanstead. 11. Ugly Hill. CP: Cape Palliser; HSZ: Hikurangi Subduction Zone; M: Marlborough; TVZ: Taupo Volcanic Zone. Also shown are some of the modern offshore hydrocarbon seep and hydrothermal vent sites on the Hikurangi Margin. Inset shows the Hikurangi subduction zone as part of the transpressive boundary between the Indo- Australian and Pacific Plates. Figure modified from Campbell et al. (2008).
FIGURE 7 in Taxonomic reassessment of the freshwater mussel genus Unio (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in Russia and Ukraine based on morphological and molecular data
FIGURE 7. Disposition of species samplings into hypothetic genera and subgenera in the space of the first two roots of the discriminant analysis, including parameters B/H and H/L. A, species of Unio s. str.; B, species of U. (Tumidiana); C, species of Crassiana (fide Bogatov & Kijashko, 2016); D, disposition of samplings of the polymorphic species belonging to Unio in the space of the first two roots of the discriminant analysis.
FIGURE 5 in Taxonomic reassessment of the freshwater mussel genus Unio (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in Russia and Ukraine based on morphological and molecular data
FIGURE 5. Anatomical features of mussels with right valve removed: A, U. pictorum (INREC-UP603); B, U. tumidus (INREC-UT700); C, U. crassus (INREC-UC516). D–G, close up of apertures in life mussel: D, General sagittal view (INREC- UP617); E, U. pictorum (INREC-UP618); F, U. tumidus (above INREC-UT3; below INREC-UT4); G, U. crassus (above ZSU- UC1; below ZSU-UC32). Abbreviations: aam, anterior adductor muscle; exa, excurrent aperture; f, foot; ia, incurrent aperture; ig, inner gill; lp, labial palps; m, mantle; og, outer gill; pam, posterior adductor muscle; p ia, papillae in incurrent aperture; pg exa, pigmentation of excurrent aperture; sa, supra-anal aperture. Scale bar 1 cm.
FIGURE 6 in Taxonomic reassessment of the freshwater mussel genus Unio (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in Russia and Ukraine based on morphological and molecular data
FIGURE 6. Variation of morphometric indexes in relation shell length for samples from Ukraine (U), European Russia (ER) and Transbaikalia (T). A, Unio (Unio) s. str.; B, U. (Tumidiana); C, Crassiana. Names of genera and subgenera according to Bogatov & Kijashko (2016) (see Table 1).
FIGURE 8 in Taxonomic reassessment of the freshwater mussel genus Unio (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in Russia and Ukraine based on morphological and molecular data
FIGURE 8. Left: phylogenetic tree for Unio species obtained by Bayesian Inference analysis of the COI fragment. Support values above and below the branch lengths represent BI posterior probability and ML bootstrap support, respectively. Russian and Ukrainian specimens are marked with an asterisk '*'. Right: COI haplotype networks showing the relationships within each Unio clade. Circle size is proportional to the observed haplotype frequencies, black dots represent unobserved haplotypes.
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