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Fig. 13 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana

Fig. 13. Dorsal valves of rafinesquinine brachiopod Rafinesquina (Mesogeina) gabianensis sp. nov.; middle–upper Katian (Ka2–4), Upper Ordovician; Gabian Formation, Montagne Noire, France. A. MPZ 2015/1387, holotype, latex cast of interior (A1), detail of cardinalia in anteroblique (A2) and posteroblique (A3) views, dorsal exterior (A4). B. MPZ 2015/1388, paratype, latex cast of interior (B1), detail of cardinalia in anteroblique (B2) and posteroblique (B3) views of a small specimen. C. VMN-1.22, paratype, latex cast of exterior. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 12 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana

Fig. 12. Ventral valves of rafinesquinine brachiopod Rafinesquina (Mesogeina) gabianensis sp. nov.; middle–upper Katian (Ka2–4), Upper Ordovician; Gabian Formation, Montagne Noire, France. A. MPZ 2015/1382, paratype, internal mould (A1) and latex cast of interior (A2) and exterior (A3). B. MPZ 2015/1383, paratype, internal mould (B1) and latex cast of exterior (B2) of a complete valve. C. MPZ 2015/1384, paratype, internal mould. D. MPZ 2015/1385, paratype, internal mould. E. MPZ 2015/1386, paratype, internal mould (E1) and latex cast of exterior (E2) of a small valve. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 16 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana

Fig. 16. Dorsal valves of rafinesquinine brachiopod Rafinesquina (Mesogeina) pomoides Havlíček, 1971; middle Katian (Ka2), Upper Ordovician; Lower Ktaoua Formation, Morocco (A, B); Huerva Member of Fombuena Formation, Iberian Chains, Spain (C–E). A. MPZ_2003_833, internal mould (A1) and latex cast of interior (A2), detail of cardinalia in anteroventral view (A3). B. MPZ_2003_843, latex cast of exterior. C. DPZ-356, latex cast of interior of a dorsal valve (C1), detail of cardinalia in anteroventral (C2) and posteroventral (C3) views. D. DPZ-354b, latex cast of exterior. E. DPZ-354b', internal mould (E1) and latex cast of interior (E2). Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 6 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana

Fig. 6. Dorsal valves of rafinesquinine brachiopod Kjaerina (Villasina) almadenensis (Villas, 1995); middle Katian (Ka2), Upper Ordovician; "Bancos Mixtos" Formation at Almadén, Spanish Central Iberian Zone, Spain. A. MPZ 11570, holotype, latex cast of dorsal interior (A1), posteroblique view (A2), showing details of cardinalia, dorsal exterior (A3) of a gerontic complete specimen. B. MPZ 11571, paratype, latex cast of dorsal interior of an incomplete specimen. C. MPZ 2015/1350, topotype, latex cast of dorsal interior of an incomplete specimen. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 15 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana

Fig. 15. Ventral valves of rafinesquinine brachiopod Rafinesquina (Mesogeina) pomoides Havlíček, 1971; middle Katian (Ka2), Upper Ordovician; Lower Ktaoua Formation (A) and Upper Tiouririne Formation (B), Morocco; Huerva Member of Fombuena Formation, Iberian Chains, Spain (C); Porto de Santa Anna Formation, Portuguese Central Iberian Zone, Portugal (D–F). A. MPZ_2003_832, ventral internal mould of a complete valve in upper (A1) and lateroblique (A2) views. B. MPZ 2015/1390, latex cast of ventral exterior of a ventral valve. C. DPZ-318 (ex-holotype of Rafinesquina lignani Villas, 1985), ventral internal mould (C1), latex cast of ventral interior (C2), detail of dental plates (C3), and lateral view (C4). D. IGM-2545A, ventral internal mould. E. IGM-2545B, latex cast of exterior. F. IGM-2945, internal mould. Scale bars 2 mm.

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Fig. 6 in The diploporite blastozoan Lepidocalix pulcher from the Middle Ordovician of northern Algeria: Taxonomic revision and palaeoecological implications

Fig. 6. Oral surface of the diploporite blastozoan Lepidocalix pulcher Termier and Termier, 1950a (MUA. 1024020); Middle Ordovician, Stita, Algeria. A. Four peri-orals (PO1, PO3, PO4, and PO6) between four circum-orals (CO1, CO2, CO4, and CO5), peristome partially covered by small subtriangular oral cover plates biseries, diplopore-bearing polygonal thecal plates immediately surrounding the peristome, hydropore over PO1 and PO6; in external view. B. Surface showing numerous diplopores. Photographs (A1, B1), coloured interpretations (A2, B2) of both surfaces illustrating names using circumorals and periorals (Paul 1973, 2017); in internal view. B–E ambulacral designations in Carpenter's system. Scale bars 5 mm.

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Fig. 4 in The diploporite blastozoan Lepidocalix pulcher from the Middle Ordovician of northern Algeria: Taxonomic revision and palaeoecological implications

Fig. 4. Diploporite blastozoan Lepidocalix pulcher Termier and Termier, 1950a (MUA. 1023001); Middle Ordovician, Stita, Algeria. A. Photograph of latex cast of external mould showing spines, tubercles, and the appearance of imbricate plates. B. Camera lucida drawing, note three generations of plates. Scale bars 2 mm.

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Fig. 3 in The diploporite blastozoan Lepidocalix pulcher from the Middle Ordovician of northern Algeria: Taxonomic revision and palaeoecological implications

Fig. 3. Original reconstruction of the diploporite blastozoan Lepidocalix pulcher Termier and Termier, 1950a (see Termier and Termier 1959; Kesling 1968). Scale bar 10 mm.

Fig. 6 in Morphology and ontogeny of some Middle Ordovician gonambonitid brachiopods from Baltoscandia

Fig. 6. Gonambonitid brachiopod Antigonambonites planus (Pander, 1830) from the Volkhovian regional stage, Darriwilian, Middle Ordovician of the Leningrad Region, Russia; ontogenetic series of dorsal valves. A. PIN 4921/792, exterior of 2 mm wide valve (A1), ribs crossing the halo rings (A2). B. PIN 4921/905, interior of 2.7 mm wide valve. C. PIN 4921/793, umbone of 3.2 mm wide valve showing ribs crossing the halo rings. D. PIN 4921/902, exterior of 3.5 mm wide valve (D1), dorsal umbone (D2), valve interior (D3). E. PIN 4921/899, 4 mm wide valve in exterior view. F. PIN 4921/903, interior of broken 5.5 mm wide valve (F1), dorsal adductor scars (F2).

Fig. 5 in Morphology and ontogeny of some Middle Ordovician gonambonitid brachiopods from Baltoscandia

Fig. 5. Gonambonitid brachiopod Antigonambonites planus (Pander, 1830) from the Volkhovian regional stage, Darriwilian, Middle Ordovician of the Leningrad Region, Russia; ontogenetic series of ventral valves. A. PIN 4921/785, spondylium of 3 mm wide valve in exterior (A1), interior (A2), and inner (A3) views. B. PIN 4921/884, posterior view of 3 mm wide valve with sealed pedicle tube. C. PIN 4921/879, posterior view of 3.4 mm wide valve with open pedicle tube. D. PIN 4921/880, exterior view of 3.5 mm wide valve with sealed pedicle tube and ribs reaching the posterior margin. E. PIN 4921/882, 3.8 mm wide valve in posterior view (E1), upper margin of pedicle tube infilling the delthyrium apex (E2), general exterior view (E3). F. PIN 4921/885, posterior view of 4 mm wide valve with elongated remnant of pedicle opening. G. PIN 4921/885, posterior view of 4 mm wide valve with circular remnant of pedicle opening (G1), enlarged upper margin of apical disc (arrow) near ventral umbone (arrowhead) (G2). H. PIN 4921/805, interior of 8 mm wide valve (H1), spondylium supported by three septa (H2), for cell molds see Fig. 8A, exterior of ventral umbone with sealed apical disc and ribs reaching the umbone posterior margin (H3). I. PIN 4921/883, 4.4 mm wide complete shell in posterior view.

Fig. 2 in Morphology and ontogeny of some Middle Ordovician gonambonitid brachiopods from Baltoscandia

Fig. 2. Map of Northern Europe showing position of the studied section E 60.01053054594174, N 32.56286132296759 (asterisk) at the mouth of the Lynna River (Leningrad Region, Russia).

Fig. 1 in Morphology and ontogeny of some Middle Ordovician gonambonitid brachiopods from Baltoscandia

Fig. 1. Generalized stratigraphic column of the Middle Ordovician section from the western Leningrad Region (after Dronov 1997).

Fig. 8 in Morphology and ontogeny of some Middle Ordovician gonambonitid brachiopods from Baltoscandia

Fig. 8. Moulds of outer epithelial cells in gonambonitid brachiopods from the Volkhovian (A) and Kunda (B, C) regional stages, Darriwilian, Middle Ordovician of the Leningrad Region, Russia. A. Antigonambonites planus (Pander, 1830), PIN 4921/805, ventral valve with ridges of mantle canals system bearing cell molds (fragment of Fig. 5H2). B, C. Anchigonites conulus Öpik, 1939, dorsal adductor scars. B. PIN 4921/912, dorsal muscle field (B1), cell moulds covering adductor scars (B2–B4). C. PIN 4921/901, posterior wall of deeply impressed adductor scar with cell moulds.

Fig. 4 in Morphology and ontogeny of some Middle Ordovician gonambonitid brachiopods from Baltoscandia

Fig. 4. Gonambonitid brachiopod Anchigonites conulus Öpik, 1939 from the Kunda regional stage, Darriwilian, Middle Ordovician of the Leningrad Region, Russia; ontogenetic series of dorsal valves. A. PIN 4921/528, 2.2 mm wide valve in interior (A1) and exterior (A2) views, fragment of ornamentation (A3). B. PIN 4921/689, 2.8 mm wide valve in general view (B1), umbone (B2). C. PIN 4921/688, 3 mm wide valve in general view (C1), umbone (C2). D. PIN 4921/897, 3 mm wide valve interior (D1), cardinalium (D2). E. PIN 4921/913, 3.3 mm wide valve in posterior view (E1), incomplete chilidium (E2). F. PIN 4921/912, interior of 3.5 mm wide valve. G. PIN 4921/917, interior of 4 mm wide valve. H. PIN 4921/526, 5.6 mm wide valve showing strong vertical growth in anterior (H1) and general (H2) views. I. PIN 4921/182, interior of 6 mm wide broken valve. J. PIN 4921/907, adductor scars of 7 mm wide valve. K. PIN 4921/906, 7.4 mm wide valve in posterior (K1) and interior (K2) views, fragment of inner surface near anterior margin (K3), incomplete chilidium (K4).

Fig. 3 in Morphology and ontogeny of some Middle Ordovician gonambonitid brachiopods from Baltoscandia

Fig. 3. Gonambonitid brachiopod Anchigonites conulus Öpik, 1939 from the Kunda regional stage, Darriwilian, Middle Ordovician of the Leningrad Region, Russia, ontogenetic series of ventral valves. A. PIN 4921/798, 3.5 mm wide valve in exterior (A1) and interior (A2) views. B. PIN 4921/891, 5 mm wide valve with sealed pedicle tube in interior view (B1), spondylium (B2), apical disc infilling the delthyrium apex (B3). C. PIN 4921/911, 4.2 mm wide valve in lateral (C1), ventral (C2), and posterior (C3) views. D. PIN 4921/908, 7 mm wide valve in general (D1) and lateral (D2) views. E. PIN 4921/807, 5.5 mm wide valve in general view (E1), spondylium with rudiment lateral septa (E2). F. PIN 4921/895, 8.3 mm wide valve in general (F1) and lateral (F2) views. G. PIN 4921/913, broken apical disc with imprint of the substrate, general view (G1), enlarged surface of the attachment region (G2).

Fig. 7 in Morphology and ontogeny of some Middle Ordovician gonambonitid brachiopods from Baltoscandia

Fig. 7. Latex casts of the gonambonitid brachiopod Anchigonites heintzi Öpik, 1939 from the Kunda regional stage, Middle Ordovician of Krekling, Norway. A. GIT 801-3, ventral valve. B. GIT 801-7, dorsal valve. Casts prepared by Madis Rubel (University of Tartu, Geology Department, Estonia).

Fig. 5 in Sequence of post-moult exoskeleton hardening preserved in a trilobite mass moult assemblage from the Lower Ordovician Fezouata Konservat-Lagerstätte, Morocco

Fig. 5. Mid-moult specimen of Limulus polyphemus Linnaeus, 1758 (YPMIZ 55597), Recent, USA, in dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), and anterior (A3) views. The moult is fully hardened and shows a robust convex exoskeleton, whereas the carcass partially emerged but trapped within the old exoskeleton shows extensive lateral wrinkling of its new exoskeleton (arrowed). Photo Russell Bicknell.

Fig. 1 in Sequence of post-moult exoskeleton hardening preserved in a trilobite mass moult assemblage from the Lower Ordovician Fezouata Konservat-Lagerstätte, Morocco

Fig. 1. Trilobite referred to Symphysurus ebbestadi Gutiérrez-Marco, Rábano, and García-Bellido, 2018, from the early Ordovician of Morocco (Tigzigzaouine area), in dorsal views, under standard lighting. A. MGL 102127. B. MGL 102128. C. MGL 102129. D. MGL 102130; D2 close up of thorax axial rings in D1, showing the clear terrace ridges. E. MGL 102131. F. MGL 102132. G. MGL 102133. H. MGL 102134. I. MGL 102135. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 4 in Sequence of post-moult exoskeleton hardening preserved in a trilobite mass moult assemblage from the Lower Ordovician Fezouata Konservat-Lagerstätte, Morocco

Fig. 4. Graphs showing means (points) and ranges of exoskeleton thickness for cephala (A) and thoraces (B) of the thin sectioned trilobites Symphysurus ebbestadi.

Fig. 3 in Sequence of post-moult exoskeleton hardening preserved in a trilobite mass moult assemblage from the Lower Ordovician Fezouata Konservat-Lagerstätte, Morocco

Fig. 3. Thin sections showing the cuticular structure of trilobites Symphysurus ebbestadi Gutiérrez-Marco, Rábano and García-Bellido 2018, from the early Ordovician of Tigzigzaouine area, Morocco. A. MGL 102127, the putative moult. B. MGL 102130, a fully-hardened individual. C. MGL 102133, individual with medium levels of wrinkling. D. MGL 102134, the most wrinkled individual. A1–D1, anterodorsal sections through the cephalon (except C1, transverse section); A2–D2, anterodorsal sections through the thorax. Scale bars 1 mm.