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1,478 results for “Sulawesi”
Fig. 82. A in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species
Fig. 82. A different aspect of upper montane forest at 2256 m below the summit of Gunung Nokilalaki (in 1975). These forest glades, surrounded by tall trees enveloped with dense and wet moss, support a community of small gingers, rattan rosettes, several kinds of ferns, saplings, and a variety of small shrubs. We trapped Bunomys penitus beneath this floral cover as well as in the surrounding forest. Twelve other species of murids were collected here in the nearby forest, with Paruromys dominator, Rattus hoffmanni, Melasmothrix naso, Maxomys musschenbroekii, and Margaretamys parvus being the most common next to B. penitus at this elevation (see fig.103).
Fig. 91 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species
Fig. 91. Ratio diagram illustrating some proportional relationships in cranial and dental dimensions between Bunomys karokophilus (N 5 17) and all population samples of B. chrysocomus (the standard, N 5 232). Data were derived from values for mean, standard deviation, and sample size of variables listed in table 41. How these diagrams were constructed and how to read them are explained in Materials and Methods.
Fig. 73 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species
Fig. 73. The holotype of Bunomys penitus (USNM 218686), an adult male from Gunung Lehio, 1829 m, in the northern portion of the west-central mountain block of Sulawesi. ×2.
Fig. 72 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species
Fig. 72. Specimen scores representing Bunomys chrysocomus from Sungai Sadaunta in the northern part of the west-central region (filled triangles; N 5 20), B. coelestis from Gunung Lompobatang at the southern end of the southwestern peninsula (empty diamonds; N 5 20), B. andrewsi from Lombasang on the lower slopes of Gunung Lompobatang (empty circles; N 5 18), and a subfossil from Batu Ejaya II (asterisk; AMNH 265013) projected onto first and second principal components extracted from principalcomponents analysis of five mandibular molar log-transformed variables. The factor score for the subfossil from Batu Ejaya II is closely associated with the aggregation of points representing B. andrewsi, not B. chrysocomus or B. coelestis. See table 58 for correlations (loadings) of variables with extracted components and for percent variance explained.
Fig. 68 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species
Fig. 68. Tropical lowland evergreen rain forest (in 1975) at Kuala Navusu (30 m) where in addition to Bunomys andersoni, we trapped Maxomys hellwaldii, Rattus hoffmanni, Paruromys dominator, and Echiothrix centrosa. Usma is siting at the base of a Heritiera javanica, one of the several species of large and magnificent old-growth trees that emerge above the upper canopy. We collected samples of about 160 species of trees in the Kuala Navusu area as well as woody shrubs and vines, monocots, bananas, cycads, seven kinds of palms, and eight species of rattans.
Fig. 70 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species
Fig. 70. Subfossil maxillary fragments (×10) of Bunomys andrewsi excavated from Batu Ejaya II, a cave at the southern tip of the southwestern peninsula of Sulawesi (see gazetteer and the map in fig. 50). Upper image: AMNH 266963 (arrow points to small cusp t3 on the second molar, which is also found in 78% of the modern sample from the southwestern peninsula; table 10). Lower image: AMNH 265015. Measurements and descriptive information are provided in the text and tables 56 and 57.
Fig. 67 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species
Fig. 67. Dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) views of adult skulls representing separate population samples of Bunomys andrewsi. Left to right: Pulau Buton (USNM 175899, holotype of andrewsi), off the tip of the southeastern peninsula); Kuala Navusu (AMNH 225652), Sulawesi's core (skull is morphometrically similar to the holotypes for adspersus and inferior); and Lombasang (AMNH 101006, holotype of heinrichi), southwestern peninsula. ×2.
Fig. 98 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species
Fig. 98. Decaying trunk, the remnant of an old treefall, lying in dense understory on forested flat above Sungai Tokararu at 1150 m (in 1973). We trapped one Bunomys karokophilus on the ground beneath the trunk; B. chrysocomus was also captured there on other nights. About two weeks later, We took another B. karokophilus in a trap set on top of the trunk; Paruromys dominator, Rattus hoffmanni and Rattus facetus were also caught on top of the trunk during that interval; those three, along with Bunomys chrysocomus are common elements of the murid community at 1150 m as contrasted with the infrequently encountered Bunomys karokophilus (fig. 103).
Fig. 96. Dense streamside forest bordering a in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species
Fig. 96. Dense streamside forest bordering a narrow section of Sungai Sadaunta, 823 m (in 1974). Rotting tree trunks and limbs from an old treefall criss-cross the channel. Shaded most of the day, the stream terraces remain wet and the air cool. During separate nights, a Bunomys karokophilus and Maxomys hellwaldii were trapped on top of the trunk in the foreground; the squirrel Rubrisciurus rubriventer was caught in the same spot during the day. The wet and mossy trunks provide substrate for karoko fungus (Auricularia delicata), the primary food of Bunomys karokophilus. This microhabitat—wet and cool, with dense cover, and source of karoko—seems to be optimal for B. karokophilus. Fifteen other murid species were trapped in the nearby forest between 800 and 900 m, with Maxomys hellwaldii, Rattus hoffmanni, Rattus facetus, Paruromys dominator, and Bunomys chrysocomus being the most commonly encountered (fig. 103). See description of streamside habitat in Natural History section for B. chrysocomus.
Fig. 77 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species
Fig. 77. Specimen scores representing all population samples of Bunomys penitus projected onto first and second principal components extracted from principal-components analysis (upper graph) and on first and second canonical variates extracted from discriminant-function analysis (lower graph) of 16 cranial and two dental log-transformed variables. Symbols: filled circles 5 Gunung Kanino (N 5 74); empty circles 5 Gunung Nokilalaki (N 5 82); empty triangles 5 Rano Rano (N 5 3); empty squares 5 Gunung Lehio (N 5 5); empty right-pointing triangles 5 Mamasa area (N 5 7); asterisks 5 Pegunungan Latimojong (N 5 3); filled squares 5 Pegunungan Mekongga (N 5 11). Arrows point to scores for holotypes: penitus (empty square) and sericatus (empty triangle). See table 63 for correlations (loadings) of variables with extracted components and canonical variates and for percent variance explained that apply to both ordinations.
Fig. 66 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species
Fig. 66. Pattern of phenetic relationships among population samples of Bunomys andrewsi based on UPGMA clustering of squared Mahalanobis distances among group centroids and derived from discriminant function-analysis using log-transformed values of 16 cranial and 2 dental variables.
Fig. 80. Ridge-top forest between 1600 and 1700 m in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species
Fig. 80. Ridge-top forest between 1600 and 1700 m on Gunung Kanino (in 1975) dominated by Tristania sp. (with the whitish bark) and species of Eugenia, especially E. cuprea; pandans (Pandanus sp.) are common, as are two species of Vaccinium—one a canopy former, the other in the understory—and rattan is abundant; the fern Dipteris blankets open spaces. Canopy is 50–60 ft high with the occasional chestnut or oak, which have small trunks here, emerging to about 70 ft. Tristania bark appears white from a distance but up close is actually streaked with gray, tan, rusty pink, and pale orange. Around the bottoms of some trunks are piles of pandan debris and sloughed Tristania bark, forming mounds 1–3 ft high and 3–5 ft wide that provide excellent cover for Bunomys penitus.
Fig. 64 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species
Fig. 64. Specimen scores representing all seven population samples of Bunomys andrewsi projected onto first and second principal components extracted from principal-components analysis of 16 cranial and two dental log-transformed variables. Symbols: filled circles 5 northeast-central region (Labuan Sore, Kuala Navusu, and Pinedapa; N 5 32); empty circles 5 south-central region (Gunung Balease, Malili Area, and Sukamaju; N 5 16); empty triangles 5 eastern + southeast peninsula (Sungai Ranu, Wawo, and Masembo; N 5 9); filled inverted triangles 5 northern west-central region (Puro-Sungai Miu, Tamalanti, and Tuare; N 5 16); asterisks 5 southern west-central region (Mamasa Area; N 5 10); empty diamonds 5 southwest peninsula (Lombasang; N 5 7); stars 5 Pulau Buton (N 5 2). Polygons define limits of dispersion for scores in each population sample. Arrows point to scores for holotypes: andrewsi (star), adspersus (filled circle), heinrichi (empty diamond), and inferior (empty triangle). Correlations (loadings) of variables with extracted components and percent variance explained are listed in table 52.
Fig. 63 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species
Fig. 63. Specimen scores representing two geographic samples of Bunomys andrewsi and samples of B. coelestis and B. prolatus projected onto first and second principal components extracted from principalcomponents analysis of 16 cranial and two dental log-transformed variables. Upper graph: the sample of B. andrewsi (empty circles; N 5 7) from Lombasang on the lower slopes of Gunung Lompobatang is contrasted with the sample of B. coelestis (filled diamonds; N 5 19) from montane forest higher on the same volcano. Lower graph: the lowland sample of B. andrewsi from Sungai Ranu (empty circles; N 5 5) at the western margin of the eastern peninsula is contrasted with the montane sample of B. prolatus from nearby Gunung Tambusisi (asterisks; N 5 8). See table 50 for correlations (loadings) of variables with extracted components and for percent variance explained for both ordinations.
Fig. 61 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species
Fig. 61. Occlusal views of right maxillary (left pair) and mandibular (right pair) molar rows from two specimens of Bunomys andrewsi collected at Kuala Navusu. A, very young adult showing slight wear (AMNH 225660; CLM1–3 5 7.1 mm, clm1–3 5 7.5 mm). B, typical degree of wear in an adult (AMNH 225659; CLM1–3 5 7.1 mm; clm1–3 5 7.4 mm). Note the absence of cusp t3 from the second upper molar, a configuration present in 83% of the specimens from Sulawesi's core (where Kuala Navusu is located) and southeastern peninsula, but not for the sample from the southwestern peninsula where cusp t3 occurs in 78% of the sample; cusp t3 typically occurs at a low frequency on the third upper molar in all samples (table 10).
Fig. 65 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species
Fig. 65. Results of discriminant-function analysis of 16 cranial and two dental log-transformed variables derived from seven population samples of Bunomys andrewsi. Symbols: filled circles 5 northeastcentral region (Labuan Sore, Kuala Navusu, and Pinedapa; N 5 32); empty circles 5 south-central region (Gunung Balease, Malili Area, and Sukamaju; N 5 16); empty triangles 5 eastern + southeast peninsula (Sungai Ranu, Wawo, and Masembo; N 5 9); filled inverted triangles 5 northern west-central region (Puro-Sungai Miu, Tamalanti, and Tuare; N 5 16); asterisks 5 southern west-central region (Mamasa Area; N 5 10); empty diamonds 5 southwest peninsula (Lombasang; N 5 7); stars 5 Pulau Buton (N 5 2). Arrows indicate scores for holotypes: andrewsi (star), adspersus (filled circle), heinrichi (empty diamond), and inferior (empty triangle). Upper graph: Specimen scores projected onto first and second canonical variates. Lower graph: Specimen scores projected onto second and fourth canonical variates. See table 53 for correlations (loadings) of variables with extracted canonical variates and for percent variance explained for both ordinations.
Fig. 62 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species
Fig. 62. Specimen scores representing all population samples of B. andrewsi (empty circles; N 5 98), Bunomys penitus (filled inverted triangles; N 5 185), and B. chrysocomus (filled triangles; N 5 232) projected onto first and second principal components extracted from principal-components analysis of 16 cranial and two dental log-transformed variables. Upper graph: B. andrewsi contrasted with B. penitus. Scores for holotypes associated with B. andrewsi: ''Rattus adspersus'' (filled square), ''Mus andrewsi'' (filled left-pointing triangle), ''Rattus penitus heinrichi'' (filled diamond), ''Rattus penitus inferior'' (filled circle). Scores for holotypes linked to B. penitus: ''Rattus penitus'' (hollow inverted triangle), ''Rattus sericatus'' (hollow square). Lower graph: B. andrewsi compared with B. chrysocomus. Equations for the regression lines are: B. chrysocomus, Y 5 1.140× 0.873 (F 5 107.32, P 5 0.000); B. andrewsi, Y 5 1.075× ‾1.984 (F 5 145.31, P 5 0.000). See table 47 for correlations (loadings) of variables with extracted components and for percent variance explained for both ordinations.
Fig. 59 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species
Fig. 59. Upper graph: Individual specimen scores projected onto first and second canonical variates extracted from discriminant-function analysis of of 16 cranial and two dental log-transformed variables derived from six population samples of B. fratrorum. Symbols: filled circles 5 Teteamoet (N 5 33); empty circles 5 Kuala Prang (N 5 27); filled triangles 5 Gunung Klabat (N 5 2); asterisk 5 Rurukan (N 5 1; holotype of Mus fratrorum); empty triangles 5 Temboan (N 5 33); filled squares 5 Gunung Maujat + Gunung Mogogonipa (N 5 4). See table 46 for correlations (loadings) of variables with extracted canonical variates and for percent variance explained. Lower diagram: Pattern of phenetic relationships among six population samples of Bunomys fratrorum derived from UPGMA clustering of squared Mahalanobis distances among group centroids that was derived from discriminant-function analysis.
Fig. 58 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species
Fig. 58. Specimen scores representing six population samples of Bunomys fratrorum projected onto first and second principal components extracted from principal-components analysis of 16 cranial and two dental log-transformed variables. Symbols: filled circles 5 Teteamoet (N 5 33); empty circles 5 Kuala Prang (N 5 27); filled triangles 5 Gunung Klabat (N 5 2); asterisk 5 Rurukan (N 5 1; holotype of Mus fratrorum); empty triangles 5 Temboan (N 5 33); filled squares 5 Gunung Maujat + Gunung Mogogonipa (N 5 4). Correlations (loadings) of variables with extracted components and percent variance explained are listed in table 46.
Fig. 57 in A Systematic Review Of Sulawesi Bunomys (Muridae, Murinae) With The Description Of Two New Species
Fig. 57. Specimen scores representing all population samples of Bunomys fratrorum (filled circles; N 5 100), B. andrewsi (empty circles; N 5 98), and B. penitus (inverted filled triangles; N 5 185) projected onto first and second canonical variates extracted from discriminant-function analysis of 16 cranial and two dental log-transformed variables. See table 44 for correlations (loadings) of variables with extracted canonical variates and for percent variance explained.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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