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464 results for “Swimming”
Data from: One foot out the door: limb function during swimming in terrestrial versus aquatic turtles
Specialization for a new habitat often entails a cost to performance in the ancestral habitat. Although aquatic lifestyles are ancestral among extant cryptodiran turtles, multiple lineages, including tortoises (Testudinidae) and emydid box turtles (genus Terrapene), independently specialized for terrestrial habitats. To what extent is swimming function retained in such lineages despite terrestrial specialization? Because tortoises diverged from other turtles over 50 Ma, but box turtles did so only 5 Ma, we hypothesized that swimming kinematics for box turtles would more closely resemble those of aquatic relatives than those of tortoises. To test this prediction, we compared high-speed video of swimming Russian tortoises (Testudo horsfieldii), box turtles (Terrapene carolina) and two semi-aquatic emydid species: sliders (Trachemys scripta) and painted turtles (Chrysemys picta). We identified different kinematic patterns between limbs. In the forelimb, box turtle strokes most resemble those of tortoises; for the hindlimb, box turtles are more similar to semi-aquatic species. Such patterns indicate functional convergence of the forelimb of terrestrial species, whereas the box turtle hindlimb exhibits greater retention of ancestral swimming motions.
Data from: A novel, bounding gait in swimming turtles: implications for aquatic locomotor diversity
Turtles are an iconic lineage in studies of animal locomotion, typifying the use of slow, alternating footfalls during walking. Alternating movements of contralateral limbs are also typical during swimming gaits for most freshwater turtles. Here, we report a novel gait in turtles, in which the pleurodire Emydura subglobosa swims using a bounding gait that coordinates bilateral protraction of both forelimbs with bilateral retraction of both hindlimbs. Use of this bounding gait is correlated with increased limb excursion and decreased stride frequency, but not increased velocity when compared to standard swimming strokes. Bounding by E. subglobosa provides a second example of a non-mammalian lineage that can use bounding gaits, and may give insight into the evolution of aquatic flapping. Parallels in limb muscle fascicle properties between bounding turtles and crocodylids suggest a possible musculoskeletal mechanism underlying the use of bounding gaits in particular lineages.
Data from: Sperm morphology, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration and swimming velocity: unexpected relationships in a passerine bird
The relationship between sperm energetics and sperm function is poorly known, but is central to our understanding of the evolution of sperm traits. The aim of this study was to examine how sperm morphology and ATP content affect sperm swimming velocity in the zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata. We exploited the high inter-male variation in this species and created extra experimental power by increasing the number of individuals with very long or short sperm through artificial selection. We found a pronounced quadratic relationship between total sperm length and swimming velocity, with velocity increasing with length up to a point, but declining in the very longest sperm. We also found an unexpected negative association between midpiece length and ATP content: sperm with a short midpiece generally contained the highest concentration of ATP. Low intracellular ATP is therefore unlikely to explain reduced swimming velocity among the very longest sperm (which tend to have a shorter midpiece).
Data from: Selection experiments reveal trade-offs between swimming and twitching motilities in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Bacteria possess a range of mechanisms to move in different environments, and these mechanisms have important direct and correlated impacts on the virulence of opportunistic pathogens. Bacteria use two surface organelles to facilitate motility: a single polar flagellum, and type IV pili, enabling swimming in aqueous habitats and twitching along hard surfaces, respectively. Here, we address whether there are trade-offs between these motility mechanisms, and hence whether different environments could select for altered motility. We experimentally evolved initially isogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa under conditions which favoured the different types of motility, and found evidence for a trade-off mediated by antagonistic pleiotropy between swimming and twitching. Moreover, changes in motility resulted in correlated changes in other behaviours, including biofilm formation and growth within an insect host. This suggests environmental origins of a particular motile opportunistic pathogen could predictably influence motility and virulence.
Data from: Humeral loads during swimming and walking in turtles: implications for morphological change during aquatic reinvasions
During evolutionary reinvasions of water by terrestrial vertebrates, ancestrally tubular limb bones often flatten to form flippers. Differences in skeletal loading between land and water might have facilitated such changes. In turtles, femoral shear strains are significantly lower during swimming than during walking, potentially allowing a release from loads favoring tubular shafts. However, flipper-like morphology in specialized tetrapod swimmers is most accentuated in the forelimbs. To test if the forelimbs of turtles also experience reduced torsional loading in water, we compared strains on the humerus of river cooters (Pseudemys concinna) between swimming and terrestrial walking. Humeral shear strains are also lower during swimming compared to terrestrial walking; however, this appears to relate to reduction in overall strain magnitudes, rather than a specific reduction in twisting. These results indicate that shear strains show similar reductions between swimming and walking for forelimb and hindlimb, but these reductions are produced through different mechanisms.
Data from: Combined effects of ocean acidification and temperature on larval and juvenile growth, development and swimming performance of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)
Ocean acidification and ocean warming (OAW) are simultaneously occurring and could pose ecological challenges to marine life, particularly early life stages of fish that, although they are internal calcifiers, have poorly developed acid-base regulation. This study assessed the effect of projected OAW on key fitness traits (growth, development and swimming ability) in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae and juveniles. Starting at 2 days post-hatch (dph), larvae were exposed to one of three levels of PCO₂ (650, 1150, 1700 µatm; pH 8.0, 7.8, 7.6) at either a cold (15°C) or warm (20°C) temperature. Growth rate, development stage and critical swimming speed (Ucrit) were repeatedly measured as sea bass grew from 0.6 to ~10.0 (cold) or ~14.0 (warm) cm body length. Exposure to different levels of PCO₂ had no significant effect on growth, development or Ucrit of larvae and juveniles. At the warmer temperature, larvae displayed faster growth and deeper bodies. Notochord flexion occurred at 0.8 and 1.2 cm and metamorphosis was completed at an age of ~45 and ~60 days post-hatch for sea bass in the warm and cold treatments, respectively. Swimming performance increased rapidly with larval development but better swimmers were observed in the cold treatment, reflecting a potential trade-off between fast grow and swimming ability. A comparison of the results of this and other studies on marine fish indicates that the effects of OAW on the growth, development and swimming ability of early life stages are species-specific and that generalizing the impacts of climate-driven warming or ocean acidification is not warranted.
FIGURE 1 in Catoptrus iejima, a new species of cavernicolous swimming crab (Crustacea: Brachyura: Portunidae) from a submarine cave at Ie Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan
FIGURE 1. Map of Ie Island in the Ryukyu Islands and East Asia.
FIGURE 8. Catoptrus nitidus A in Catoptrus iejima, a new species of cavernicolous swimming crab (Crustacea: Brachyura: Portunidae) from a submarine cave at Ie Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan
FIGURE 8. Catoptrus nitidus A. Milne-Edwards, 1870. Male, 15.6 x 23.9 mm, MNHN B-4639, Iles Viti.
To swim or not to swim after eating: a randomized controlled crossover feasibility trial
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CALCULATION OF THERMAL-TECHNICAL PARAMETERS OF THE SOLAR POND HEATING SYSTEM OF INDOOR SWIMMING POOLS
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Fig. 5. Glycera nicobarica Grube, 1866 in First Record of Epitokous Metamorphosis and Swimming Behaviour of Glycera nicobarica (Polychaeta: Glyceridae), in the Seto Inland Sea, Western Japan
Fig. 5. Glycera nicobarica Grube, 1866. Comparison of parapodia between epitokes (A–E) and atokes (F–J) of comparable body width, posterior view. A, Epitokous male, 2.8 mm BW, NSMT-Pol 111424; B–D, epitokous female, 2.0 mm BW, NSMT-Pol 111427; E, epitokous female, 2.6 mm BW, CMNH-ZW 002078; F, J, atoke, 2.8 mm BW, NSMT-Pol 111430; G–I, atoke, 1.8 mm BW, NSMT-Pol 111428. A, F, Chaetiger 1; B, G, chaetiger 4; C, H, chaetiger 34; D, I, chaetiger 110; E, J, chaetiger 180. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.
Fig. 3 in First Record of Epitokous Metamorphosis and Swimming Behaviour of Glycera nicobarica (Polychaeta: Glyceridae), in the Seto Inland Sea, Western Japan
Fig. 3. Epitokous female of Glycera nicobarica Grube, 1866 (NSMT-Pol 111427). A, Dorsal view of prostomium with 11 rings; B, conical papilla on proboscis with 3 U-shaped ridges; C, oval papilla on proboscis; D, aileron with triangular base; E, right parapodium of chaetiger 34 with everted branchia, anterior view; F, simple capillary from notopodium of chaetiger 110; G, spinigerous compound chaeta from neuropodium of chaetiger 110. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 0.02 mm (B, C); 0.2 mm (D, E); 0.01 mm (F, G).
Data for Olive et al., Removal of waterborne viruses by Tetrahymena pyriformis is virus-specific and coincides with changes in protist swimming speed, Environmental Science and Technology, 2022 (https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c05518)
<p>This entry contains the data shown in: Olive et al., <em>Removal of waterborne viruses by Tetrahymena pyriformis is virus-specific and coincides with changes in protist swimming speed,</em> Environmental Science and Technology, 2022 (https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c05518)</p> <p>Net removal values (log10 C/C0 or log10 N/N0) shown in Figures 1 and 4</p> <p>Raw data used to calculate net removal values in Figure 1</p> <p>Raw removal values shown in Figure 2</p> <p>Raw data for protist movement analysis shown in Figure 3</p> <p>R code used for protist movement analysis (as text file)</p> <p>Raw data for all Supporting Figures (S1-S6)</p>
Duration of swimming participation and age of subjects
<p>Duration of swimming participation and age of subjects</p>
Figure 3 in Drag of suction cup tags on swimming animals: Modeling and measurement
Figure 3. An illustration of the Model B tag in the water tunnel. Both models were mounted to the load cell via an extension used to submerge the test piece upside-down below the surface of the water tunnel. A grounding board surrounded the extension where the test piece was mounted to create a uniform ceiling for the test section, but the space above the grounding board was flooded.
Figure 1 in Drag of suction cup tags on swimming animals: Modeling and measurement
Figure 1. Tag housing designs in plan view (upper panels), longitudinal cross-section (middle panels) and frontal cross-section (bottom panels). The longitudinal cross-sections are taken along the center line of the tags (marked A-A in the upper panels). The frontal cross-section is the outer envelope of the shape that is exposed to the flow when the tag is aligned with its longitudinal axis parallel to the direction of motion (marked B-B in the upper panels). Dimensions are in millimeters.
Figure 5 in Drag of suction cup tags on swimming animals: Modeling and measurement
Figure 5. Detail of the flow path-lines around Models A and B. (A) Flow lines in the vicinity of a forward suction cup mounting pillar at a flow speed of 5.6 m/s demonstrating the flow disturbance created by the suction cups. The eddies and reduced speed result in larger forces acting on the tag. (B) Improved flow around the Model B tag design results from screening of the cups. (C) Flow through the channel underneath the Model B design showing flow detachment near the aft end of the channel.
Specialize early or compete in multiple swimming strokes to become a world-class female swimmer?
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Specializing when it counts: comparing the dose-time-effect of distance variety between swimming and track running
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Development and validation of a fully mobile, field-ready performance analysis system for swimming
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.