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Figure 6 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 6. Shape variation of the anterior idiosoma outline in dorsal view (data set 1). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2); the deformation grid shows shape changes explained by the first discriminant axis. (B) overall pattern of shape similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the ten character states discovered in the anterior idiosoma outline. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order, as defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as follows: open blue circles, Arrenurus (Dadayella) adrianae; open red squares, Dadayella aztecus; open green rhombuses, Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) anae; red solid rhombuses, Megaluracarus anitahoffmannae; black solid circles, Megaluracarus catoi; open pink triangles, Megaluracarus colitus; horizontal blue lines, Megaluracarus costeroae; solid grey squares, Megaluracarus maya; lilac en-dashes, Megaluracarus neoexpansus; purple plus signs, Megaluracarus olmeca; blue asterisks, Megaluracarus tabascoensis; solid green triangles, Megaluracarus urbanus; green hyphens, Megaluracarus zitavus.

Figure 5 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 5. Interlandmark distances (1–36) collected in dorsal (A, B) and posterior (C) views: (A) measurements 1–13 assembled for the idiosoma (distance set 1; (B) distances 14–28 measured between postocularia R2 and dorsoglandularia D2, D3, and D4 (distance set 2); (C) measurements 29–36 between ventroglandularia V1, V2, and V3 (distance set 3). Lines indicate the interlandmark distances sampled and numbers identify each distance, as listed in Table 3. Numbers with asterisks label distances for which the mean was calculated with the measurements of left and right idiosoma sides.

Figure 1 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 1. Species of Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) included in the morphometric analyses, in dorsal view: (A) Arrenurus anae; (B) Arrenurus colitus; (C) Arrenurus neoexpansus; (D) Arrenurus zitavus; (E) Arrenurus maya; (F) Arrenurus catoi; (G) Arrenurus tabascoensis; (H) Arrenurus anitahoffmannae; (I) Arrenurus urbanus; (J) Arrenurus olmeca; (K) Arrenurus costeroae. The pairs of postocularia R2 and dorsoglandularia D2, D3, and D4 in (F) are indicated with arrows pointing at gland openings and setae insertions. Scale bars: 100 µm.

Figure 9 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 9. Shape variation of dorsoglandularia D4 in dorsal view (data set 4). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2). (B) overall pattern of shape similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweightedpair grouping method using averages) groups the three character states discovered in the dorsoglandularia. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as listed in Fig. 8.

Figure 10 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 10. Shape variation of ventroglandularia V1, V2 and V3 (data set 5). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2); shape changes relative to the mean shape are shown for both roots. (B) overall pattern of shape similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the nine character states discovered in the distribution patterns of ventroglandularia. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as follows: solid green triangles, Arrenurus (Dadayella) adrianae; solid red rhombuses, Dadayella aztecus; lilac en-dashes, Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) anae; open blue circles, Megaluracarus anitahoffmannae; horizontal blue lines, Megaluracarus catoi; open red squares, Megaluracarus colitus; solid grey squares, Megaluracarus costeroae; open green rhombuses, Megaluracarus maya; solid black circles, Megaluracarus neoexpansus; blue asterisks, Megaluracarus olmeca; green hyphens, Megaluracarus tabascoensis; open pink triangles, Megaluracarus urbanus; purple plus signs, Megaluracarus zitavus.

Figure 3 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 3. Two Arrenurus (Dadayella) species included for comparison with the 11 species of Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) in the morphometric analyses: (A, B) Dadayella adrianae in dorsal and posterior view, respectively; (C, D) Dadayella aztecus in dorsal and posterior view, respectively. The arrows in (C) and (D) are as described in Figs 1F and 2F, respectively. Scale bars: 100 µm.

Fig. 10 in Descriptions of the Immature Stages of Poteriophorus Schoenherr, 1838 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Dryophthorinae): Larva, Pupa, and Biology of Poteriophorus uhlemanni (Schultze, 1922) Discovered through Dawu Traditional Ecological Knowledge

Fig. 10. Distribution of Poteriophorus uhlemanni. A) Taiwan and Philippines, B) Taiwan and island of Lanyu.

Fig. 8 in Descriptions of the Immature Stages of Poteriophorus Schoenherr, 1838 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Dryophthorinae): Larva, Pupa, and Biology of Poteriophorus uhlemanni (Schultze, 1922) Discovered through Dawu Traditional Ecological Knowledge

Fig. 8. Mouthparts of Poteriophorus uhlemanni. A) epipharynx. als = anterolateral epipharyngeal seta; ams = anteromedian epipharyngeal seta; mes = medial epipharyngeal seta; pasps = posterior accessory sensory pores; snp = sensory pores (USNMENT01119878), B) Labium, posterior view. lgs = ligular seta; pms = postmental seta; prms = premental seta (USNMENT01119879), C) Maxillae, dorsal (anterior) view. dms = dorsal malar setae (USNMENT01119878), D) Labrum, anterior view. lms = labral seta (USNMENT01119878).

Fig. 4 in Descriptions of the Immature Stages of Poteriophorus Schoenherr, 1838 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Dryophthorinae): Larva, Pupa, and Biology of Poteriophorus uhlemanni (Schultze, 1922) Discovered through Dawu Traditional Ecological Knowledge

Fig. 4. Mature larva of Poteriophorus uhlemanni. A) Lateral view with inset of thoracic spiracle (USNMENT01119871), B) Ventral view (USNMENT01119871), C) Caudal view, showing abdominal segments VII–IX and spiracles on segments VII and VIII (USNMENT01119871), D) Lateral view of abdominal segments V–VIII and respective spiracles (USNMENT01119870).

Fig. 3 in Descriptions of the Immature Stages of Poteriophorus Schoenherr, 1838 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Dryophthorinae): Larva, Pupa, and Biology of Poteriophorus uhlemanni (Schultze, 1922) Discovered through Dawu Traditional Ecological Knowledge

Fig. 3. Artistic rendition of the life history of Poteriophorus uhlemanni, depicting egg, larvae (not all instars shown), pupa, frass and sawdust cocoon, newly eclosed adult in host plant tunnel, male (above), female (below), and human hand alluding to the Dawu Traditional Ecological Knowledge that led to discovery of the immatures and host plant. Hand and beetles are to scale. Illustration by Joel Floyd.

Fig. 7 in Descriptions of the Immature Stages of Poteriophorus Schoenherr, 1838 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Dryophthorinae): Larva, Pupa, and Biology of Poteriophorus uhlemanni (Schultze, 1922) Discovered through Dawu Traditional Ecological Knowledge

Fig. 7. Larval head of Poteriophorus uhlemanni. A) Head capsule, anterior view. cls = clypeal seta; des = dorsal epicranial seta; fs = frontal seta; pes = posterior epicranial seta (USNMENT01119879), B) Head capsule, posterior view (USNMENT01119878), C) Antenna, oblique lateral (left) and anterior (right) views (USNMENT01119878).

Fig. 6 in Descriptions of the Immature Stages of Poteriophorus Schoenherr, 1838 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Dryophthorinae): Larva, Pupa, and Biology of Poteriophorus uhlemanni (Schultze, 1922) Discovered through Dawu Traditional Ecological Knowledge

Fig. 6. Larva of Poteriophorus uhlemanni (USNMENT01119871), lateral views of A) Head and thorax, B) Abdomen. Abd I = abdominal segment I; as = alar seta; dpls = dorsopleural seta; ds = dorsal epicranial seta; ls = lateral seta; pds = postdorsal seta; prns = pronotal seta; prs = prodorsal seta; ps = pleural seta; ss = spiracular seta; sts = sternal seta; Th I–III = thoracic segments I–III; vpls = ventropleural seta.

Fig. 5 in Descriptions of the Immature Stages of Poteriophorus Schoenherr, 1838 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Dryophthorinae): Larva, Pupa, and Biology of Poteriophorus uhlemanni (Schultze, 1922) Discovered through Dawu Traditional Ecological Knowledge

Fig. 5. Larval mouthparts and head of Poteriophorus uhlemanni. Left mandible (USNMENT01119878): A) Ventral view, B) Mesoventral view, C) Mesodorsal view, D) Dorsal view. E) Head with right mandible attached, dorsal view (USNMENT01119879), F) Maxillary-hypopharyngeal complex, ventral view (USNMENT01070986), G) Head with right mandible attached, lateral view (USNMENT01119879), H) Epipharynx, ventral view (USNMENT01119879).

Fig. 2 in Descriptions of the Immature Stages of Poteriophorus Schoenherr, 1838 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Dryophthorinae): Larva, Pupa, and Biology of Poteriophorus uhlemanni (Schultze, 1922) Discovered through Dawu Traditional Ecological Knowledge

Fig. 2. Tunnel, larva, and adult of Poteriophorus uhlemanni. A) Larval tunnel sealed with frass and sawdust, B) Leaf sheath removed to show dorsal view of larva in the feeding tunnel, C) Female with sexually dimorphic shorter, non-pubescent rostrum, D) Male with sexually dimorphic large, ventrally pubescent rostrum, length = 28.5 mm (USNMENT01119985).

Fig. 1 in Descriptions of the Immature Stages of Poteriophorus Schoenherr, 1838 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Dryophthorinae): Larva, Pupa, and Biology of Poteriophorus uhlemanni (Schultze, 1922) Discovered through Dawu Traditional Ecological Knowledge

Fig. 1. Habitat and specimens of Poteriophorus uhlemanni. A) Habitat and host plant, Calamus siphonospathus, in Lanyu, B) Collected specimens segregated by month, C) Development site of Poteriophorus, D) Leaf sheath removed to show the feeding tunnel and posterior part of the younger larva, E) Adult emerging from feeding tunnel.

Fig. 11 in Integrating UCE Phylogenomics With Traditional Taxonomy Reveals a Trove of New World Syscia Species (Formicidae: Dorylinae)

Fig. 11. Distribution map, face view, lateral view of petiole-AIV, and dorsal view of AIII-AIV of Syscia madrensis (holotype worker), S. JTL066 (worker, CASENT0610648), S. benevidesae (holotype worker), S. chiapaneca (holotype worker), S. parietalis (holotype worker), S. setosa (holotype worker), S. JTL073 (worker, MCZ-ENT00511569), S. JTL075 (worker, CASENT0601445), S. disjuncta (holotype worker), and S. augustae (worker, CASENT0644275). Species are in order of mean HW, which is shown in the lower left of the distribution map. Scale bars 0.2 mm. On distribution maps, red dots are sites with UCE sequence data. Red boxes are type locality.

Fig. 10 in Integrating UCE Phylogenomics With Traditional Taxonomy Reveals a Trove of New World Syscia Species (Formicidae: Dorylinae)

Fig. 10. Distribution map, face view, lateral view of petiole-AIV, and dorsal view of AIII-AIV of Syscia jennierussae (holotype worker), S. persimilis (holotype worker), S. JTL018 (worker, JTLC000013995), S. machaquila (holotype worker), S. murillocruzae (holotype worker), S. truncata (holotype worker), S. JTL084 (worker, FMNHINS0000095760), S. JTL050 (worker, CASENT0249320), S. JTL082 (worker, CASENT0617700), and S. honduriana (lectotype worker). Species are in order of mean HW, which is shown in the lower left of the distribution map. Scale bars 0.2 mm. On distribution maps, red dots are sites with UCE sequence data. Red boxes are type locality.

Fig. 7 in Integrating UCE Phylogenomics With Traditional Taxonomy Reveals a Trove of New World Syscia Species (Formicidae: Dorylinae)

Fig. 7. Phylogenetic relationships among COI barcode sequences for Syscia. Red samples were sequenced for UCEs. Black samples were downloaded from the BOLD database.The tree was inferred using IQ-TREE with the data partitioned by codon position. Black circles on nodes indicate high support, which we define as ≥95% ultrafast bootstrap support and ≥95% SH-like branch support. Clades of named species are shaded as a visual aid, with gray outlines indicating non-monophyly of species.

Fig. 1 in Integrating UCE Phylogenomics With Traditional Taxonomy Reveals a Trove of New World Syscia Species (Formicidae: Dorylinae)

Fig. 1. Variation in Syscia occipital carina. (A) Flange weakly developed, less visible in face view. (B) Flange strongly developed, easily visible in face view.

Fig. 6 in Integrating UCE Phylogenomics With Traditional Taxonomy Reveals a Trove of New World Syscia Species (Formicidae: Dorylinae)

Fig. 6. Phylogeny of New World Syscia, inferred using the program IQ-TREE and 1,388 UCE loci.Two outgroup taxa (two species of Ooceraea) are not shown. Node support values (ultrafast bootstrap/SH-like) <100/100 are depicted with red dots.The imaged specimen is S. ticomontana (CASENT0644376).