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730 results for “Trout”
Data from: Striking phenotypic variation yet low genetic differentiation in sympatric lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)
The study of population differentiation in the context of ecological speciation is commonly assessed using populations with obvious discreteness. Fewer studies have examined diversifying populations with occasional adaptive variation and minor reproductive isolation, so factors impeding or facilitating the progress of early stage differentiation are less understood. We detected non-random genetic structuring in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) inhabiting a large, pristine, postglacial lake (Mistassini Lake, Canada), with up to five discernible genetic clusters having distinctions in body shape, size, colouration and head shape. However, genetic differentiation was low (FST = 0.017) and genetic clustering was largely incongruent between several population- and individual-based clustering approaches. Genotype- and phenotype-environment associations with spatial habitat, depth and fish community structure (competitors and prey) were either inconsistent or weak. Striking morphological variation was often more continuous within than among defined genetic clusters. Low genetic differentiation was a consequence of relatively high contemporary gene flow despite large effective population sizes, not migration-drift disequilibrium. Our results suggest a highly plastic propensity for occupying multiple habitat niches in lake trout and a low cost of morphological plasticity, which may constrain the speed and extent of adaptive divergence. We discuss how factors relating to niche conservatism in this species may also influence how plasticity affects adaptive divergence, even where ample ecological opportunity apparently exists.
Data from: Winning the invasion roulette: escapes from fish farms increase admixture and facilitate establishment of non-native rainbow trout
Aquaculture is a major source of invasive aquatic species, despite the fact that cultured organisms often have low genetic diversity and tend to be maladapted to survive in the wild. Yet, to what extent aquaculture escapees become established by means of high propagule pressure and multiple origins is not clear. We analysed the genetic diversity of 15 established populations and 4 farmed stocks of non-native rainbow trout in Chile, a species first introduced for recreational fishing around 1900, but which has in recent decades escaped in large numbers from fish farms and become widespread. Aquaculture propagule pressure was a good predictor of the incidence of farm escapees, which represented 16% of all free-ranging rainbow trout and were present in 80% of the study rivers. Hybrids between farm escapes and established trout were present in all rivers at frequencies ranging between 7 and 69%, and population admixture was positively correlated with genetic diversity. We suggest that non-native salmonids introduced into the Southern Hemisphere could benefit from admixture because local adaptations may not have yet developed and there may be initially little fitness loss resulting from outbreeding depression.
Data from: Contrasting genetic metrics and patterns among naturalized rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in two Patagonian lakes differentially impacted by trout aquaculture
Different pathways of propagation and dispersal of non-native species into new environments may have contrasting demographic and genetic impacts on established populations. Repeated introductions of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to Chile in South America, initially through stocking and later through aquaculture escapes, provide a unique setting to contrast these two pathways. Using a panel of single nucleotide polymorphisms, we found contrasting genetic metrics and patterns among naturalized trout in Lake Llanquihue, Chile's largest producer of salmonid smolts for nearly 50 years, and Lake Todos Los Santos (TLS), a reference lake where aquaculture has been prohibited by law. Trout from Lake Llanquihue showed higher genetic diversity, weaker genetic structure and larger estimates for the effective number of breeders (Nb) than trout from Lake TLS. Trout from Lake TLS were divergent from Lake Llanquihue, and showed marked genetic structure and a significant isolation-by-distance pattern consistent with secondary contact between documented and undocumented stocking events in opposite shores of the lake. Multiple factors, including differences in propagule pressure, origin of donor populations, lake geomorphology, and habitat quality or quantity, may concomitantly explain contrasting genetic metrics and patterns for trout between lakes. We also discussed violations of assumptions that may lead to overestimating Nb . We contend that high propagule pressure from aquaculture may not only increase genetic diversity and Nb via demographic effects and admixture, but also may impact the evolution of genetic structure and increase gene flow, consistent with findings from artificially propagated salmonid populations in their native and naturalized ranges.
Data from: Mediating water temperature increases due to livestock and global change in high elevation meadow streams of the Golden Trout Wilderness
Rising temperatures due to climate change are pushing the thermal limits of many species, but how climate warming interacts with other anthropogenic disturbances such as land use remains poorly understood. To understand the interactive effects of climate warming and livestock grazing on water temperature in three high elevation meadow streams in the Golden Trout Wilderness, California, we measured riparian vegetation and monitored water temperature in three meadow streams between 2008 and 2013, including two "resting" meadows and one meadow that is partially grazed. All three meadows have been subject to grazing by cattle and sheep since the 1800s and their streams are home to the imperiled California golden trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita). In 1991, a livestock exclosure was constructed in one of the meadows (Mulkey), leaving a portion of stream ungrazed to minimize the negative effects of cattle. In 2001, cattle were removed completely from two other meadows (Big Whitney and Ramshaw), which have been in a "resting" state since that time. Inside the livestock exclosure in Mulkey, we found that riverbank vegetation was both larger and denser than outside the exclosure where cattle were present, resulting in more shaded waters and cooler maximal temperatures inside the exclosure. In addition, between meadows comparisons showed that water temperatures were cooler in the ungrazed meadows compared to the grazed area in the partially grazed meadow. Finally, we found that predicted temperatures under different global warming scenarios were likely to be higher in presence of livestock grazing. Our results highlight that land use can interact with climate change to worsen the local thermal conditions for taxa on the edge and that protecting riparian vegetation is likely to increase the resiliency of these ecosystems to climate change.
FIGURE 4 in Salmo tigridis, a new species of trout from the Tigris River, Turkey (Teleostei: Salmonidae)
FIGURE 4. Scatter plot of scores of first two principal components (PC 1, PC 2) for 132 specimens of seven Salmo species in Anatolia based on 5 meristic characters.
FIGURE 3 in Salmo tigridis, a new species of trout from the Tigris River, Turkey (Teleostei: Salmonidae)
FIGURE 3. Scatter plot of scores of first two principal components (PC 1, PC 2) for 136 males of seven Salmo species in Anatolia based on 28 morphometric characters.
FIGURE 1 in Salmo tigridis, a new species of trout from the Tigris River, Turkey (Teleostei: Salmonidae)
FIGURE 1. Salmo tigridis; Turkey: Van Prov.: Çatak stream; a, FFR 1253, paratype, 136 mm SL, juvenile; b, FFR 1253, paratype, 165 mm SL, female; c, FFR 1250, holotype, 220 mm SL, male.
It takes time to heal a broken heart: Ventricular plasticity improves heart performance after myocardial infarction in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
<p>Coronary arteriosclerosis is a common feature of both wild and farmed salmonid fishes and may be linked to stress-induced cardiac pathologies. Yet, the plasticity and capacity for long-term myocardial restructuring and recovery following a restriction in coronary blood supply is unknown. Here, we analyzed the consequences of acute (3 days) and chronic (from 33 to 62 days) coronary occlusion (i.e., coronary artery ligation) on cardiac morphological characteristics and in vivo function in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Acute coronary occlusion resulted in elevated resting heart rate and decreased inter-beat variability, which are both markers of autonomic dysfunction following acute myocardial ischemia, along with severely reduced heart rate scope (maximum – resting heart rate) relative to sham-operated trout. We also observed a loss of myocardial interstitial collagen and compact myocardium. Following long-term coronary- ligation, resting heart rate and heart rate scope normalized relative to sham-operated trout. Moreover, a distinct fibrous collagen layer separating the compact myocardium into two layers had formed. This may contribute to maintain ventricular integrity across the cardiac cycle, or alternatively, demark a region of the compact myocardium that continues to receive oxygen from the luminal venous blood. Taken together, we demonstrate that rainbow trout may cope with the aversive effects caused by coronary artery obstruction through plastic ventricular remodeling, which, at least in part, restores cardiac performance and myocardium oxygenation.</p>
Salmon louse infestation levels on sea trout can be predicted from a hydrodynamic lice dispersal model
<p>The abundance of the parasitic salmon louse has increased with the growth in aquaculture of salmonids in open net pens. This represents a threat to wild salmonid populations as well as a key limiting factor for salmon farming. The Norwegian 'traffic light' management system for salmon farming aims to increase aquaculture production while securing sustainable wild salmonid populations. However, this system is at present solely focusing on mortality in wild Atlantic salmon, while responses of sea trout with different ecological characteristics are not included.</p> <p>We analyze lice counts on sea trout from surveillance data and use Bayesian statistical models to relate the observed lice infestations to the environmental lice infestation pressure, salinity, and current speed. These models can be used in risk assessment to predict when and where lice numbers surpass threshold levels for expected serious health effects in wild sea trout.</p> <p>We find that in production areas with the highest density of salmon farms (West coast), more than 50 % of the sea trout experienced lice infestations above levels of expected serious health effects.</p> <p>We also observed high lice infestations on sea trout in areas with salinities below louse tolerance levels, indicating that the fish had been infested elsewhere but were returning to low-saline waters to avoid lice or delouse. This behavioural response may over time disrupt anadromy in sea trout.</p> <p>The observed infestations on sea trout can be explained by the hydrodynamic lice dispersal model, which provides continuous estimates of lice exposure along the whole Norwegian coast. These estimates, which are used in Atlantic salmon research and management, can also be used for sea trout.</p> <p>Synthesis and policy implications: Wild sea trout, spending its entire feeding migration in fjords and coastal areas, is at higher risk than Atlantic salmon to lice infestations from aquaculture. The observed high levels of lice infestation on sea trout question the environmental sustainability of the current aquaculture industry in areas with intensive farming. We discuss the complex responses of sea trout to salmon lice and how the 'traffic light' management system may include data on this species.</p>
Assessing the population genetic structure of introduced rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Lake Tahoe basin: A case for understanding hybridization potential during the reintroduction of the native Endangered Species Act listed Lahontan cutthroat trout (O. clarkii henshawi)
<p class="MsoNormal">Hybridization with introduced or invasive species is a major threat and driver of population declines in native salmonids. The rainbow trout (<em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em>, RBT) has been widely introduced globally and represents an important invasive species, often establishing entrenched naturalized populations. The cutthroat trout (<em>Oncorhynchus clarkii</em>, CT), a close congener, is particularly susceptible to competition and hybridization from RBT introductions which has led to range-wide population declines and loss of CT genetic variation. The Lahontan CT (<em>O. c. henshawi</em>, LCT) whose historic distribution included the Lake Tahoe basin, was extirpated by the 1940s due to overfishing and introduction of nonnative salmonids, including now naturalized RBT. Here, we characterize genetic variation of RBT in a subset of Lake Tahoe tributaries to assess potential homing of RBT to streams for spawning, thereby informing LCT reintroduction. Diploid reproductively viable RBT were stocked annually into Lake Tahoe from the late 1800s until the mid-2000s by California and Nevada fish and wildlife agencies, planting the same commonly raised hatchery strains over time. Since 2007, triploid RBT comprise the bulk of RBT planted. Despite extensive dispersal from stocking locations, our analyses revealed variation in population differentiation among tributaries, with individuals from spatially proximate streams clustering across multiple population genetic analyses. Although subtle, we detected evidence for genetic differentiation among tributaries from the southern, western, and northern regions, including surprising structure involving a single tributary. These results illustrate the extent of differentiation within and among streams and could inform possibilities for and implications of RBT removal and LCT reintroduction.</p>
FIGURE 7 in The trouts of the upper Kura and Aras rivers in Turkey, with description of three new species (Teleostei: Salmonidae)
FIGURE 7. Salmo cf. ciscaucasicus; FSJF 1576, Russia: Dagestan Province: Tyurkidagunchay Stream: Samur River drainage; a, 194 mm SL, male; b, 182 mm SL, male; c, 145 mm SL, female.
FIGURE 6 in The trouts of the upper Kura and Aras rivers in Turkey, with description of three new species (Teleostei: Salmonidae)
FIGURE 6. Salmo araxensis; FFR 3144, paratype, 265 mm SL, male; Turkey: Kars Prov.: İncilipınar Stream.
FIGURE 5 in The trouts of the upper Kura and Aras rivers in Turkey, with description of three new species (Teleostei: Salmonidae)
FIGURE 5. Salmo araxensis; Turkey: Kars Prov.: Kırkpınar Stream; a, FFR 3224, holotype, 259 mm SL, male; b, FFR 3122, paratype, 220 mm SL, female; c, FFR 3122, paratype, 145 mm SL, juvenile.
FIGURE 3 in The trouts of the upper Kura and Aras rivers in Turkey, with description of three new species (Teleostei: Salmonidae)
FIGURE 3. Map of eastern Anatolia showing the distribution of the native Salmo specimens examined for this study.
FIGURE 1 in The trouts of the upper Kura and Aras rivers in Turkey, with description of three new species (Teleostei: Salmonidae)
FIGURE 1. Salmo murathani; Turkey: Kars Prov.: Keklik Stream; a, holotype, FFR 3240, 255 mm SL, male; b, paratype, FFR 3121, 233 mm SL, female; c, FFR 3121, paratype, 120 mm SL, juvenile.
FIGURE 4 in The trouts of the upper Kura and Aras rivers in Turkey, with description of three new species (Teleostei: Salmonidae)
FIGURE 4. Salmo ardahanensis; Turkey: Ardahan Prov.: Toros Stream; a, FFR 3239, holotype, 222 mm SL, male; b, FFR 1130, paratype, 200 mm SL, male; c, FFR 1130, paratype, 253 mm SL, female; d, FFR 1130, paratype, 135 mm SL, juvenile.
Data from: Predation, metabolic priming and early life-history rearing environment affect the swimming capabilities of growth hormone transgenic rainbow trout
The period of first feeding, when young salmonid fishes emerge from natal stream beds, is one fraught with predation risk. Experiments conducted in semi-natural stream mesocosms have shown that growth hormone transgenic salmonids are at greater risk of predation than their non-transgenic siblings, due partly to the higher metabolic demands associated with transgenesis, which force risky foraging behaviours. This raises questions as to whether there are differences in the swim-performance of transgenic and non-transgenic fishes surviving predation experiments. We tested this hypothesis in wild-origin rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) that were reared from first feeding in semi-natural stream mesocosms characterized by complex hydrodynamics, the presence of predators and oligotrophic conditions. Using an open-flume raceway, we swam fish and measured their capacity for burst-swimming against a sustained flow. We found a significant genotype effect on burst-performance, with transgenic fish sustaining performance longer than their wild-type siblings, both in predator and predator-free stream segments. Importantly, this effect occurred before differences in growth were discernable. We also found that mesocosm-reared fish had greater burst-performance than fish reared in the controlled hatchery environment, despite the latter being unexposed to predators and having abundant food. Our results suggest a potential interaction between predation and metabolic priming, which leads to greater burst capacity in transgenic trout.
Temperature regime during embryogenesis alters subsequent behavioural phenotypes of juvenile brown trout
<p><span>Climate warming imposes a serious threat, especially to freshwater ecosystems in temperate and (sub)polar regions, which are often dominated by cold-adapted ectotherms. Although relatively intense warming during winter is common across the climatic regions, comparably little focus has been put on the organismal impacts of winter warming. Embryonic development, which is exceptionally susceptible to ambient temperature, occurs during winter in various freshwater ectotherms. Yet, our knowledge of the effects of increased temperature during embryogenesis on later life stages is limited. Using brown trout (<em>Salmo trutta</em>), we examined how a 1.5°C temperature increase from fertilisation to hatching affects various traits at the onset of the free-swimming stage (i.e., a</span><span> compa</span><span>rison </span><span>between 3.5°C or 5.0°C treatments). Although all hatchlings were kept at the same temperature (7.0</span><span>°C)</span><span> from hatching to the onset of the free-swimming stage for about two months, the temperature increase during embryogenesis substantially reduced key ecological behaviours, i.e., activity and exploration levels, at the onset of the free-swimming stage despite only marginal temperature effects on morphological and physiological traits at this stage. Given the importance of behavioural traits in early growth and survival, our study suggests a likely pathway through which subtle changes in mean winter temperature affect early fitness.</span></p>
Neutral and adaptive drivers of genomic change in introduced brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations revealed by pooled sequencing
<p>Understanding the drivers of successful species invasions is important for conserving native biodiversity and for mitigating the economic impacts of introduced species. However, whole-genome resolution investigations of the underlying contributions of neutral and adaptive genetic variation in successful introductions are rare. Increased propagule pressure should result in greater neutral genetic variation, while environmental differences should elicit selective pressures on introduced populations, leading to adaptive differentiation. We investigated neutral and adaptive variation among nine introduced brook trout (<em>Salvelinus fontinalis</em>) populations using whole-genome pooled sequencing. The populations inhabit isolated alpine lakes in western Canada and descend from a common source, with an average of ~19 (range of 7-41) generations since introduction. We found some evidence of bottlenecks without recovery, no strong evidence of purifying selection, and little support that varying propagule pressure or differences in local environments shaped observed neutral genetic variation differences. Putative adaptive loci analysis revealed non-convergent patterns of adaptive differentiation among lakes with minimal putatively adaptive loci (0.001%-0.15%) that did not correspond with tested environmental variables. Our results suggest that (i) introduction success is not always strongly influenced by genetic load, (ii) observed differentiation among introduced populations can be idiosyncratic, population-specific, or stochastic, and (iii) conservatively, in some introduced species, colonization barriers may be overcome by support through one aspect of propagule pressure or benign environmental conditions.</p>
FIG. 4 in Phenotypic Variation in Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) at Broad Spatial Scales Makes Morphology an Insufficient Basis for Taxonomic Reclassification of the Species
FIG. 4. The number of vertebrae (A) and basihyal teeth (B) reported by Stauffer (2020) for Cosby (CS; yellow), Indian Camp (ICC; blue), and Greenbrier (GB; green) Creeks. Vertebrae counts from peer-reviewed literature are also shown (see the supplement for sources), and, where appropriate, mean (triangle), mode (circle), and/or range (line) are indicated. The dashed line in panel B reflects values that were reported for basihyal tooth count from Cosby Creek in Stauffer (2020) but which were inconsistent with the requested data.
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