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Fig. 56 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 56. Suture and growth lines and septal geometry of Frasnian goniatites from the Holy Cross Mountains. A, B. Acanthoclymenia genundewa (Clarke, 1898), suture lines of specimens ZPAL AmVII/1686 from Ściegnia and ZPAL AmVII/969 from Laskowa Góra (Kostomłoty).C–H. Koenenites lamellosus (Sandberger and Sandberger, 1856), suture lines and septum in lateral view of specimens ZPAL AmVII/1685 (also septal geometry, H) and 1687 from Ściegnia, ZPAL AmVII/970 from Laskowa, 1683 from Ściegnia, and ZPAL AmVII/1947 from Zamkowa Góra at Chęciny. I. Manticoceras lamed (Sandberger and Sandberger, 1850), specimen ZPAL AmVII/1558 from the lower cephalopod horizon at Płucki.J, K. Manticoceras adorfense (Wedekind, 1913) from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki, suture line and septal geometry of specimen ZPAL AmVII/1561 and growth line of ZPAL AmVII/1530.L, M. Archoceras varicosum (Drevermann, 1901) from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki, suture, growth line, and septal geometry of specimen ZPAL AmVII/1484. N–P. Aulatornoceras belgicum (Matern, 1931) from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki, suture, growth line, and septal geometry of specimens ZPAL AmVII/1504, 1512, and 1505.Q, R. Linguatornoceras sp. from the lower cephalopod horizon at Płucki, suture, growth line, and septal geometry of specimens ZPAL AmVII/1504, 1512, and 1505.S–U. Linguatornoceras sp. from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki, suture, growth lines and septal geometry of specimens ZPAL AmVII/1377, 1382, 1383, and 1523. V, X. Manticoceras drevermanni (Wedekind, 1913) from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki, suture, growth line, and septal geometry of specimens ZPALAmVII/1429, 610, and 1520. Y–AC. Crickites holzapfeli Wedekind, 1913 from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki, suture and growth lines of specimens ZPAL AmVII/1520, 1527, 606, and 1531 (also septal geometry). Scale given when suture was traced from single more or less complete septum, composite drawings out of scale.

Fig. 29 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 29. Klapperina from the early Frasnian of the Holy Cross Mountains. A–E. Klapperina sp. from Wietrznia, sample Wtr−9, P1 (sp) elements ZPAL CXVI/1083, 1082, and 1081 (A–C), P2 (oz) element ZPAL CXVI/ 1093 (D), and S2 (pl) element ZPAL CXVI/ 1084 (E). F. Klapperina sp. indet. from Włochy, sample Wł−R/A1, P1 (sp) element ZPAL CXVI/916.

Fig. 10 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 10. The Frasnian prioniodinid Pluckidina kielcensis sp. nov. from the early Frasnian of Wietrznia (sample Wtr−9), Holy Cross Mountains, P1 (sp) element ZPAL CXVI/1063 (A, holotype), P2 (oz) element ZPAL CXVI/1064 (B), S2 (pl) element ZPAL CXVI/1066 (C), S0 (tr) element ZPAL CXVI/1065 (D), S1 (lo) element ZPAL CXVI/1067 (E), S3 (ke) element ZPAL CXVI/1068 (F), S4 (hi) element ZPAL CXVI/1069 (G), and M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/1070 (H).

Fig. 9 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 9. The prioniodinid Dyminodina gen. nov. from the Frasnian of the Holy Cross Mountains. A–I, O–Q. Dyminodina planidentata sp. nov. A–I. Lower cephalopod limestone at Płucki population (sample Pł−22), P1 (sp) element ZPAL CXVI/598 (A), P2 (oz) element ZPAL CXVI/599 (B), S0 (tr) element ZPAL CXVI/601 (C), S2 (pl) element ZPAL CXVI/604 (D), S1 (lo) element ZPAL CXVI/602 (E), S4 (hi) element ZPAL CXVI/603 (F), and M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/606 (G; holotype). O–Q. Early Frasnian population from Wietrznia (sample Wtr−5), S4 element ZPAL CXVI/712 (P), and M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/713 (Q). H–J. Dyminodina anterodenticulata sp. nov. from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki (sample Pł−391), P1 element ZPAL CXVI/391 (H), M (ne) elements ZPAL CXVI/390 (I; holotype), and P2 element ZPAL CXVI/402 (J). K–Q. Dyminodina kovalensis sp. nov. from the topmost Frasnian at the Kowala Quarry, sample Ko−151, P1 element ZPAL CXVI/1191 (K), P2 element ZPAL CXVI/1192 (L), S4 (hi) element ZPAL CXVI/1196 (M), S2 element ZPAL CXVI/1194 (N), S0 (tr) element ZPAL CXVI/1193 (O), S2 (pl) element ZPAL CXVI/1195 (P), M element ZPAL CXVI/ 1197 (Q; holotype).

Fig. 54 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 54. Non−gephuroceratid goniatites from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki. A–H. Archoceras varicosum (Drevermann, 1901), specimens ZPAL AmVII/1471, 626, 1478, 1477, 1479, 1473, 617, and unnumbered SEM picture. I–M. Aulatornoceras belgicum (Matern, 1931), specimens ZPALAmVII/616, 1510, 1505, 1506, and 628; note variation in conch proportions and ontogenetic changes in conch evoluteness. N–S. Linguatornoceras sp., specimens ZPAL AmVII/1380, 1727, 1725, 1374, 1376, and 1403; note variation in relative conch width. All × 2, except for H which is × 20 and P which is × 1.5.

Fig. 7. The prioniodinid Ligonodina pectinata Bassler, 1925 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 7. The prioniodinid Ligonodina pectinata Bassler, 1925 from the Frasnian of the Holy Cross Mountains. A, C, H, I. Late Frasnian population from the lower cephalopod limestone at Płucki (sample Pł−22); P1 (sp) element ZPAL CXVI/ 621 (A), S0 (tr) elements ZPAL CXVI/618 and 617 (C, I), and S4 (hi) element ZPAL CXVI/622 (H). B, E, F, I, J. Population from the mid−Frasnian of Wietrznia (sample Wtr−5), S1 (lo) element ZPAL CXVI/698 (B, I), P2 (oz) element ZPAL CXVI/695 (E), S2 (pl) element ZPAL CXVI/704 (F), and S4 element ZPAL CXVI/699 (J). D, L. Population from the mid−Frasnian of Wietrznia (sample Wtr−13), S2 element ZPAL CXVI/830 (D) and M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/832 (L). G, K. Population from the early Frasnian of Włochy (sample Wł R/A1), S0 element ZPAL CXVI/866 (G) and M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/870 (K).

Fig. 3 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 3. Ammonoids from the Skały Formation cropping out in an abandoned quarry near old water mill at Śniadka (exposure 6a of Sobolew 1909), 1 m below sample Sn−1. A–J. Holzapfeloceras sp. aff. H. croyi House, 1978; restored conch proportions (A), sutures (B, C; based on specimens ZPAL AmVII/97 and 487, respectively), growth lines (D; based on ZPAL AmVII/490), shell preserved three−dimensionally in concretion (E; ZPAL AmVII/485), crushed specimens showing partially preserved suture (F; ZPAL AmVII/484) and growth lines (G, H; ZPAL AmVII/490 and 488), and phragmocone fragments with preserved septa (I, J; ZPAL AmVII/487 and 79); all × 2 except for J which is × 3. K–M. Agoniatites sp., possibly A. vanuxemi (Hall, 1879); specimen ZPAL AmVII/483; restored cross section (K), suture (L), and actual specimen (M), × 2.

Fig. 4 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 4. Correlation of studied sections of the Frasnian in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland and position of conodont samples and ammonoid−bearing horizons. Note that the complete section of the Płucki main trench (extreme left) is drawn in different scale; samples between Pł−25 and Pł−18 come from small trenches. Above is a map of the Wietrznia quarries with locations of the sampled sections; the basal part of the section, with Ancyrodella soluta, has not been sampled because of low frequency of conodont elements (see Racki 1993); provisional zonation based on other Ancyrodella species is shown. Kowala section was measured at the eastern end of the quarry, the highest exploitation level. A. Wietrznia 1d of Racki et al. (1993; Racki and Bultynck 1993). B. Wietrznia 1e. C. Wietrznia block D of Szulczewski (1989). D. Wietrznia II.

Fig. 47 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 47. Succession of the earliest Famennian Klapperilepis gen. nov. populations at Płucki (see also Fig. 46). Aratio of the relative extent of the free carina (C/L) to the caudal lobe proclination angle is plotted for P1 (sp) elements. All measurable palmatolepidid platform elements from each sample are included (shape of the platform alone does not allow to discriminate species; they differ also in their more or less flat appearance). The number of species changes from one (Pł−20 and Pł−16) to two (Pł−42) to three (Pł−32). The pattern of variability of K. praetriangularis in the first Famennian sample Pł−20 (where it occurs alone as the only palmatolepidid) is indistinguishable from that in the latest Frasnian. Note increase of variability in sample Pł−16 which may be an effect of released competition from other palmatolepidids and character displacement in Pł−42, where the lineage of K. clarki appears, documented both by the diagnostic M (ne) elements and bimodal frequency distribution of P1 elements morphs. Subsequent changes resulted from a combination of immigration events and a phyletic evolution at the site.

Fig. 53 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 53. Silicified goniatites from the topmost Frasnian strata at Kowala Quarry. Specimens rarely preserve suture, species identification is thus in many cases based on pressumed conspecifity with better preserved specimens from nearby coeval cephalopod limestone of Płucki; all × 2. A. Archoceras varicosum (Drevermann, 1901), sample Ko−134, specimen ZPAL AmVII/1667. B–E. Manticoceras adorfense (Wedekind, 1913), samples Ko−134 (B) Ko−142 (C, D) and Ko−159 (E), specimens ZPAL AmVII/1610, 1717, 1713, and 963.F–H. Involute Manticoceras? sp. sample Ko−159, specimens ZPAL AmVII/964, 962, and 960. I, J. Manticoceras drevermanni (Wedekind, 1913), sample Ko−142 (I) and Ko−134, specimens ZPAL AmVII/1714 and 1675. K–N. Linguatornoceras sp. aff L. clausum (Glenister, 1958), samples Ko−142 (K, M, N) and Ko−134 (L), specimens ZPAL AmVII/1716, 1671, 1715, and 1718. O. Crickites holzapfeli Wedekind, 1913 (or perhaps Sphaeromanticoceras sp.), sample Ko−159, specimen ZPAL AmVII/958.P–R. Aulatornoceras belgicum (Matern, 1931), samples Ko−142 (P, R) and Ko−134 (Q), specimens ZPAL AmVII/1719, 1668, and 1714.

FIGURE 2 in Non-destructive analysis of in situ ammonoid jaws by synchrotron radiation X-ray micro-computed tomography

FIGURE 2. Reconstructed tomographic images of the specimen (1) and its internal structure in median section (2). The lower and upper jaws are enlarged in (3) and (4), respectively.

FIGURE 5 in Non-destructive analysis of in situ ammonoid jaws by synchrotron radiation X-ray micro-computed tomography

FIGURE 5. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the upper and lower jaws preserved in the body chamber of the specimen. The reconstructed parts are inside the specimen (1). The jaws are preserved close to each other (2).

FIGURE 1 in Non-destructive analysis of in situ ammonoid jaws by synchrotron radiation X-ray micro-computed tomography

FIGURE 1. Left lateral (1), dorsal (2) and ventral (3) views of Phyllopachyceras ezoensis with preserved upper and lower jaws in situ within the body chamber. UMUT MM 27831 (modified from Tanabe et al., 2013).

FIGURE 7 in Non-destructive analysis of in situ ammonoid jaws by synchrotron radiation X-ray micro-computed tomography

FIGURE 7. Result of segmentation of the upper jaw of the specimen, from frontal (1), rear (2), left-lateral (3) views and the transverse section of the area (4) indicated as a square in (3). The three-dimensional reconstruction (5) shows areal distributions of the "chitinous" lamellae and the calcareous covering. The reconstruction of the transverse section (6), which corresponds to (4), shows the architecture of the outer lamella. The abbreviations are indicated in (5).

FIGURE 6 in Non-destructive analysis of in situ ammonoid jaws by synchrotron radiation X-ray micro-computed tomography

FIGURE 6. Result of segmentation of the lower jaw of the specimen, from lateral view which is restricted to its anterior and posterior portion (1). Three-dimensional reconstruction (2) suggests a wide distribution of calcareous material. The outer calcareous layer on the outer "chitinous" layer is partly taken off in (2). The transverse section of the area indicated as a square in (1) shows that the calcareous covering of the lower jaw also covers the internal surface of the "chitinous" lamella (3). The abbreviation is indicated in (2).

FIGURE 4 in Non-destructive analysis of in situ ammonoid jaws by synchrotron radiation X-ray micro-computed tomography

FIGURE 4. Linear absorption coefficient (LAC) of the internal portions of the specimen estimated by their mean luminance values in the tomographic images. The numbers (1)-(10) correspond to the materials in Table 1. The dashed lines indicate the known values for the materials (Chantler et al., 2005) that could be expected to be observed in the specimen. Note that glycine is the most dominant amino acid in jaws of Octopus vulgaris (Hunt and Nixon, 1981). The relationship between LAC values and luminance values is based on the assumption that the LAC values for the surrounding air are zero and that the crystals precipitated in the phragmocone are calcite.

FIGURE 3 in Non-destructive analysis of in situ ammonoid jaws by synchrotron radiation X-ray micro-computed tomography

FIGURE 3. Serial cross-sections of the body chamber portion of the specimen cut from the venter (1) to the dorsum (4), in which sectioned images of the upper jaw are shown. Note that the vertical stripes are due to the separated scanning.

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Fig. 6 in Differential preservation of the Upper Cretaceous ammonoid Anagaudryceras limatum with corrugated shell in central Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 6. Schematic drawing of shell cross−section in Anagaudryceras limatum. Compressive force in sediments concentrates on just adoral of last septum and acted on corrugated shell material as bending force. Vertical (A) and horizontal (B) burial orientations.

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Fig. 4 in Differential preservation of the Upper Cretaceous ammonoid Anagaudryceras limatum with corrugated shell in central Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 4. Comparison of taphonomic attributes between Anagaudryceras limatum (Yabe, 1903) and other planispiral ammonoids. A. Fragmentation patterns. Numbers around pie diagrams signify number of individuals in each category. B. Size−distribution patterns and mean shell diameters of specimens whose diameters can be measured. Categories: a, intact; b, phragmocones with distorted body chamber; c, phragmocones lacking body chambers; d, isolated body chamber parts; e, indeterminate.