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568 results for “brood”
Fig. 1 in The egg-brooding frogs Fritziana Mello-Leit˜ao, 1937 and Flectonotus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 (Amphibia: Anura): osteology and putative synapomorphies for hemiphractid frogs
Fig. 1. Skull (dorsal view) of Fritziana and Flectonotus species (A) Fr. goeldii (ZUFRJ 12964) (B) Fr. ohausi (ZUFRJ 597) (C) Fr. fissilis (MNRJ 56992) (D) Fr. tonimi (ZUFRJ 1361) (E) Fr. izecksohni (ZUFRJ 13978) (F) Fr. ulei (ZUFRJ 13347) (G) Fl. pygmaeus (KU 167759); and (H) Fl. fitzgeraldi (KU 192399). Roman typeface is used to label the bones, whereas italics are used to designate a part of a bone (e.g., ramus, process). Scale bar = 1 mm.
Fig. 3 in The taxonomic position of brooding limpets of the genera Erginus and Rhodopetala (Patellogastropoda)
Fig. 3. Bayesian inference analysis of COI sequences for the genus Erginus. Numerals above or below the branches are Bayesian posterior probabilities and bootstrap values of the ML and NJ analysis, respectively. The species of the genus Erginus from the Russian Far East included in this analysis are highlighted in bold. Synapomorphies: a, brooding pouch; b, subcephalic tentacle ('penis').
Fig. 2 in The taxonomic position of brooding limpets of the genera Erginus and Rhodopetala (Patellogastropoda)
Fig. 2. Bayesian phylogenetic tree of Patellogastropoda for combined molecular data (concatenated sequences from 12S, 16S, and COI mtDNA). Numerals at nodes are posterior probability values and bootstrap values (BS) of the ML analysis, respectively. Values of BS <70% are not shown.
Fig. 1 in The taxonomic position of brooding limpets of the genera Erginus and Rhodopetala (Patellogastropoda)
Fig. 1. Limpet specimens used in this analysis. (A, B) Rhodopetala rosea, Simushir Island (shell length 6 mm); (C) Erginus sybariticus, Erineyskaya Inlet (shell length 19 mm); (D, I) Erginus moskalevi, Taui Bay, head with "penis" (arrow) (D) and shell (I) (shell length 9 mm); (E, F) Erginus puniceus, typical forms, Sea of Japan (shell length 5 mm); (G) Erginus puniceus, "sybariticus" form, Sea of Japan (shell length 6 mm); (H) Erginus apicinus, Simushir Island (shell length 7 mm).
Conspecific brood parasitism and nest predation in moorhens
<p>Conspecific brood parasitism was investigated in three species of moorhens on three different continents: common moorhens in the United Kingdom, lesser moorhens in Namibia, and American moorhens in Panama. These are nest data used to summarize population-level rates of conspecific brood parasitism and nest predation. The data reported here were collected using similar field methods, and include nest dates, clutch sizes (number of host eggs), number of parasitic eggs, and nest fates.</p>
Pathogenicity of Paenibacillus spp. for honey bee brood
<p>Raw data set of the article describing the pathogenicity of <em>Paenibacillus</em> spp. for honey bee brood.</p>
Supplementary material S14: All brood-comb jolting pulses shown as individual spectrograms.
<p>Video showcasing all 189 brood-comb jolting pulse spectrograms. The jolting pulse spectra have undergone the same centring and analysis as in S12 and S16. The magnitude of acceleration is logarithmic (to the base 10), where the highest magnitude is 2x10<sup>-3 </sup>m/s<sup>2</sup>, and the lowest magnitude set to be 1/40 of the maximum.</p>
Supplementary material S7: An alternative view of Varroa jolting behaviour on the brood-comb substrate.
<p>A short video to demonstrate a few instances of jolting behaviour where the mite appears to push its body in an up and down motion by flexing its legs, rather than the more commonly seen side to side motion. Each instance is of the same mite individual during the same filming session, after it has been edited to remove periods of time where this behaviour is not seen.</p>
Supplementary material S10: Video analysis of Varroa jolting pulses on brood-comb.
<p>Video showing the accelerometer data in spectrogram format and synchronous displacements of the <em>Varroa</em> individual on brood-comb. The processing for all panels in this video has been completed in the same way as for S9 and S11, with the video slowed to four times for ease of viewing. The lowest point of acceleration magnitude is here forced to be 1/60<sup>th</sup> of the maximum As the mite jolting pulses are more spread out over time on this substrate and the vibrational pulse is inherently of a lower frequency, the frame rate did not need to be slowed as much as it did for S9. The soundtrack has also been slowed accordingly and still reveals an audible jolting pulse in some instances, this time as a ‘knocking’ noise. Several jolting instances are included in this video from different points in time to showcase occurrences where the jolt produces a measurable vibrational trace. Although this mite jolted frequently throughout the video, detectable instances of vibration occurred at more irregular intervals. Here too, the synchronicity between mite movement and accelerometer trace can be clearly viewed. Overall, this video amounts to approximately 38 seconds of real-time data.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: A tiny cuckoo: risk-dependent interspecific brood parasitism in a predatory mite
<p><span>Many animal species protect their eggs against predators while others do not. When these species share the same habitat, the latter species may profit by adding their eggs to those of the protecting species. We show that one tiny predatory mite species protects its own eggs only to a limited extent, and instead adds them to those of another predatory mite species that does guard its eggs, resulting in reduced egg predation. This cuckoo behaviour comes with a cost, and therefore only occurs when egg predators are present. Furthermore, the parasites only add eggs to those of the guarding host species, not to those of another mite species that does not guard its eggs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show that facultative brood parasitism is more effective than brood care, in increasing offspring survival in the presence of egg predators.</span></p>
The overlooked complexity of avian brood parasite–host relationships
<p>The interactions between avian brood parasites and their hosts have become widely recognised as model systems for studying coevolutionary processes. These systems have traditionally been viewed as relationships between one species of brood parasite and one species of host; however, with most brood parasites being known to parasitise multiple species of host and hosts often being subject to parasitism by multiple brood parasite species, opportunities to examine the ecology and evolution of multispecies interactions have generally been overlooked. Here, we compile data on all known brood parasite–host relationships and investigate where and how multiple species of brood parasites and hosts coexist. Considering these relationships as interactions in ecological networks, we find that complex brood parasite–host systems (i.e. those that include multiple species of brood parasites and hosts) exhibiting highly connected networks are found globally, with increased prevalence at lower latitudes in tropical and sub-tropical ecosystems. We also examine patterns of past research, outline the disparity between global patterns of network complexity and past research emphases, and discuss spatial and temporal factors that may be associated with these observed patterns. Drawing on insights gained from the handful of brood parasitism studies involving more complex scenarios and other biological systems that have embraced the use of a multispecies framework, we highlight the potential benefits of considering brood parasite–host interactions as ecological networks and brood parasitism as a model system for studying multispecies interactions. Overall, our results provide new insights into the diversity of these relationships when considered in a multispecies framework, highlight the stark mismatch between past research efforts and global patterns of system complexity, and draw attention to the opportunities that the study of more complex arrangements offers for examining how species interactions shape global patterns of biodiversity.</p>
Temporal and scalar variations affect resource use of northern bobwhite broods
<p>Disparate resource use originating from phenology of biotic resources, abiotic conditions, and life cycles of exploiting organisms underscores the importance of research across time and space to guide locally relevant management practices. Our goal was to evaluate resource use of northern bobwhite (<i>Colinus virginianus; </i>bobwhite) at two spatial scales and across three age classes, from hatching through a period of the post-juvenile molt. Our study was conducted at Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, FL, USA– situated in a pyric landscape subjected to biennial prescribed fire. We predicted prescribed fire, disking, and supplemental feeding would dictate resource use, but effects would depend on time since fire, brood age, and time of day. We predicted vegetation and temperature would govern roost use by broods, but these effects would also depend on age. We radio-tracked 62 broods 21–35 times / week during May – October 2018 and 2019. Broods were less likely to use areas with large proportions of hardwood drains but favored sites with greater proportions of burned uplands, regardless of the time of day. Broods were less likely to use areas at greater distances from supplemental feed; this relationship had no interaction with age. The effect of supplemental feed was stronger later in the nesting season (> July 15). Broods were more likely to use areas with greater proportions of fallow fields during the day than for roosting. Broods used roosts with more woody cover and visual obscurity than at available sites. Roosts consisted of less grass and bare ground. However, these effects interacted with age; broods used sparser cover at older ages. Neonate broods were more likely to use cooler roosts with greater thermal stability, but this effect was reversed for juveniles. Broods may alter resource use with changes in vulnerabilities to threats such as thermal risks and predation.</p>
Figure 3 in Hunting and brooding behaviour in Phaeacius sp. indet. (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini), a new record for the Andaman Islands
Figure 3. Female Phaeacius feeding on a captured female Myrmarachne plataleoides.
Fig. 8 in Study on behavioural ecology of Ditomus calydonius Rossi, 1790 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Ditomina), a strictly granivorous ground beetle with brood care
Fig. 8. Phenogram of Ditomus calydonius showing the new generation arousal and maturation level extimated by integument pigmentation. Рис. 8. Фенограмма, демонстрируюЩаЯ сроки поЯвлениЯ и соЗреваниЯ новой генерации D. calydonius, исходЯ иЗ степени пигментации покровов.
Fig. 5 in Study on behavioural ecology of Ditomus calydonius Rossi, 1790 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Ditomina), a strictly granivorous ground beetle with brood care
Fig. 5. Ditomus activity density (individuals/trap in the standard period of 10d) plotted against clay-in-the-soil-classes adopted in this study and canopy covering (%). Note that Ditomus populations has been recorded by pitfall trapping only in class 5 and 6, class 7 belongs to sodium chloride "blue clays" where Daucus plants show very little density. Рис. 5. ДинамическаЯ плотность D. calydonius (особей / 10 ловуШко-суток) в Зависимости от типа почвы по составу глин и проективного покрытиЯ в % (обратите внимание, что популЯции D. calydonius регистрировались почвеными ловуШками только на почвах 5 и 6 классов, почвы 7 класса содержат хлоридно- натриевые «голубые глины», на которых растениЯ Daucus имеют очень ниЗкую плотность).
Fig. 12. A in Study on behavioural ecology of Ditomus calydonius Rossi, 1790 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Ditomina), a strictly granivorous ground beetle with brood care
Fig. 12. A male of Ditomus calydonius on a Daucus inflorescence, showing the typical feeding position, i. e. holding a seed between the forelegs. Рис. 12. Самец D. calydonius на соцветии Daucus в типичной поЗе в момент питаниЯ — держит семЯ между передними лапками.
Figs 3–4 in Study on behavioural ecology of Ditomus calydonius Rossi, 1790 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Ditomina), a strictly granivorous ground beetle with brood care
Figs 3–4. The study area: 3 — area Ar4 at Arcavacata seen from below (S zone), where the Daucus plants were still flowering (photo at end of July 1992); 4 — the four zones of Daucus development (C, N, S, O) corresponding to patches of maximum Daucus plant density (grey); A indicates the point of microclimate measurements; the star the position of the only nest-site found. Рис. 3–4. МодельнаЯ плоЩадка: 3 — плоЩадка Ar4 в Аркаваката при виде сниЗу (Зона S) с еЩё цветуЩими растениЯми Daucus carota (конец июлЯ 1992 г.); 4 — четыре Зоны раЗвитиЯ Daucus (C, N, S, O), соответствуюЩие участкам с максимальной плотностью (серый цвет) растений; А — точка иЗмерениЯ микроклиматических параметров, ЗвёЗдочка — положение единственного найденного гнеЗда.
Fig. 11 in Study on behavioural ecology of Ditomus calydonius Rossi, 1790 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Ditomina), a strictly granivorous ground beetle with brood care
Fig. 11. Profile of the nest found at August, 21, 1992 in the C zone. All the specimens found are represented in their own position. (Original drawing by dr. Erminio Rocca). Рис. 11. Профиль гнеЗда D. calydonius, найденного 21 августа 1992 г. в Зоне C (все ЭкЗемплЯры представлены на месте обнаружениЯ; оригинальный рисунок доктора Эрминио Рокка).
Fig. 7 in Study on behavioural ecology of Ditomus calydonius Rossi, 1790 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Ditomina), a strictly granivorous ground beetle with brood care
Fig. 7. Sex ratio of foraging population during the surface activity period. Right ordinates: temperature at 1 cm from the soil. Dashed line indicates the mean humidity, the continuous one the mean temperature observed in the first four hours of the night (mean of the recordings made every fourth day during the counts of foraging individuals). Рис. 7. СоотноШение полов в популЯции D. calydonius в период фуражировки по данным напочвенной активности (правые ординаты — температура воЗдуха в 1 см от поверхности почвы (t.) и относительнаЯ влажность воЗдуха (r.h.); mean r.h. — среднЯЯ относительнаЯ влажность воЗдуха, mean temp. — среднЯЯ температура воЗдуха, наблюдаемые в первые четыре часа ночи; средние ЗначениЯ рассчитаны по реЗультатам иЗмерений в каждый четвёртый день при подсчёте кормЯЩихсЯ особей).
Fig. 6 in Study on behavioural ecology of Ditomus calydonius Rossi, 1790 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Ditomina), a strictly granivorous ground beetle with brood care
Fig. 6. Annual phenogram against temperatures of Ditomus population, counted as individuals active on Daucus umbellas every fourth day. Total data from the entire study area. Left ordinate: Maximum, mean and minimum temparature recorded at 1 cm from the soil surface. Рис. 6. ГодоваЯ фенограмма популЯции D. calydonius (суммарные данные длЯ всего района исследований), составленнаЯ по реЗультатам учётов жуков (раЗ в четырЯ днЯ), активных на Зонтиках Daucus (леваЯ ордината — максимальнаЯ, среднЯЯ и минимальнаЯ температура воЗдуха, ЗарегистрированнаЯ на расстоЯнии 1 см от поверхности почвы).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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