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1,069 results for “bryozoans”
Bryozoan genomes reveal extensive chromosome rearrangement and the evolution of bilaterian genome structure
<p>Orthologous genes are commonly found together on the same chromosome over vast evolutionary distances. This extensive physical gene linkage, known as macrosynteny, can be seen between bilaterian phyla as divergent as Chordata, Echinodermata, Mollusca, and Nemertea and likely reflects the importance of genome organization to gene regulatory landscapes. Here, we report a unique pattern of genome evolution in Bryozoa, an understudied phylum of colonial invertebrates. Using comparative genomics, including phylogenetic reconstruction and orthologous gene mapping, we reconstruct the chromosomal evolutionary history of five bryozoans. We infer the ancestral bryozoan genome organization and identify multiple ancient chromosome fusions followed by gene mixing, leading to the near-complete loss of bilaterian linkage groups. A second wave of rearrangements, including chromosome fission, occurred independently in two bryozoan classes, further shuffling bryozoan genomes. We also discover at least five derived chromosomal fusion events shared between bryozoans and brachiopods, supporting the traditional yet highly debated Lophophorata hypothesis. Finally, we show that chromosome fusion and fission processes led to the separation of bryozoan Hox clusters. Our findings demonstrate that the canonical bilaterian genome structure has been lost across an entire phylum, reveal that linkage group fission can occur very frequently in specific lineages, and provide a powerful source of phylogenetic information.</p>
Fig. 6 in Alcyonidium kuklinskii sp. nov., a new species of Antarctic ctenostome bryozoan with a key to all Antarctic species of the genus
Fig. 6 Map showing the type localities of all Antarctic species of Alcyonidium
Fig. 6 in Correction to: Alcyonidium kuklinskii sp. nov., a new species of Antarctic ctenostome bryozoan with a key to all Antarctic species of the genus
Fig. 6 Map showing the type localities of all Antarctic species of Alcyonidium
Maps shows the survey localities along Gujarat coast in Marine bryozoans of Gujarat and Maharashtra
Maps shows the survey localities along Gujarat coast
Fig. 3 in Lower Permian bryozoans from southern and central Spitsbergen, Svalbard
Fig. 3. Lithological log and distribution of bryozoans through the Treskelen section.
Fig. 2 in Lower Permian bryozoans from southern and central Spitsbergen, Svalbard
Fig. 2. Lithostratigraphy of Hornsund area and inner Isfjorden area (emended from Dallmann 1999).
Fig. 1 in Lower Permian bryozoans from southern and central Spitsbergen, Svalbard
Fig. 1. Map of Svalbard with localities mentioned in the text.
FIGURE 1 in New records of the bryozoan Metrarabdotos from the Pirabas Formation (Lower Miocene), Pará State, Brazil
FIGURE 1. Map of the study area showing the four outcrops (arrows).
Fig. 2 in Late Carboniferous bryozoans from La Hermida, Spain
Fig. 2. Lithofacies of the investigated profile at La Hermida, Spain.
Fig. 1 in Late Carboniferous bryozoans from La Hermida, Spain
Fig. 1. Geographical position of the at locality La Hermida, Spain.
Fig. 2 in Freshwater bryozoans in the backwaters of the Danube and Traun Rivers south-east of Linz, Upper Austria
Fig. 2: Location of sampling sites in nine water bodies in the floodplain area south-east of Linz.
Temperature as a likely driver shaping global patterns in mineralogical composition in bryozoans: Implications for marine calcifiers under Global Change
<p><span>The Southern Ocean is showing one of the most rapid responses to human-induced global change, thus acting as a sentinel of the effects on marine species and ecosystems. Ocean warming and acidification are already impacting benthic species with carbonate skeletons, but the magnitude of these changes to species and ecosystems remains largely unknown. Here we provide the largest carbonate mineralogical dataset to date for Southern Ocean bryozoans, which are diverse, abundant and important as carbonate producers, thus making them excellent for monitoring the effects of ocean warming and acidification. </span><span>To</span><span> improve our </span><span>understanding of how bryozoans might respond to ocean warming and acidification,</span><span> we assess latitudinal and seafloor temperature patterns of skeletal mineralogy using bryozoan species occurrences together with temperature data for the first time. Our findings, combining new mineralogical data with published data from warmer regions, show that the proportions of high-Mg calcite and bimineralic species increase significantly towards lower latitudes and with increasing seawater temperature. These patterns are consistent with the hypothesis that seawater temperature is likely a significant driver of variations in bryozoan mineralogy at a global scale.</span></p>
Data and code for "Competitive hierarchies in bryozoan assemblages mitigate network instability by keeping short and long feedback loops weak"
<p>This repository contains all scripts and data files to reproduce the analysis of the manuscript "Competitive hierarchies in bryozoan assemblages mitigate network instability by keeping short and long feedback loops weak"</p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Competitive hierarchies in diverse ecological communities have long been thought to lead to instability and prevent coexistence. However, system stability has never been tested and the relation between hierarchy and instability has never been explained in complex competition networks parameterised with data from direct observation. Here we test model stability of 30 multispecies bryozoan assemblages, using estimates of energy loss from observed interference competition to parameterise both the inter- and intraspecific interactions in the competition networks. We find that all competition networks are unstable. However, instability is mitigated considerably by asymmetries in the energy loss rates brought about by hierarchies of strong and weak competitors. This asymmetric organisation results in asymmetries in the interaction strengths, which reduces instability by keeping the weight of short (positive) and longer (positive and negative) feedback loops low. Our results support the idea that interference competition leads to instability and exclusion but demonstrate that this is not because of, but despite, competitive hierarchy.</p> <p><strong>Data</strong></p> <p>Our data set contains records of overgrowth competition in 30 high-latitude bryozoan assemblages. Rocks were collected by hand from shallow subtidal coastal locations at Rothera Island, West Antarctic Peninsula, Signy Island in the maritime Antarctic and Spitsbergen in the Arctic. For each assemblage, the data set contains one .csv file with abundance per species and one .csv file containing the species-contact-matrix. All bryozoans were identified to species and counted, giving abundance data in colonies per species. Then, all pairwise contests between colonies were classified as win, draw or loss and the results were compiled in the species-contact-matrices. For details, see the methods section of the paper.</p> <p><strong>Analysis </strong></p> <p>The analysis is subdivided into the following sections:</p> <ul> <li>0 <strong>Random matrices</strong>: Stability of random matrices with symmetric and asymmetric interactions.</li> <li>1 <strong>Preparation</strong>: Define functions to calculate asymmetry measures and set plotting parameters</li> <li>2 <strong>Read and process raw data</strong>: Converts raw data to Jacobian matrices</li> <li>3 <strong>Analysis of empirical matrices</strong>: Calculates stability, asymmetry measures, loop weights of empirical matrices.</li> <li>4 <strong>Analysis of randomised matrices:</strong> Randomises empirical matrices and analyses the effect on stability, asymmetry measures and loop weights.</li> <li>5<strong> Sensitivity</strong>: Effect of model assumptions (cost-values / replacement of missing values) on the results.</li> </ul> <p>Details on how to reproduce the full analysis, including all figures and tables in the manuscript can be found in the ReadMe file.</p>
Data from: Skeletal mineralogy of marine organisms shaped by seawater temperature and evolutionary history - a case study of cheilostome bryozoans
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Data from: Plastic responses of bryozoans to ocean acidification
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Bryozoan genomes reveal extensive chromosome rearrangement and the evolution of bilaterian genome structure
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A genome-skimmed phylogeny of a widespread bryozoan family, Adeonidae
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Temperature as a likely driver shaping global patterns in mineralogical composition in bryozoans: Implications for marine calcifiers under Global Change
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FIGURE 20. Competitive interactions between bryozoans and the encrusting foraminiferan Planorbulina larvata. A. P in Taxonomy and diversity of coelobite bryozoans from drift coral cobbles on Co To Island, northern Vietnam
FIGURE 20. Competitive interactions between bryozoans and the encrusting foraminiferan Planorbulina larvata. A. P. larvata forming stand-off with Scorpiodinipora costulata (upper part) and overgrowing the latter (lower part), VNMN-0254. B. P. larvata overgrowing Antropora minor, VNMN-0218. C. P. larvata overgrowing Torquatella imperforata, VNMN-0252. D. Founding chamber of P. larvata settled on margin of Parasmittina parsevalioidea colony, VNMN-0231. E. Stand-off between P. larvata and Scorpiodinipora costulata, VNMN-0254. F. P. larvata settled on Disporella phaohoa n. sp. colony, VNMN-0256. G. P. larvata settled on Plesiocleidochasma porcellaniforme, VNMN-0256. H. Metroperiella cotoensis n. sp. beginning to overgrow P. larvata, VNMN-0238. Scale bars: D, 150 µm; all others, 1 mm.
FIGURE 19. A in Taxonomy and diversity of coelobite bryozoans from drift coral cobbles on Co To Island, northern Vietnam
FIGURE 19. A. Tubulipora sp., young colony, VNMN-0271. B. Oncousoecia sp., young colony showing ancestrula (right), VNMN-0271. C, D. "Stomatopora" sp., VNMN-0272. C, colony, autozooids. D. Same colony, enlargement. Scale bars: A, B, D, 500 µm; C, 1 mm.
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