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421 results for “cranial anatomy”
Figure 10 in Cranial anatomy of the stem salamander Kokartus honorarius (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Middle Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan
Figure 10. Strict consensus of 44 most parsimonious trees showing the position of karaurids. Eocaecilia is highlighted by *. Synapomorphies supporting Batrachia (A), Caudata (B), and Karauridae (C) clades: Clade A, 65(2), dermal sculpturing: little to none; 130(2), Meckelian fossa: absent; 165(1), extended transverse processes: present. Clade B, 2(2), skull: trunk: 0.20–0.29; 51(1), parietal–squamosal contact: present; 92(2), anterior palatine: palatine absent; 102(1), denticles on parasphenoid: absent; 201(2), deltapectoral crest: prominent; 220(1), spinal cord supports: present. Clade C, 65(2), dermal sculpturing: tubercules and short ridges.
Figure 9 in Cranial anatomy of the stem salamander Kokartus honorarius (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Middle Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan
Figure 9. Skull reconstructions of Kokartus honorarius (A–D). A, B, redrawn from Nesov et al. (1996). C, D, new reconstruction. E, skull of larva of branchiosaurid Apateon gracilis, redrawn from Schoch & Fröbisch (2006). F, two centres of ossification of the squamosal in a larva of Ranodon sibiricus (IV stage), redrawn from Lebedkina (1979). G, two centres of ossification of the squamosal in a larva of Rana esculenta at the end of metamorphosis, redrawn from Lebedkina (1979). Abbreviations: caud, otic capsule; den, dentary; dsq, dorsal ossification of squamosal, fr, frontal; mam, m. adductor mandibulae; Mc, Meckel's cartilage; mdm, m. depressor mandibulae; nas, nasal; pa, ascendens process of palatoquadratal cartilage; par, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; prsph, parasphenoid; po, otic process of palatoquadratal cartilage; ppt, pterygoid process of palatoquadratal cartilage; pt, pterygoid; qj, quadratojugal; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; vsq, ventral ossification of squamosal.
Figure 2. Kokartus honorarius, CCMGE 1 in Cranial anatomy of the stem salamander Kokartus honorarius (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Middle Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan
Figure 2. Kokartus honorarius, CCMGE 1/12937. Partial skull as exposed. A, B, photograph and interpretative drawing. Abbreviations: cor, coronoid; den, dentary; fr, frontal; hb1, hypobranchial 1; hb2, hypobranchial 2; if, internarial fenestra; mx, maxilla; nas, nasal; par, parietal; ph, phalanges; pmx, premaxilla; pra?, prearticular?; prfr?, prefrontal?; prsph, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; sq, squamosal; vom, vomer. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Figure 6 in Cranial anatomy and systematics of Hypacrosaurus altispinus, and a comparative analysis of skull growth in lambeosaurine hadrosaurids (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)
Figure 6. Articulated maxilla and ectopterygoid of ROM 702 in lateral (A) and medial (B) views. Jugal of ROM 702 in lateral (C) and medial (D) views. See text for list of anatomical abbreviations. Scale bar: 5 cm.
Figure 17 in Cranial anatomy and systematics of Hypacrosaurus altispinus, and a comparative analysis of skull growth in lambeosaurine hadrosaurids (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)
Figure 17. Holotype skull of Hypacrosaurus stebingeri, MOR 549, in lateral view. See text for list of anatomical abbreviations. Scale bar: 10 cm.
Figure 9 in Cranial anatomy and systematics of Hypacrosaurus altispinus, and a comparative analysis of skull growth in lambeosaurine hadrosaurids (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)
Figure 9. Incomplete squamosal of Hypacrosaurus altispinus (AMNH 5248) in caudal (A), lateral (B), and medial (C) views. See text for list of anatomical abbreviations. Scale bar: 3 cm.
Figure 12 in Cranial anatomy and systematics of Hypacrosaurus altispinus, and a comparative analysis of skull growth in lambeosaurine hadrosaurids (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)
Figure 12. Left dentary of Hypacrosaurus altispinus, ROM 702, in medial view (A); detailed view of dentary teeth from inset (B). Scale bars: 5 cm in (A); 1 cm in (B).
Figure 7 in Cranial anatomy and systematics of Hypacrosaurus altispinus, and a comparative analysis of skull growth in lambeosaurine hadrosaurids (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)
Figure 7. Cranial bones of Hypacrosaurus altispinus. A, incomplete jugal of CMN 8674 in lateral view. B and C, incomplete quadratojugal of ROM 702 in lateral and medial views. D, vomer of CMN 2246 in?labial view. Scale bars: 2 cm.
Figure 8 in Cranial anatomy and systematics of Hypacrosaurus altispinus, and a comparative analysis of skull growth in lambeosaurine hadrosaurids (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)
Figure 8. Incomplete pterygoid of Hypacrosaurus altispinus (ROM 702), in lateral (A), medial (B), and caudal (C) views. Scale bar: 5 cm.
Figure 14 in Cranial anatomy and systematics of Hypacrosaurus altispinus, and a comparative analysis of skull growth in lambeosaurine hadrosaurids (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)
Figure 14. Bivariate plots of cranial growth exclusive of the cranial crest in lambeosaurine hadrosaurids. Blue (dotted) lines represent regression for Corythsaurus, red (solid) lines represent regression for Hypacrosaurus, and green (dashed) lines represent regression for Lambeosaurus. The log of skull length is the standard variable (x) in all comparisons. •, Corythosaurus casuarius; O, Corythosaurus intermedius morph; ¥, Hypacrosaurus altispinus; +, Hypacrosaurus stebingeri,
Figure 16 in Cranial anatomy and systematics of Hypacrosaurus altispinus, and a comparative analysis of skull growth in lambeosaurine hadrosaurids (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)
Figure 16. Results of phylogenetic analyses conducted in this study using a modified version of the data matrix presented in Evans & Reisz (2007). Top: strict consensus of three most parsimonious trees (MPTs) recovered from the phylogenetic analysis of Lambeosaurinae. The data resulted in three MPTs of 112 steps, each with a consistency index of 0.9, a rescaled consistency index of 0.83, and a retention index of 0.92. See Evans & Reisz (2007) for a character list. Bottom: majority rule consensus tree resulting from Bayesian analysis (Mk+gamma model) of the same data matrix. Abbreviations: bd, bremer decay value; bs, bootstrap value; us, unambiguous synamorphies; prob, posterior probability values.
Figure 15 in Cranial anatomy and systematics of Hypacrosaurus altispinus, and a comparative analysis of skull growth in lambeosaurine hadrosaurids (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)
Figure 15. Bivariate plots of cranial crest variables in lambeosaurine hadrosaurids. The log of skull length is the standard variable (x) in all comparisons. Blue (dotted) lines represent regression for Corythsaurus, red (solid) lines represent regression for Hypacrosaurus, and green (dashed) lines represent regression for Lambeosaurus. •, Corythosaurus casuarius; O, Corythosaurus intermedius morph; ¥, Hypacrosaurus altispinus; +, Hypacrosaurus stebingeri,, Lambeosaurus lambei, Z, Lambeosaurus clavinitialis morph; °, Lambeosaurus magnicristatus; z, Parasaurolophus walkeri.
Data from: Cranial anatomy of the mekosuchine crocodylian Trilophosuchus rackhami Willis, 1993
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Data from: An exceptionally preserved Late Devonian actinopterygian provides a new model for primitive cranial anatomy in ray-finned fishes
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Fig. 22 in Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada
Fig. 22. Daspletosaurus sp. (TMP 94.143.1). Left postorbital in lateral (A) and medial (B) views.
Data from: Internal cranial anatomy of Early Triassic species of †Saurichthys (Actinopterygii: †Saurichthyiformes): implications for the phylogenetic placement of †saurichthyiforms
Background: †Saurichthyiformes was a successful group of latest Permian-Middle Jurassic predatory actinopterygian fishes and constituted important and widely-distributed components of Triassic marine and freshwater faunas. Their systematic affinities have long been debated, with †saurichthyiforms often being aligned with chondrosteans, a group today comprising sturgeons and paddlefishes. However, their character-rich endocranial anatomy has not been investigated in detail since the first half of the 20th century. Since that time, major advances have occurred in terms of our understanding of early actinopterygian anatomy, as well as techniques for extracting morphological data from fossils. Results: We used µCT to study the internal cranial anatomy of two of the stratigraphically oldest representatives of †Saurichthys, from the Early Triassic of East Greenland and Nepal. Our work revealed numerous previously unknown characters (e.g., cryptic oticooccipital fissure; intramural diverticula of braincase; nasobasal canals; lateral cranial canal; fused dermohyal), and permitted the reevalution of features relating to the structure of cranial fossae, basicranial circulation and opercular anatomy of the genus. Critically, we reinterpret the former †saurichthyiform opercle as an expanded subopercle. For comparison, we also produced the first digital models of a braincase and endocast of a sturgeon (A. brevirostrum). New information from these taxa was included in a broad phylogenetic analysis of Actinopterygii. †Saurichthyiforms are resolved as close relatives of †Birgeria, forming a clade that constitutes the immediate sister group of crown actinopterygians. However, these and other divergences near the actinopterygian crown node are weakly supported. Conclusions: Our phylogeny disagrees with the historically prevalent hypothesis favoring the chondrostean affinities of †saurichthyiforms. Previously-proposed synapomorphies uniting the two clades, such as the closure of the oticooccipital fissure, the posterior extension of the parasphenoid, and the absence of an opercular process are widespread amongst actinopterygians. Others, like those relating to basicranial circulation, are found to be based on erroneous interpretations. Our work renders the †saurichthyiform character complex adequately understood, and permits detailed comparisons with other early crown actinopterygians. Our phylogenetic scheme highlights outstanding questions concerning the affinity of many crown actinopterygians, such as the Paleozoic-early Mesozoic deep-bodied forms, which are largely caused by lack of endoskeletal data.
Figure 15 in Cranial anatomy of Paleocene and Eocene Labidolemur kayi (Mammalia: Apatotheria), and the relationships of the Apatemyidae to other mammals
Figure 15. Left isolated zygomatic of UM1 in medial (internal) view. Scale bar: 5 mm.
Fig. 4 in Cranial anatomy and phylogenetic position of the titanosaurian sauropod Bonitasaura salgadoi
Fig. 4. Photographs and interpretive drawings of the titanosauroid Bonitasaura salgadoi Apesteguía, 2004 from the Upper Neuquén Group of Río Negro province, Patagonia, MPCA 460. Left quadrate in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), and lateral (D) views.
Fig. 3 in Cranial anatomy and phylogenetic position of the titanosaurian sauropod Bonitasaura salgadoi
Fig. 3. Photographs and interpretive drawings of the titanosauroid Bonitasaura salgadoi Apesteguía, 2004 from the Upper Neuquén Group of Río Negro province, Patagonia, MPCA 460. Right lacrimal in anterior (A), lateral (B), posterior (C), and medial (D) views.
Figure 6 in Cranial anatomy of the Triassic rhynchosaur Mesosuchus browni based on computed tomography, with a discussion of the vomeronasal system and its deep history in Reptilia
Figure 6. Digitally isolated skull roof bones of SAM-PK-6536 in ventral view.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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