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FIGURE 15 in An overview of crawling water beetle larvae and a first possible record from 100-million-years-old Myanmar amber

FIGURE 15. Scatter plot of head length over total length of larvae of Haliplidae and the new fossils. The differentiated stages are all representatives of Haliplus. Note the possible three stages of the fossils: a single one on the lower left might represent a stage 1 larva; those clustering in the middle might represent stage 2 larvae, the single fossil far up right might represent a stage 3 larva.

FIGURE 13. Fossil larva BUB 1222. A. Overview ventral side. B in An overview of crawling water beetle larvae and a first possible record from 100-million-years-old Myanmar amber

FIGURE 13. Fossil larva BUB 1222. A. Overview ventral side. B. Colour-marked version of A. C. Dorsal side. D. Close-up on head. E. Close-up trunk end. F. Close-up on leg; arrow points to claw. Abbreviations: ad = abdomen; at = antenna; fe = femur; hc = head capsule; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; pl = palp; pt = prothorax.

FIGURE 6. Caddisfly larva morphotype 3 in Unique fossils of caddisfly larvae from Baltic amber and in situ amber formation in aquatic ecosystems

FIGURE 6. Caddisfly larva morphotype 3, Leptoceridae, PED 1635, volume renders of µCT-scans. A, Lateral view. B, Lateral view, other side. C, Fronto-lateral view, case partially removed. D, Frontal view. E, Colour-marked version of D. F, labeled head. Abbreviations: at = antenna; md = possible mandibles.

FIGURE 7 in Unique fossils of caddisfly larvae from Baltic amber and in situ amber formation in aquatic ecosystems

FIGURE 7. Details of non-biting midge larva (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae) in the amber piece PED 1383. A, Head in dorsal view B, Colour-marked version of A. C, Close-up on labrum region. D, Colour-marked version of C. A, B recorded with digital microscope with overhead light source, C, D recorded with digital microscopy, white transmitted light. Abbreviations: at = antennae; hc = head capsule; lo Lauterborn organ; lr = labrum; sI–II = labral setae I–II.

FIGURE 17 in An overview of crawling water beetle larvae and a first possible record from 100-million-years-old Myanmar amber

FIGURE 17. Scatter plot of PC1 versus total length of larvae of Haliplidae and the new fossils. The differentiated stages are all representatives of Haliplus. Note that modern day stage 1 and 2 larvae plot away from the smaller fossils, with a single exception. For the fossils, the outline seems to be very similar, independent of the size.

FIGURE 11. Fossil larva BUB 4436, specimen 9. A. Overview dorsal side. B in An overview of crawling water beetle larvae and a first possible record from 100-million-years-old Myanmar amber

FIGURE 11. Fossil larva BUB 4436, specimen 9. A. Overview dorsal side. B. Colour-marked version of A. C. Ventral side. D. Close-up trunk end. E. Close-up on head. F. Close-up on thorax. Abbreviations: ad = abdomen; at = antenna; fe = femur; hc = head capsule; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; pt = prothorax.

FIGURE 10. Fossil larva BUB 4436, specimen 8. A. Overview ventral side. B in An overview of crawling water beetle larvae and a first possible record from 100-million-years-old Myanmar amber

FIGURE 10. Fossil larva BUB 4436, specimen 8. A. Overview ventral side. B. Colour-marked version of C. C. Dorsal side. D. Close-up on head. E. Close-up trunk end. F. Close-up on leg. G. Close-up on tergites. Abbreviations: ad = abdomen; at = antenna; hc = head capsule; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; pt = prothorax.

FIGURE 12. Fossil larvae BUB 4436, specimens 10 and 11. A–F. Specimen 10. A. Overview dorsal side. B in An overview of crawling water beetle larvae and a first possible record from 100-million-years-old Myanmar amber

FIGURE 12. Fossil larvae BUB 4436, specimens 10 and 11. A–F. Specimen 10. A. Overview dorsal side. B. Colourmarked version of A. C. Ventral side. D. Close-up on head. E. Close-up trunk end. F. Close-up on leg. G–K. Specimen 11. G. Overview ventral side. H. Colour-marked version of G. I. Dorsal side. J. Close-up on head. K. Close-up on trunk end. Abbreviations: ad = abdomen; at = antenna; hc = head capsule; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; pt = prothorax; th = thorax; ti = tibia.

FIGURE 5. Fossil larva BUB 4436, specimen 2. A in An overview of crawling water beetle larvae and a first possible record from 100-million-years-old Myanmar amber

FIGURE 5. Fossil larva BUB 4436, specimen 2. A. Overview on lateral side. B. Colour-marked version of A. C. Other side. D. Close-up on trunk end. E. Close-up on thorax. Abbreviations: ad = abdomen; at = antenna; hc = head capsule; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; pt = prothorax.

FIGURE 6. Fossil larva BUB 4436, specimen 3. A. Overview dorsal side. B in An overview of crawling water beetle larvae and a first possible record from 100-million-years-old Myanmar amber

FIGURE 6. Fossil larva BUB 4436, specimen 3. A. Overview dorsal side. B. Colour-marked version of B. C. Ventral side. D. Close-up on anterior region in ventral view. E. Close-up on head. F. Close-up on very terminal end. Abbreviations: ad = abdomen; at = antenna; hc = head capsule; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; pt = prothorax; te = trunk end.

FIGURE 1 in An overview of crawling water beetle larvae and a first possible record from 100-million-years-old Myanmar amber

FIGURE 1. Simplified drawings of larvae of Haliplus and Brychius, stage 3 larvae or larvae of unknown stage, based on various sources. A–N. Haliplus. A. H. confinis, Böving and Craighead (1931). B. Peterson (1957). C–I. Stage 3 larvae. C–F. Vondel (2012). C. H. halsei. D. H. pilbaraensis. E. H. fortescueensis. F. Haliplus pinderi. G–H. Vondel (2004). G. H. testudo. H. H. timmsi. I. H. variomaculatus, Vondel (2011b). J. Spangler (1991). K–N. Stage 3 larvae. K. H. laminatus, Vondel (1986). L. H. varius, Vondel (1996). M. H. subseriatus, Vondel (2001). N. H. kamiyai, Watanabe and Yamasaki (2020). O. Haliplus variegatus, stage 3 larva, Vondel (1997). P. Brychius elevatus, Bertrand (1933).

FIGURE 8. Fossil larva BUB 4436, specimen 5. A. Overview ventral side. B in An overview of crawling water beetle larvae and a first possible record from 100-million-years-old Myanmar amber

FIGURE 8. Fossil larva BUB 4436, specimen 5. A. Overview ventral side. B. Colour-marked version of B. C. Dorsal side. D. Close-up on head. E. Close-up on leg. F. Terminal end in different contrasting to highlight setae. Abbreviations: ad = abdomen; at = antenna; hc = head capsule; th = thorax.

FIGURE 7. Fossil larva BUB 4436, specimen 4. A. Overview dorsal side. B in An overview of crawling water beetle larvae and a first possible record from 100-million-years-old Myanmar amber

FIGURE 7. Fossil larva BUB 4436, specimen 4. A. Overview dorsal side. B. Colour-marked version of B. C. Ventral side. D. Close-up on trunk end. E. Close-up on head. Abbreviations: ad = abdomen; at = antenna; hc = head capsule; pt = prothorax; te = trunk end.

FIGURE 3 in An overview of crawling water beetle larvae and a first possible record from 100-million-years-old Myanmar amber

FIGURE 3. Simplified drawings of larvae of Peltodytes, based on various sources. A. P. caesus, stage 3 larva, Vondel (2011b). B. Spangler (1991).

FIGURE 4. Fossil larvae BUB 4436, specimens 1 and 6. A–D. Specimen 1. A in An overview of crawling water beetle larvae and a first possible record from 100-million-years-old Myanmar amber

FIGURE 4. Fossil larvae BUB 4436, specimens 1 and 6. A–D. Specimen 1. A. View on one side. B. Colour-marked version of A. C. View on other side. D. Very terminal end, with different contrasting to highlight the setae. E–G. Specimen 6. E. Overview. F. Colour-marked version of E. G. Close-up on very terminal end. Abbreviations: ad = abdomen; at = antenna; hc = head capsule; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; pt = prothorax; te = trunk end.

FIGURE 2 in An overview of crawling water beetle larvae and a first possible record from 100-million-years-old Myanmar amber

FIGURE 2. Simplified drawings of larvae of Haliplus, partially representing ontogenetic sequences, based on various sources. A–D. Vondel (2011a). A, B. H. abbreviatus or H. maculatus. A. Stage 1 larva. B. Stage 2 larva. C, D. Stage 3 larvae. C. H. maculatus. D. H. abbreviatus. E–G. H. lineatocollis, Bertrand (1933). E. Stage 1 larva. F. Stage 2 larva. G. Stage 3 larva. H–J. H. apicalis. H, I. Vondel (1997). H. Stage 1 larva. I. Stage 2 larva. J. Stage 3 larva, Vondel (1995). K, L. Stage 1 larvae. K. H. indistinctus, Michat et al. (2020). L. H. halsei, Vondel (2012). M. H. fulvus, Klausnitzer (1978).

FIGURE 5 in An early Cambrian pelago-benthic acorn worm and the origin of the hemichordate larva

FIGURE 5. Reconstruction of Cambrobranchus pelagobenthos from the Haiyan Lagerstätte of China: Artistic reconstruction of larvae, juveniles, and an adult specimen by C. McCall.

FIGURE 2 in An early Cambrian pelago-benthic acorn worm and the origin of the hemichordate larva

FIGURE 2. Adult specimens of Cambrobranchus pelagobenthos from the Haiyan Lagerstätte of China. A, U-shaped individual with preserved post-anal organ, YKLP14530. B, Interpretative drawing of A. C, Nearly complete curved specimen, co-occurring with some incomplete specimens, YKLP14531. D, Interpretative drawing of C. Scale bars, 1 mm. A, anus; CO, collar; EBR, epibranchial ridge; GB+TB, gill and tongue bars; In, intestine; KHS, kidney–heart–stomochord complex; P, proboscis; PAO, post-anal organ; PR, parabranchial ridges; T, trunk.

FIGURE 3 in An early Cambrian pelago-benthic acorn worm and the origin of the hemichordate larva

FIGURE 3. Larvae and juvenile specimens of Cambrobranchus pelagobenthos from the Haiyan Lagerstätte of China, and comparison to extant hemichordate and echinoderm larvae. A, Post-hatched early stage tornaria larva, YKLP 14532. B, Interpretive drawing of A. C, Early to middle stage larva, YKLP14540. D, Interpretive drawing of C. E, Juvenile specimen, YKLP14533. F, Juvenile specimen, YKLP14536. G, Juvenile specimen, YKLP14548. H, Juvenile specimen with at least two pairs of preserved oval-shaped gill pores, YKLP14549. I, Interpretive drawing of E. J, Interpretive drawing of F. K, Interpretive drawing of G. L, Interpretive drawing of H. M, Juvenile specimen, YKLP14551. N, SEM micrograph of an extant tornaria larva of Schizocardium sp. from the coast of Texas. O, SEM micrograph of an extant early stage juvenile of Schizocardium sp. from the coast of Texas. P–S, Interpretive drawings of the developing stages of an indirect developing modern enteropneust (modified from Gonzalez et al., 2017). P, Early stage tornaria larva. Q, Middle stage tornaria larva. R, Late stage tornaria larva. S, Post metamorphic juvenile. T, Interpretive drawing of an echinoderm (Holothuroidea) larva (modified from Dyachuk and Odintsova, 2013). Scale bars, 500 μm (A–L, N, O), 1 mm (M). AO, apical organ. CB, ciliary band; CO, collar; D, digestive tract; ES, esophagus; GP, gill pore; In, intestine; KHS, kidney–heart–stomochord complex; M, mouth; P, proboscis; PAO, post-anal organ; PFB, perioral feeding band; PT, post telotroch; T, trunk.; TL, telotroch.

FIGURE 1 in An early Cambrian pelago-benthic acorn worm and the origin of the hemichordate larva

FIGURE 1. Adult specimens of Cambrobranchus pelagobenthos from the Haiyan Lagerstätte of China. A, Part of the holotype, YKLP14443. B, X-ray tomographic image of YKLP14443. C, Interpretative drawing of the anterior part of A. D, A well-preserved individual attached to an uncertain sclerite, YKLP14529. E, Fluorescent microscopy image of the white dashed area in C. F, Interpretative drawing of C. Scale bars, 2 mm (A–C, G), 1 mm (D–F). CO, collar; EBR, epibranchial ridge; GB+TB, gill and tongue bars; GP, gill pore; KHS, kidney–heart–stomochord complex; M, mouth; NS, nuchal skeleton; P, proboscis; PR, parabranchial ridges; T, trunk.