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Tree seedling trait optimization and growth in response to local-scale soil and light variability
At local scales, it has been suggested that high levels of resources lead to increased tree growth via trait optimization (highly peaked trait distribution). However, this contrasts with (i) theories that suggest that trait optimization and high growth occur in the most common resource level and (ii) empirical evidence showing that high trait optimization can be also found at low resource levels. This raises the question of how are traits and growth optimized in highly diverse plant communities? Here, we propose a series of hypotheses about how traits and growth are expected to be maximized under different resource levels (low, the most common, and high) in tree seedling communities from a subtropical forest in Puerto Rico. We studied the variation in the distribution of biomass allocation and leaf traits and seedlings growth rate along four resource gradients: light availability (canopy openness) and soil K, Mg, and N contents. Our analyses consisted of comparing community trait means, trait kurtosis (a measurement of trait optimization), and relative growth rates at three resource levels (low, common, and high). Trait optimization varied across the three resource levels depending on the type of resource and trait, with leaf traits being optimized under high N and in the most common K and Mg conditions, but not at any of the light levels. Also, seedling growth increased at high light conditions and high N and K but was not related to trait kurtosis. Our results indicate that local-scale variability of soil fertility and understory light conditions result in shifts in species ecological strategies that increase growth despite a weak trait optimization, suggesting the existence of alternative phenotypes that achieve similar high performance. Uncovering the links between abiotic factors, functional trait diversity and performance is necessary to better predict tree responses to future changes in abiotic conditions.
Figure 4 from: Gutjahr S, Schmidt S, Hahn H (2014) A proposal for a groundwater habitat classification at local scale. Subterranean Biology 14: 25-49. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.14.5429
Figure 4 - Boxplots on a Groundwater-Fauna-Index-values b percentage of stygobiotic species c Individuals per sample (one outlier omitted each in the groups GWrainfed, GWswb and Hyporheic) and d similarity [%] of faunistic communities in scaled ecological groups. Thresholds for alimony are marked by dashed lines (after Hahn 2006) in Fig. 4a and for faunistic stability (according to Gutjahr et al. 2013a) in Fig. 4d; n = number of samples, box = Interquartile range, vertical black bar = median; whiskers showing the lowest and highest non-outlier; circles showing outliers and stars extreme outliers.
Figure 1 from: Gutjahr S, Schmidt S, Hahn H (2014) A proposal for a groundwater habitat classification at local scale. Subterranean Biology 14: 25-49. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.14.5429
Figure 1 - Map of the study area (from Hahn 2006, modified). All sites were equipped with 4–5 trans-sectional groundwater wells. Boxes: The respective natural regions [Pfälzerwald Mountains = Central Uplands; Haardtrand and the Upper Rhine Plateau = South-Western Uplands (according to Stein et al. 2012)]. Abbreviations on overview map: A = Austria, B = Belgium, CH = Switzerland, CZ = Czech Republic, D = Germany, DK = Denmark, F = France, L = Luxembourg, NL = Netherlands, PL = Poland.
Figure 3 from: Gutjahr S, Schmidt S, Hahn H (2014) A proposal for a groundwater habitat classification at local scale. Subterranean Biology 14: 25-49. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.14.5429
Figure 3 - Standard deviations of environmental factors for each of the ecological groups. a Temperature [I =Stressed, II = GWstable, III = GWrainfed (recharged by precipitation), IV = GWswb (surface water body-recharged), V = Hyporheic] b DO-concentration, and c) detritus contents (estimated). Box = Interquartile range, vertical black bar = median; whiskers showing the lowest and highest non-outlier. Circles showing outliers and stars extreme outliers.
Figure 2 from: Gutjahr S, Schmidt S, Hahn H (2014) A proposal for a groundwater habitat classification at local scale. Subterranean Biology 14: 25-49. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.14.5429
Figure 2 - MDS (Multi-dimensional scaling) ordination of invertebrate assemblages of each trap (faunal data aggregated by mean for traps having 13–15 samplings). Vectors show physical and chemical parameters of groundwater explaining the distribution of traps within the MDS best (Fe = Total dissolved iron [mg l-1]). Naming of the traps in accordance with Table 1.
Text-fig. 39. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Pollen clump with tricolpate pollen sp. 3"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump, probably an anther fragment, containing one kind of pollen; b, d, e) Pollen grains from stamen fragment in polar (b, d) and equatorial (e) views showing the long colpi with coarsely verrucate aperture membranes; note the semitectate-reticulate tectum in the mesocolpium regions and foveolate-punctate tectum in the polar regions and along the aperture margins; c) Detail of pollen wall showing smooth muri and short, densely-spaced columellae. Specimen, Catefica 49-S107785 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, d, e), 1.5 Μm (c). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 39. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Pollen clump with tricolpate pollen sp. 3"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump, probably an anther fragment, containing one kind of pollen; b, d, e) Pollen grains from stamen fragment in polar (b, d) and equatorial (e) views showing the long colpi with coarsely verrucate aperture membranes; note the semitectate-reticulate tectum in the mesocolpium regions and foveolate-punctate tectum in the polar regions and along the aperture margins; c) Detail of pollen wall showing smooth muri and short, densely-spaced columellae. Specimen, Catefica 49-S107785 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, d, e), 1.5 Μm (c).
Text-fig. 36. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a–e) images of "Paisia-like follicle"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Volume rendering of follicle in lateral (a) and ventral (b) views showing the decurrent stigmatic region that extends from the follicle base to the apex but lacks a distinct papillate zone; c) Longitudinal section (volume rendering cut at orthoslice yz0341) of follicle showing under-developed ovules towards the base and numerous well-developed ovules/seeds in the upper part suggesting that the follicle is probably mature; d) Dorsal view of follicle apex showing the cleft in the presumed stigmatic apical region; e) Transverse section (orthoslice xy1294) of follicle with one dorsal and two ventral bundles and two placentae bulging into the locule, one on either side of the ventral suture; note the strongly compressed outer epidermis and the homogenized cells of the mesocarp. Specimen, Catefica 49-S174915 (a–e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–d), 100 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 36. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a–e) images of "Paisia-like follicle"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Volume rendering of follicle in lateral (a) and ventral (b) views showing the decurrent stigmatic region that extends from the follicle base to the apex but lacks a distinct papillate zone; c) Longitudinal section (volume rendering cut at orthoslice yz0341) of follicle showing under-developed ovules towards the base and numerous well-developed ovules/seeds in the upper part suggesting that the follicle is probably mature; d) Dorsal view of follicle apex showing the cleft in the presumed stigmatic apical region; e) Transverse section (orthoslice xy1294) of follicle with one dorsal and two ventral bundles and two placentae bulging into the locule, one on either side of the ventral suture; note the strongly compressed outer epidermis and the homogenized cells of the mesocarp. Specimen, Catefica 49-S174915 (a–e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–d), 100 Μm (e).
Text-fig. 35. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b, d) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c, e) images of "Paisia-like follicle"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of slender follicle with an almost straight ventral margin and a slightly curved dorsal margin; b) Lateral view of small, broad follicle with slightly sinuous ventral margin and rounded dorsal margin; c) Lateral view of small, broad follicle with slightly sinuous ventral margin and rounded dorsal margin; d) Apical part of follicle in (a) showing the slight apical cleft in the probable stigmatic region; e) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0407) of follicle showing ovules and distinct follicle wall with small, thin-walled cells of the outer epidermis (arrow), larger, isodiametric cells of the mesocarp and an inner layer of smaller, thin-walled cells. Specimens, Catefica 50-S171523 (a, d), Catefica 343-S171515 (b), Catefica 49-S174929 (c, e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–c), 100 Μm (d, e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 35. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b, d) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c, e) images of "Paisia-like follicle"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of slender follicle with an almost straight ventral margin and a slightly curved dorsal margin; b) Lateral view of small, broad follicle with slightly sinuous ventral margin and rounded dorsal margin; c) Lateral view of small, broad follicle with slightly sinuous ventral margin and rounded dorsal margin; d) Apical part of follicle in (a) showing the slight apical cleft in the probable stigmatic region; e) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0407) of follicle showing ovules and distinct follicle wall with small, thin-walled cells of the outer epidermis (arrow), larger, isodiametric cells of the mesocarp and an inner layer of smaller, thin-walled cells. Specimens, Catefica 50-S171523 (a, d), Catefica 343-S171515 (b), Catefica 49-S174929 (c, e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–c), 100 Μm (d, e).
Text-fig. 34. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a–h) images of "Paisia-like follicle"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a–d) Volume rendering of follicles in lateral (a, c) and ventral (b, d) views showing the decurrent stigmatic region that extends from base of the follicle to the apex; note papillate zone forming a probable stigma along the full length of the ventral suture; e) Longitudinal section (volume rendering cut at orthoslice yz0326) near the base of the follicle showing two ovules with a striate-reticulate surface (asterisks); note transverse fibers lining the inner follicle wall and large cells of the mesocarp; f) Transverse section (volume rendering cut at orthoslice xy2475) of follicle showing two rows of ovules borne on placentae on either side of the ventral suture (asterisks); note also the pronounced and densely-spaced papillae around the ventral suture; g) Transverse section (orthoslice xy1988) of follicle showing two ventral vascular bundles and one dorsal bundle (arrows) and ovules/seeds borne on two placentae, one on either side of the ventral suture; note the remains of the small thin-walled cells of the outer epidermis that cover the thicker-walled cells of the mesocarp; h) Transverse section (orthoslice xy2860) of follicle showing two ventral bundles and one dorsal bundle (arrows) and ovules/seeds in two rows on the placentae, one on either side of the ventral suture; note the remains of small epidermal cells and the large rounded cells of the mesocarp with thicker walls. Specimens, Catefica 49-S174916 (a, b), Catefica 49-S174917 (c–f, h), Catefica 50-S171525 (g). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–d), 100 Μm (e–h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 34. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a–h) images of "Paisia-like follicle"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a–d) Volume rendering of follicles in lateral (a, c) and ventral (b, d) views showing the decurrent stigmatic region that extends from base of the follicle to the apex; note papillate zone forming a probable stigma along the full length of the ventral suture; e) Longitudinal section (volume rendering cut at orthoslice yz0326) near the base of the follicle showing two ovules with a striate-reticulate surface (asterisks); note transverse fibers lining the inner follicle wall and large cells of the mesocarp; f) Transverse section (volume rendering cut at orthoslice xy2475) of follicle showing two rows of ovules borne on placentae on either side of the ventral suture (asterisks); note also the pronounced and densely-spaced papillae around the ventral suture; g) Transverse section (orthoslice xy1988) of follicle showing two ventral vascular bundles and one dorsal bundle (arrows) and ovules/seeds borne on two placentae, one on either side of the ventral suture; note the remains of the small thin-walled cells of the outer epidermis that cover the thicker-walled cells of the mesocarp; h) Transverse section (orthoslice xy2860) of follicle showing two ventral bundles and one dorsal bundle (arrows) and ovules/seeds in two rows on the placentae, one on either side of the ventral suture; note the remains of small epidermal cells and the large rounded cells of the mesocarp with thicker walls. Specimens, Catefica 49-S174916 (a, b), Catefica 49-S174917 (c–f, h), Catefica 50-S171525 (g). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–d), 100 Μm (e–h).
Text-fig. 16. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen fragments with in situ Clavatipollenites- or Asteropollis-type pollen" (sp. 1: a–c; sp. 2: d–f; sp. 3: g–i); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment showing pollen sacs; b) Distal view of pollen grain from (a) showing semitectate-reticulate tectum; c) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered, columellae supporting muri with fine pits and rounded supratectal ornamentation; note orbiculae with a finely spiny surface (arrows); d) Stamen showing very short filament, lateral pollen sacs and short apical extension of the narrow connective; e) Folded pollen grain from (d) showing semitectate-reticulate tectum; f) Detail of pollen wall from (d) showing the semitectatereticulate tectum and muri with fine rounded ornamentation; g) Stamen fragment; h, i) Detail of pollen grains from (g) showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum with smooth muri, long scattered columellae and tiny scattered orbicules (arrow). Specimens, Catefica 50-S170395 (a–c), Catefica 49-S172561 (d–f), Catefica 50-S170390 (g–i). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, d, g), 6 Μm (b, e, h), 1.5 Μm (c, f, i). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 16. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen fragments with in situ Clavatipollenites- or Asteropollis-type pollen" (sp. 1: a–c; sp. 2: d–f; sp. 3: g–i); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment showing pollen sacs; b) Distal view of pollen grain from (a) showing semitectate-reticulate tectum; c) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered, columellae supporting muri with fine pits and rounded supratectal ornamentation; note orbiculae with a finely spiny surface (arrows); d) Stamen showing very short filament, lateral pollen sacs and short apical extension of the narrow connective; e) Folded pollen grain from (d) showing semitectate-reticulate tectum; f) Detail of pollen wall from (d) showing the semitectatereticulate tectum and muri with fine rounded ornamentation; g) Stamen fragment; h, i) Detail of pollen grains from (g) showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum with smooth muri, long scattered columellae and tiny scattered orbicules (arrow). Specimens, Catefica 50-S170395 (a–c), Catefica 49-S172561 (d–f), Catefica 50-S170390 (g–i). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, d, g), 6 Μm (b, e, h), 1.5 Μm (c, f, i).
Text-fig. 4. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of seeds of Canrightia foveolata sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a–d) Volume renderings of abraded seeds in ventral (a), lateral (b, d) and apical (c) views showing the slightly protruding chalaza (arrows) and dense longitudinal grooves with shallow pits in the surface of the endotesta; e) Transverse section of seed (orthoslice xy0665) showing the irregular grooved surface of the endotesta (oi-en) and the tegmen comprised of two layers of thick-walled cells that surround the cells of the prominent endothelium (asterisk); f) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz1195) through seed showing the thin-walled endothelium cells (asterisk) surrounded by the thicker cells of the outer tegmen and endotesta; g) Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz0727) through seed showing outlines of angular crystals evenly distributed in cells of the endotesta (oi-en); note the outer epidermis of the tegmen (ii-o) composed of thick-walled cells; h) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0940) of seed showing details of the chalazal region with course of the vascular bundle (vb), cells of the prominent endothelium (asterisk), crystalliferous endotesta of the outer integument (oi-en) and the distinct thick walled cells of the outer cells of the tegmen (ii-o); i) Longitudinal and tangential section (orthoslice yz0542) through the endotesta (oi-en) showing the outlines of densely spaced crystals. Specimens, Catefica 242-S175178 (a–c, e–h), Catefica 49-S175179 (d, i). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–d), 100 Μm (e, f, h, i), 50 Μm (g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 4. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of seeds of Canrightia foveolata sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a–d) Volume renderings of abraded seeds in ventral (a), lateral (b, d) and apical (c) views showing the slightly protruding chalaza (arrows) and dense longitudinal grooves with shallow pits in the surface of the endotesta; e) Transverse section of seed (orthoslice xy0665) showing the irregular grooved surface of the endotesta (oi-en) and the tegmen comprised of two layers of thick-walled cells that surround the cells of the prominent endothelium (asterisk); f) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz1195) through seed showing the thin-walled endothelium cells (asterisk) surrounded by the thicker cells of the outer tegmen and endotesta; g) Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz0727) through seed showing outlines of angular crystals evenly distributed in cells of the endotesta (oi-en); note the outer epidermis of the tegmen (ii-o) composed of thick-walled cells; h) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0940) of seed showing details of the chalazal region with course of the vascular bundle (vb), cells of the prominent endothelium (asterisk), crystalliferous endotesta of the outer integument (oi-en) and the distinct thick walled cells of the outer cells of the tegmen (ii-o); i) Longitudinal and tangential section (orthoslice yz0542) through the endotesta (oi-en) showing the outlines of densely spaced crystals. Specimens, Catefica 242-S175178 (a–c, e–h), Catefica 49-S175179 (d, i). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–d), 100 Μm (e, f, h, i), 50 Μm (g).
Text-fig. 15. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamen with "Asteropollis-type pollen sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen with pollen in situ showing the dome-shaped extension of the connective with hairs; b–d) Pollen in situ in stamen in (a) showing poorly defined pentachotomocolpate (b, d) and possibly tetrachotomocolpate (c) apertures and semitectate-reticulate tectum; e) Detail of broken pollen grains showing the loosely attached reticulum, long scattered columellae and thick foot layer. Specimen, Catefica 49-S101209 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 15. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamen with "Asteropollis-type pollen sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen with pollen in situ showing the dome-shaped extension of the connective with hairs; b–d) Pollen in situ in stamen in (a) showing poorly defined pentachotomocolpate (b, d) and possibly tetrachotomocolpate (c) apertures and semitectate-reticulate tectum; e) Detail of broken pollen grains showing the loosely attached reticulum, long scattered columellae and thick foot layer. Specimen, Catefica 49-S101209 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–e).
Text-fig. 23. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of Ibericarpus cuneiformis gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz0827) showing fruitlet with apical stigmatic region and a single seed enclosed within the fruitlet wall that has a thick epidermal cuticle; note the tiny embryo (emb) internal to the micropyle (mi) and oriented toward the base of the fruitlet; b) Transverse section through apical part of two fruitlets (orthoslice xy0810) showing the fruitlet wall (fr) composed of small thin-walled cells covered by an epidermis of isodiametric cells (ep) with a thick outer cuticle (cu); c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0370) through basal part of fruitlet perpendicular to section in (a) showing the micropyle (mi), embryo (emb) composed of tiny cells, and the thick cuticle (cu) covering the bulging cells of the fruitlet epidermis. Specimen, Catefica 50-S174907 (a–c). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–c). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 23. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of Ibericarpus cuneiformis gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz0827) showing fruitlet with apical stigmatic region and a single seed enclosed within the fruitlet wall that has a thick epidermal cuticle; note the tiny embryo (emb) internal to the micropyle (mi) and oriented toward the base of the fruitlet; b) Transverse section through apical part of two fruitlets (orthoslice xy0810) showing the fruitlet wall (fr) composed of small thin-walled cells covered by an epidermis of isodiametric cells (ep) with a thick outer cuticle (cu); c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0370) through basal part of fruitlet perpendicular to section in (a) showing the micropyle (mi), embryo (emb) composed of tiny cells, and the thick cuticle (cu) covering the bulging cells of the fruitlet epidermis. Specimen, Catefica 50-S174907 (a–c). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–c).
Text-fig. 31. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated pollen of Piercipollis sp. (a, b) and Teebacia sp. (c–e); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Isolated pollen grain (arrow) adhering to the much larger pollen of Araucariacites sp. in fragment of a conifer cone; note the size difference between the angiosperm and conifer pollen that is typical in Early Cretaceous floras; b) Pollen grain in (a) enlarged showing the extended aperture and homobrochate reticulum with smooth muri supported by long, scattered, columellae; c) Isolated pollen grains adhering to the outer surface of a Saportanthus parvus flower; d) Pollen grain in (c) enlarged showing the open reticulum and muri ornamented by fine transverse ribs; e) Detail of pollen grain in (d) showing the muri supported by long, scattered columellae; note the fine transverse ribs on the muri. Specimens, Catefica 49-S170139-01 (a, b), Catefica 361-S174322-01 (c–e). Scale bars = 50 Μm (a), 20 Μm (c), 6 Μm (b, d), 1.5 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 31. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated pollen of Piercipollis sp. (a, b) and Teebacia sp. (c–e); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Isolated pollen grain (arrow) adhering to the much larger pollen of Araucariacites sp. in fragment of a conifer cone; note the size difference between the angiosperm and conifer pollen that is typical in Early Cretaceous floras; b) Pollen grain in (a) enlarged showing the extended aperture and homobrochate reticulum with smooth muri supported by long, scattered, columellae; c) Isolated pollen grains adhering to the outer surface of a Saportanthus parvus flower; d) Pollen grain in (c) enlarged showing the open reticulum and muri ornamented by fine transverse ribs; e) Detail of pollen grain in (d) showing the muri supported by long, scattered columellae; note the fine transverse ribs on the muri. Specimens, Catefica 49-S170139-01 (a, b), Catefica 361-S174322-01 (c–e). Scale bars = 50 Μm (a), 20 Μm (c), 6 Μm (b, d), 1.5 Μm (e).
Text-fig. 8. Taimyria triassica NAUGOLNYKH et MOGUTCHEVA gen. et sp. nov., holotype 4287/6. Structure of seed extracted from seedbearing capsule. a, b: general morphology; c–e: detailed cellular structure. Locality: Tsvetkov Cape; Lower Triassic, Induan; Keshin Formation. Scale bar 1 mm (a, b; same scale for both figures), 100 µm (c–e). in Taimyria Gen. Nov., A New Genus Of Evolutionary Advanced Gymnosperms From Triassic Of The Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia, Russia
Text-fig. 8. Taimyria triassica NAUGOLNYKH et MOGUTCHEVA gen. et sp. nov., holotype 4287/6. Structure of seed extracted from seedbearing capsule. a, b: general morphology; c–e: detailed cellular structure. Locality: Tsvetkov Cape; Lower Triassic, Induan; Keshin Formation. Scale bar 1 mm (a, b; same scale for both figures), 100 µm (c–e).
Data from: Reproductive success is driven by local site fidelity despite stronger specialisation by individuals for large scale habitat preference
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Drivers of amphibian population dynamics and asynchrony at local and regional scales
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Data from: Is there coordination of leaf and fine root traits at local scales? a test in temperate forest swamps
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Data from: Organic farming enhances parasitoid diversity at the local and landscape scale
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Data for: The scales of coevolution: comparative phylogeography and genetic demography of a locally adapted venomous predator and its prey
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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