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FIGURE 2 in Emesis planeca n. comb. (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae): a new combination revealed by molecular evidence with a description of its morphological variation

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic hypothesis of tribe Emesidini based on multilocus data. Asterisks and points on the branches indicate the strongly supported clades in both the maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses (BS ≥ 70, PP ≥ 0.95), respectively. Reference numbers for each sample are shown in parentheses next to each taxon name (data in Appendix Supplementary file).

FIGURE 5 in Emesis planeca n. comb. (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae): a new combination revealed by molecular evidence with a description of its morphological variation

FIGURE 5. Male genitalia of Emesis planeca n. comb. (MZFC LEP 429988). Arrows in lateral view point at: two types of cornuti and; dorsal process of the valvae with many setae. In ventral view this process looks squared, wide and projected outwards.

FIGURE 2 in Description of female genitalia, additional morphological variations, and courtship behavior and copulation of Macrostemum brasiliense (Fischer 1970) (Trichoptera Hydropsychidae)

FIGURE 2. Macrostemum brasiliense (Fischer 1970), female genitalia. 2A, left lateral; 2B, with phallus in copula, ventral; 2C, vaginal apparatus, ventral; 2D, vaginal apparatus with phallus in copula, left lateral; 2E, ventral.

FIGURE 1 in Description of female genitalia, additional morphological variations, and courtship behavior and copulation of Macrostemum brasiliense (Fischer 1970) (Trichoptera Hydropsychidae)

FIGURE 1. Macrostemum brasiliense (Fischer 1970), aspects of natural history. 1A, occurrence records; 1B, 1C, habitat; 1D, in copula.

FIGURE 4 in Description of female genitalia, additional morphological variations, and courtship behavior and copulation of Macrostemum brasiliense (Fischer 1970) (Trichoptera Hydropsychidae)

FIGURE 4. Macrostemum brasiliense (Fischer 1970), male and female variations. 4A, male habitus, right lateral; 4B, female habitus, right lateral; 4C, head of male morphotype1, dorsal; 4D, head of male morphotype 2, dorsal; 4E, head of female morphotype 1, dorsal; 4F, head of female morphotype 2 dorsal.

FIGURE 3 in Description of female genitalia, additional morphological variations, and courtship behavior and copulation of Macrostemum brasiliense (Fischer 1970) (Trichoptera Hydropsychidae)

FIGURE 3. Macrostemum brasiliense (Fischer 1970), female wings and male variations. 3A, right female forewing, dorsal; 3B, right female hind wing, dorsal; 3C, genitalia of male morphotype 1, left lateral and dorsal; 3D, genitalia of male morphotype 2, left lateral and dorsal.

FIGURE 3 in Morphological variation in the genus Juliomys (Rodentia: Cricetidae Sigmodontinae) and taxonomic status of Juliomys anoblepas (Winge 1887) from the Quaternary of Southeast Brazil

FIGURE 3. Characters proposed herein and identified as polymorphic in Juliomys species. 1—Short nasal in the paratype of J. rimofrons (MN46703); 2—Long nasal in the paratype of J. rimofrons (MN61646); 3—Anterior cingulum in J. pictipes (UFES2269); 4—Vestigial anterior cingulum in J. ossitenuis (UFSM599); 5—Anterior cingulum absent in J. ossitenuis (MN81912); 6—Enteroloph and enterostyle, both present in J. pictipes (MN77793); 7—Only enterostyle present in J. pictipes (UFSM517); 8—Both absent in the holotype of J. ximenezi (MCNU868). Line = triple point lacrimal-maxillary-frontal suture; arrow = extension of nasal; ac = anterior cingulum; el = enteroloph; es = enterostyle. Scale = 2 mm in images 1–2 and 1 mm in images 3–8.

FIGURE 2 in Morphological variation in the genus Juliomys (Rodentia: Cricetidae Sigmodontinae) and taxonomic status of Juliomys anoblepas (Winge 1887) from the Quaternary of Southeast Brazil

FIGURE 2. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull of J. anoblepas. 1—Photo modified from Pardiñas & Teta (2011); 2—Photo by Kasper Hansen, illustrating the current state of preservation of the specimen. The specimen is housed at Lund Collection (ZMUC), Copenhagen, Denmark, but it has no catalog number. Its recognition is unquestionable by Winge (1887)'s description and illustration. Scale = 5 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Morphological variation in the genus Juliomys (Rodentia: Cricetidae Sigmodontinae) and taxonomic status of Juliomys anoblepas (Winge 1887) from the Quaternary of Southeast Brazil

FIGURE 1. Map showing the collecting localities of specimens of J. pictipes (black circles), J. anoblepas (star), J. ossitenuis (white circles), J. rimofrons (triangles), J. ximenezi (squares). Atlantic Forest extension is marked in gray and numbers correspond to the localities listed in appendix 1.

FIGURE 5 in Morphological variation in the genus Juliomys (Rodentia: Cricetidae Sigmodontinae) and taxonomic status of Juliomys anoblepas (Winge 1887) from the Quaternary of Southeast Brazil

FIGURE 5. Characters previously proposed as diagnostic, and herein identified as polymorphic or invariable. 1—Little excavated zygomatic notch in J. pictipes (MN81096); 2—Zygomatic notch more excavated in J. pictipes (MN69764); 3—Frontal fontanelle absent in J. pictipes (UFES2421); 4—Frontal fontanelle present in J. pictipes (UFES2432); 5–8—Interorbital region is hourglass shaped in all specimens of Juliomys: note differences in the shape of supraorbital margin, which is squared in J. pictipes (Fig. 5.5, MN77793), rounded in J. ossitenuis (Fig. 5.6, MN81085), rounded in J. rimofrons (Fig. 5.7, MN46703), and slightly squared in J. ximenezi (Fig. 5.8, MCNU868); 9–10—Posterolateral pits with same size in J. ossitenuis (Fig. 5.9, MN81852), and in J. pictipes (Fig. 5.10, MZUSP32666). Horizontal arrow = frontal fontanelle; inclined arrow = supraorbital margin. Scale = 2 mm in images 1–8 and 1 mm in images 9–10.

FIGURE 4 in Morphological variation in the genus Juliomys (Rodentia: Cricetidae Sigmodontinae) and taxonomic status of Juliomys anoblepas (Winge 1887) from the Quaternary of Southeast Brazil

FIGURE 4. Frequency of states related to characters that can be applied to J. anoblepas. 1—Extension of the nasal; 2—Depth of the zygomatic notch; 3—Frontal fontanelle; 4—Extension of the incisive foramen; 5—Anterior cingulum; 6—Enteroloph and enterostyle. Numbers in bars correspond to number of specimens that have each state. Abbreviations: pic = J. pictipes, oss = J. ossitenuis, rim = J. rimofrons, and xim = J. ximenezi.

FIGURE 6 in Morphological variation in the genus Juliomys (Rodentia: Cricetidae Sigmodontinae) and taxonomic status of Juliomys anoblepas (Winge 1887) from the Quaternary of Southeast Brazil

FIGURE 6. Scatterplot results of principal component analysis of log-transformed cranial measurements. Juliomys anoblepas hypodigm is indicated by an asterisk (*). Numbers indicate holotypes: 1, J. pictipes (FMNH26814); 2, J. ossitenuis (MN69752); 3, J. rimofrons (MN61647); and 4, J. ximenezi (MCNU868).

opencc-zeroJan 2021View details →

Morphological variation in the Vriesea procera complex (Bromeliaceae, Tillandsioideae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, with recognition of new taxa

The family Bromeliaceae is essentially Neotropical, with high endemism and diversity in the Atlantic Rainforest Domain. Species circumscription is a major problem in the family systematics, especially in the most diverse genera. Species of the Vriesea procera complex, which occur in forests and restinga (coastal vegetation) along the South American Atlantic coast from Venezuela to southern Brazil, share the same basic vegetative and reproductive morphological patterns. However, they vary widely in the number and position of inflorescence branches as well as in the dimensions, position, and shape of the leaves and flowers in different populations. Here we aimed (i) to evaluate the morphological variation in the V. procera complex, through morphometric analyses of natural populations along the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest; and (ii) to determine the taxonomic relationships among these species, establishing the validity and the limits of variation of the taxa through taxonomic treatment. Fourteen natural populations, 271 individuals and 36 morphometric variables were analyzed. Kruskal-Wallis tests and discriminant analyses were conducted to test statistical differences between previously established groups. Of an original three species and three varieties, our data allowed us to recognize six species, including three new taxa and one new name and status. The resulting taxa are distinguished by the inflorescence and leaf sizes and especially by floral characteristics such as the length of bracts, sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils, besides the petal apex posture and relative position of the stamen during anthesis. Recognition of cryptic species under the names V. procera and V. neoglutinosa is an important step toward a better understanding of the biodiversity of the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest.

opencc-zeroDec 2010View details →

Data from: How species longevity, intraspecific morphological variation, and geographic range size are related: a comparison using late Cambrian trilobites

Phenotypic variation is fundamental to evolutionary change. Variation not only evinces the connectivity of populations but it is also associated with the adaptability and evolvability of taxa. Despite the potential importance of morphological variation in structuring evolutionary patterns, little is known about how relative differences in intraspecific morphological variation and its geographic structure are linked to differences in species longevity. This study offers a novel combination of analyses that reveal the quantitative relationships among intraspecific variation, geographic range size and duration in the fossil record using late Cambrian trilobites. Results show that geographic range size and duration are positively correlated. Surprisingly, longer lived species tend to have less intraspecific variation. Phylogenetic effects were also explored and found not to determine the association between these variables. However, the distribution of geographic range sizes shows strong phylogenetic signal. In light of previous work, one possible explanation for these results is that species with shorter durations have comparatively higher rates of morphological evolution, reflected in higher phenotypic variation overall.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Are sympatrically speciating Midas cichlid fish special? Patterns of morphological and genetic variation in the closely related species Archocentrus centrarchus

Established empirical cases of sympatric speciation are scarce, although there is an increasing consensus that sympatric speciation might be more common than previously thought. Midas cichlid fish are one of the few substantiated cases of sympatric speciation, and they formed repeated radiations in crater lakes. In contrast, in the same environment, such radiation patterns have not been observed in other species of cichlids and other families of fish. We analyze morphological and genetic variation in a cichlid species (Archocentrus centrarchus) that co-inhabits several crater lakes with the Midas species complex. In particular, we analyze variation in body and pharyngeal jaw shape (two ecologically important traits in sympatrically divergent Midas cichlids) and relate that to genetic variation in mitochondrial control region and microsatellites. Using these four datasets, we analyze variation between and within two Nicaraguan lakes: a crater lake where multiple Midas cichlids have been described and a lake where the source population lives. We do not observe any within-lake clustering consistent across morphological traits and genetic markers, suggesting the absence of sympatric divergence in A. centrarchus. Genetic differentiation between lakes was low and morphological divergence absent. Such morphological similarity between lakes is found not only in average morphology, but also when analyzing covariation between traits and degree of morphospace occupation. A combined analysis of the mitochondrial control region in A. centrarchus and Midas cichlids suggests that a difference between lineages in the timing of crater lake colonization cannot be invoked as an explanation for the difference in their levels of diversification. In light of our results, A. centrarchus represents the ideal candidate to study the genomic differences between these two lineages that might explain why some lineages are more likely to speciate and diverge in sympatry than others.

opencc-zeroDec 2011View details →

Data from: Plasticity and heritability of morphological variation within and between parapatric stickleback demes

The threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) has emerged as an important model organism in evolutionary ecology, largely due to the repeated, parallel evolution of divergent morphotypes found in populations having colonized freshwater habitats. However, morphological divergence following colonization is not a universal phenomenon. We explore this in a large-scale estuarine ecosystem inhabited by two parapatric stickleback demes, each physiologically adapted to divergent osmoregulatory environments (fresh vs. saline waters). Using geometric morphometric analyses of wild-caught individuals, we detected significant differences between demes, in addition to sexual dimorphism, in body shape. However, rearing full-sib families from each deme under controlled, reciprocal salinity conditions revealed no differences between genotypes and highly significant environmental effects. It is also noteworthy that fish from both demes were fully plated, whether found in the wild or reared under reciprocal salinity conditions. Although we found significant heritability for body shape, we also noted significant direct environmental effects for many latent shape variables. Moreover, we found little evidence for diversifying selection acting on body size and shape (QST). Nevertheless, uniform compressive variation did exceed neutral expectations, yet despite evidence of both allometry and genetic correlation with body length, we detected no correlated signatures of selection. Taken together, these results suggest that much of the morphological divergence observed in this system is the result of plastic responses to environmental variation rather than adaptive differentiation.

opencc-zeroDec 2011View details →

Data from: Mitochondrial and morphological variation of Tilapia zillii in Israel

BACKGROUND: Tilapia zillii is widespread in the East Levant inland aquatic systems as well as in artificial water reservoirs. In this study we explore the genetic and morphological variation of this widespread species, using mitochondrial control-region sequences and meristic characters. We examine the hypothesis that T. zilli's population structure corresponds to the four Israeli aquatic systems. RESULTS: Out of seven natural water bodies, only two were found to possess genetically divergent populations of T. zillii. In addition to its presence in fish farms, the species was found in two artificial recreational ponds which were supposed to have been stocked only with other fish species. In these two artificial habitats, the haplotype frequencies diverged significantly from those of natural populations. Finally, fish from the Dead Sea springs of Ne'ot HaKikar appear to differ both genetically and morphologically from fish of the same aquatic system but not from fish of other water systems. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that the population structure of T. zillii does not match the geography of the Israeli water-basins, with the exception of the Dead Sea and Kishon River, when considering natural populations only. The absence of a significant divergence between basins is discussed. Our results and observations suggest that the Ne'ot HaKikar Dead Sea population and those of artificial ponds could have originated from the "hitchhiking" of T. zillii, at the expense of some other cultivated tilapiine species.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2021View details →

Data for "MorphVAE: Generating Neural Morphologies from 3D-Walks using Variational Autoencoder with Spherical Latent Space"

The reconstructions and the processed data that accompany the publication  MorphVAE: Generating Neural Morphologies from 3D-Walks using a Variational Autoencoder with Spherical Latent Space Sophie Laturnus, Philipp Berens https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448271v1 doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.14.448271

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: Morphological variation as a tool for monitoring bird populations: a review

This paper shows how our knowledge of the evolution, ecology and conservation of birds can be improved through the analysis of external morphological traits. After giving a short history of morphological studies of birds, we discuss the pros and cons of such data in exploring within-species variation and describe the main patterns and hypotheses related to the factors affecting bird size and shape. We describe the usefulness of external measurements (including body mass and feather morphology) of live birds for inferring population differentiation or intraspecific variation in body condition. Bird morphology monitoring is conceptually similar to other programs aimed at recording the distribution of species and their habitats. However, it has one additional advantage: the same data used to describe variation can be used to infer the processes underlying observed changes by testing geographical or ecomorphological predictions. Morphological approaches may be implemented in the context of national ringing schemes, in which thousands of birds are measured each year. They may be particularly illustrative in bird species with populations distributed between regions of contrasting ecology, or wherever man-made environmental stressors affect bird populations.