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487 results for “population differences”
Fig. 3 in Shell Morphology, Growth Pattern And Population Dynamics Of The Land Snail Xerolenta Obvia (Menke, 1828) In Two Areas Of Different Climatic Conditions Within A Temperate Climate Region
Fig. 3. Relative distribution of size classes (I–VI) over the whole activity period studied in SW (A) and NE (B) populations of Xerolenta obvia
Combining metabolomics and experimental evolution reveals key mechanisms underlying longevity differences in laboratory evolved Drosophila melanogaster populations
<p>Experimental evolution with Drosophila melanogaster has been used extensively for decades to study aging and longevity. In recent years, the addition of DNA and RNA sequencing to this framework has allowed researchers to leverage the statistical power inherent to experimental evolution to study the genetic basis of longevity itself. Here, we incorporated metabolomic data into to this framework to generate even deeper insights into the physiological and genetic mechanisms underlying longevity differences in three groups of experimentally evolved D. melanogaster populations with different aging and longevity patterns. Our metabolomic analysis found that aging alters mitochondrial metabolism through increased consumption of NAD<sup>+</sup> and increased usage of the TCA cycle. Combining our genomic and metabolomic data produced a list of biologically relevant candidate genes. Among these candidates, we found significant enrichment for genes and pathways associated with neurological development and function, and carbohydrate metabolism. While we do not explicitly find enrichment for aging canonical genes, neurological dysregulation and carbohydrate metabolism are both known to be associated with accelerated aging and reduced longevity. Taken together, our results provide plausible genetic mechanisms for what might be driving longevity differences in this experimental system. More broadly, our findings demonstrate the value of combining multiple types of omic data with experimental evolution when attempting to dissect mechanisms underlying complex and highly polygenic traits such as aging.</p>
Fig. 1 in Differences In Skull Size Of Harbour Porpoises, Phocoena Phocoena (Cetacea), In The Sea Of Azov And The Black Sea: Evidence For Different Morphotypes And Populations
Fig. 1. Cranial measurements of the harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena): 1 — dorsal view; 2 — ventrolateral view; 3 — posterior view.
Figure 1 in Strong genetic difference of Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis from two Alpine lakes used as founder populations for farming
Figure 1. – Maps of the studied lakes depicting sampling localities of Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis).
Figure 2 in Strong genetic difference of Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis from two Alpine lakes used as founder populations for farming
Figure 2. – Bayesian clustering analysis of Eurasian perch population in Lake Geneva (LP1, LP2) and Lake Neuchâtel (NP1, NP2), during June 2012 (P1) and September 2012 (P2).
Figures 2-5 in Great unexpected differences between two populations of the intertidal crab Neohelice granulata inhabiting close but contrasting habitats (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura)
Figures 2-5. Neohelice granulata. Size frequency distributions of males and females in mudflats (2-3) and salt marshes (4-5) of San Antonio Oeste and Riacho San José.
Fig. 1 in Morphometric and molecular differences among Calvertius tuberosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) populations associated with Andean and coastal populations of Araucaria araucana in the La Araucanía Region, Chile
Fig. 1. Morphology of a generalized Curculionidae, with the morphometrics measurements used (adapted from Marvaldi and Lanteri, 2005).
Fig. 2 in Morphometric and molecular differences among Calvertius tuberosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) populations associated with Andean and coastal populations of Araucaria araucana in the La Araucanía Region, Chile
Fig. 2. ISSR patterns of expression for C. tuberosus from Malalcahuello (1-1, 1-2, 1-3), Villa Las Araucarias (2-1, 2-2, 2-3) and Nahuelbuta (3-1, 3-2, 3-3).
Fig. 3 in Geomorphic morphometric differences between populations of Speyeria diana (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Fig. 3. Procrustes transformation on hind wing landmarks, correcting for variation due to differences in pinned specimen orientation. Before Procrustes on lef, afer Procrustes on right.
Dataset and R script for "White spruce (Picea glauca) population differences in needle anatomy, foliar water uptake, and aquaporin expression indicate trade-offs between hydraulic safety and productivity"
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Sex-biased genetic component distribution among populations: additive genetic and maternal contributions to phenotypic differences among populations of Chinook salmon
An approach frequently used to demonstrate a genetic basis to population-level phenotypic differences is to employ common garden rearing designs, where observed differences are assumed to be attributable to primarily additive genetic effects. Here, in two common garden experiments, we employed factorial breeding designs between wild and domestic, and among wild populations of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). We measured the contribution of additive (VA) and maternal (VM) effects to the observed population differences for 17 life history and fitness-related traits. Our results show that, in general, maternal effects contribute more to phenotypic differences among populations than additive genetic effects. These results suggest that maternal effects are important in population phenotypic differentiation, and also signify that the inclusion of the maternal source of variation is critical when employing models to test population differences in salmon, such as in local adaptation studies.
Data from: Sexual selection and population divergence II. divergence in different sexual traits and signal modalities in field crickets (Teleogryllus oceanicus)
Sexual selection can target many different types of traits. However, the relative influence of different sexually-selected traits during evolutionary divergence is poorly understood. We used the field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus to quantify and compare how five traits from each of three sexual signal modalities and components diverge among allopatric populations: male advertisement song, cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles and forewing morphology. Population divergence was unexpectedly consistent: we estimated the among-population (genetic) variance-covariance matrix, D, for all 15 traits, and Dmax explained nearly two-thirds of its variation. CHC and wing traits were most tightly integrated, whereas song varied more independently. We modelled the dependence of among-population trait divergence on genetic distance estimated from neutral markers to test for signatures of selection vs. neutral divergence. For all three sexual trait types, phenotypic variation among populations was largely explained by a neutral model of divergence. Our findings illustrate how phenotypic integration across different types of sexual traits might impose constraints on the evolution of mating isolation and divergence via sexual selection.
Data from: Different evolutionary paths to complexity for small and large populations of digital organisms
A major aim of evolutionary biology is to explain the respective roles of adaptive versus non-adaptive changes in the evolution of complexity. While selection is certainly responsible for the spread and maintenance of complex phenotypes, this does not automatically imply that strong selection enhances the chance for the emergence of novel traits, that is, the origination of complexity. Population size is one parameter that alters the relative importance of adaptive and non-adaptive processes: as population size decreases, selection weakens and genetic drift grows in importance. Because of this relationship, many theories invoke a role for population size in the evolution of complexity. Such theories are difficult to test empirically because of the time required for the evolution of complexity in biological populations. Here, we used digital experimental evolution to test whether large or small asexual populations tend to evolve greater complexity. We find that both small and large—but not intermediate-sized—populations are favored to evolve larger genomes, which provides the opportunity for subsequent increases in phenotypic complexity. However, small and large populations followed different evolutionary paths towards these novel traits. Small populations evolved larger genomes by fixing slightly deleterious insertions, while large populations fixed rare beneficial insertions that increased genome size. These results demonstrate that genetic drift can lead to the evolution of complexity in small populations and that purifying selection is not powerful enough to prevent the evolution of complexity in large populations.
Figure 2 in Fluctuating asymmetry in populations of the South American frog Physalaemus cuvieri (Leptodactylidae) in areas with different degrees of disturbance
Figure 2. Morphological characters analysed for fluctuating asymmetry in Physalaemus cuvieri.
Figure 2 in Genetic, ecological and morphological differences among populations of the cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis from southwestern USA and northwestern Mexico, with descriptions of two new subspecies
Figure 2. Lateral view of abdominal pattern in Drosophila m. mojavensis. (A) Male; (B) female.
Stronger population differentiation at infection-sensing than infection-clearing innate immune loci in songbirds: different selective regimes for different defenses
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Parasite-mediated selection is widespread at loci involved in immune defence, but different defences may experience different selective regimes. For defences involved in clearing infections, purifying selection favouring a single most efficacious allele likely predominates. However, for defences involved in sensing and recognizing infections, evolutionary arms races may make positive selection particularly important. This could manifest primarily within populations (e.g., balancing selection maintaining variation) or among them (e.g., spatially varying selection enhancing population differences in allele frequencies). We genotyped three toll-like receptors (TLR; involved in sensing infections) and three avian beta-defensins (involved in clearing infections) in 96 song sparrows (<i>Melospiza melodia</i>) from three breeding populations that differ in disease resistance. Variation-based indicators of selection (proportion of variable sites, proportion of nonsynonymous SNPs, proportion of sites bearing signatures of positive or purifying selection, rare allele frequencies) did not differ appreciably between the two locus types. However, differentiation was generally higher at infection-sensing than infection-clearing loci. Allele frequencies differed markedly at TLR3, driven by a variant predicted to alter protein function. Geographically structured variants at infection-sensing loci may reflect local adaptation to spatially heterogeneous parasite communities. Selective regimes experienced by infection-sensing versus infection-clearing loci may differ primarily due to parasite-mediated population differentiation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Do annual and perennial populations of an insect-pollinated plant species differ in mating system?
<p><strong>Background and Aims</strong> Theory predicts that outcrossing should be more prevalent among perennials than annuals, a pattern confirmed by comparative evidence from diverse angiosperm families. However, intraspecific comparisons between annual and perennial populations are few because such variation is uncommon among flowering plants. Here, we test the hypothesis that perennial populations outcross more than annual populations by investigating Incarvillea sinensis, a wide-ranging insect-pollinated herb native to China. The occurrence of both allopatric and sympatric populations allows us to examine the stability of mating system differences between life histories under varying ecological conditions.</p> <p><strong>Methods </strong>We estimated outcrossing rates and biparental inbreeding in 16 allopatric and five sympatric popula- tions in which both life histories coexisted using 20 microsatellite loci. In each population we measured height, branch number, corolla size, tube length and herkogamy for ~30 individuals. In a sympatric population, we re- corded daily flower number, pollinator visitation and the fruit and seed set of annual and perennial plants.</p> <p><strong>Key Results </strong>As predicted, outcrossing rates (t) were considerably higher in perennial (mean = 0.76) than annual (mean = 0.09) populations. This difference in mating system was also maintained at sympatric sites where plants grew intermixed. In both allopatric and sympatric populations the degree of herkogamy was consistently larger in outcrossing than selfing plants. Perennials were more branched, with more and larger flowers than in annuals. In a sympatric population, annuals had a significantly higher fruit and seed set than perennials.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions </strong> Genetically based differences in herkogamy between annuals and perennials appear to play a key role in governing outcrossing rates in populations, regardless of variation in local ecological conditions. The maintenance of mating system and life history trait differentiation between perennial and annual populations of I. sinensis probably results from correlated evolution in response to local environmental conditions.</p>
Figure 6 from: Xu C, Li Y, Xie H, Huang X, Wu W, Yu L, Wang D (2014) Morphological and karyotypic differences within and among populations of Radopholus similis. ZooKeys 444: 69-93. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.444.8186
Figure 6 - Haploid chromosomes and genital cells of Radopholus similis stained with DAPI Haploid chromosomes. A RsB population B RsL population C RsN population D RsY population; Genital cells E Female stained with DAPI F Male stained with DAPI G Female Non-stained with DAPI H Male non-stained with DAPI Arrows Arrow a: Cap cell; Arrow b: Somatic cells; Arrow c: Germinal zone; Arrow d: growth zone; Arrow e: spermatheca; Arrow f: testis; Arrow g: seminal vesicle.
Figure 4 from: Xu C, Li Y, Xie H, Huang X, Wu W, Yu L, Wang D (2014) Morphological and karyotypic differences within and among populations of Radopholus similis. ZooKeys 444: 69-93. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.444.8186
Figure 4 - Annuli terminated at vulvar, incisures and genital papillae in cloacal region of Radopholus similis Annuli terminated at vulvar region of females: A One annulus in RsC B One and two annuli on each side in RsN C One and three annuli on each side in RxXJs D Three annuli in RsP E Two annuli in RsK F Four annuli in RsW. Incisures in lateral region of femlaes G RsH H RsJs. Number of genital papillae in cloacal region of males: I 0 genital papillae of RsEs J 1 genital papillae of RsKs. 2 genital papillae of RsP L 3 genital papillae of RsC M 4 genital papillae of RsB N 5 genital papillae of RsTs O 5 genital papillae of RsI P 6 genital papillae of RsB Q 7 genital papillae of RsM R 8 genital papillae of RsG S 8 genital papillae in double row of RsD T 9 genital papillae in double row of RsP.
Figure 5 from: Xu C, Li Y, Xie H, Huang X, Wu W, Yu L, Wang D (2014) Morphological and karyotypic differences within and among populations of Radopholus similis. ZooKeys 444: 69-93. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.444.8186
Figure 5 - Anterior region and tail of Radopholus similis Anterior region. A Female RsTs B Female RsL C Female RsLs D Male RsV E Male RsXJ F Male RsAs Female tails G Female type I of RsWs H RsXJs I RsCs J RsP K RsW L RsI M RsXJs N RsW O RsJs P RsXJs Q RsL. Male tails: R RsG S RsLs T RsHs U RsVs V RsS.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.