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FIGURE 8 in Holocephalan (Chondrichthyes) dental plates with hypermineralized dentine as a substitute for missing teeth through developmental plasticity
FIGURE 8 Chimaera monstrosa, μCT-scans, sub-adult upper dentitions (a) from Figure 1 and (b) from Figure 3a–e, with the rod series explained as whitlockin formed to a timed order at the aboral surface in the trabecular dentine, determined by a dental epithelium, where on the lingual side ridges of the outer dentine layer form (Figure 8b, also Figures 1a, 2b and 3d–e). (a) Partially segmented upper dentition (Avizo) showing three rods of the anterior plate, 2 aligns with the rods of the posterior plate, 0 forms in the symphyseal segment of the plate, 1 and 2 along the labial ridge. (b) Anterior dental plate with five rods and a coloured overlay to explain the co-incidence of ridges with rods (0–4). Colours show the tissue types seen in a virtual section relative to the surface anatomy of the oral and lingual surfaces: whitlockin, orange; trabecular dentine, lime green; sclerotic osteodentine dentine, olive green; wear surface of the sclerotic dentine, moss green. Extent of wear surface is double arrow in Figure 7a. Abbreviations, in previous figures
FIGURE 4 Hydrolagus mirabilis Collet, 1904 in Holocephalan (Chondrichthyes) dental plates with hypermineralized dentine as a substitute for missing teeth through developmental plasticity
FIGURE 4 Hydrolagus mirabilis Collet, 1904, μCT-scans. (a) Upper dentition in oral view, including anterior dental plate with distinct ridges on the lingual surface of the dental plate. (b) Upper dentition rendered (Avizo) showing ovoids and rods of hypermineralized dentine (whitlockin) in both dental plates. Red arrowheads on the developing tritoral pad on the left side of the image showing ovoids being added to form the pad. (c) Upper dentition in oral view, with posterior dental plate cut away to show ridges on the anterior dental plate. (d) and (e) Anterior dental plate, cut away to show section through developing ovoids (hypermineralized), surrounding trabecular dentine, sclerotic (hypermineralized) trabecular dentine and the ridges. (f) Anterior and posterior dental plates in symphyseal view, with opposing plates cut away to show symphyseal face of the anterior plate and the ridges. Numbered arrows indicate different regions of the plate (as in Figures 2f and 3e). Abbreviations as in previous figures
FIGURE 3 in Holocephalan (Chondrichthyes) dental plates with hypermineralized dentine as a substitute for missing teeth through developmental plasticity
FIGURE 3 Chimaera spp., upper dentition, μCT-scans. (a)–(e) Subadult Chimaera monstrosa Linnaeus, 1758, (f)–(i) juvenile (20 cm) Chimaera sp. (unidentified), Taiwan. (a) C. monstrosa and (f) Chimaera sp., upper dentition in oral view, including anterior dental plate with ridges on the lingual surface of the dental plate. (b) C. monstrosa and (g) Chimaera sp., upper dentition rendered (Avizo) showing rods and ovoids of hypermineralized dentine (whitlockin) in both dental plates and tritoral pads in the posterior plate (g). (c) C. monstrosa, upper dentition in oral view, with posterior dental plate cut away to show internal structure, including ridges on the anterior dental plate. (d) C. monstrosa (i) Chimaera sp., anterior dental plate, cut away to show section through developing ovoids (hypermineralized whitlockin), surrounding trabecular dentine, sclerotic (hypermineralized) trabecular dentine and the ridges. In (d) the less mineralized ovoids can be seen at the aboral surface. (e) C. monstrosa, anterior and posterior dental plates, with opposing plates cut away to show symphyseal face of the anterior plate and the ridges, anterior ridge, or column, and posterior furrow on each side of the ridged zone (arrows labelled 1 and 2, as in Figure 2f). (h) Chimaera sp., anterior plate in oral view, with posterior dental plate cut away to show ridges on the anterior dental plate. Abbreviations as in previous figures. d, less mineralized dentine; tri, tritoral pad
FIGURE 7 in Holocephalan (Chondrichthyes) dental plates with hypermineralized dentine as a substitute for missing teeth through developmental plasticity
FIGURE 7 Hydrolagus mirabilis. (a)–(c) Photomicrographs in incident light of upper and lower dental plates, (c) in situ, surrounded by soft tissue). (a) Anterior upper plate shows ridges on the lingual surface (arrows), extent of worn tissue fossa (double arrow) and translucent grey rods. (b) Lower dental plate tissue shows the transparency of most mineralized tissues as in outer dentine (double arrow) surrounding trabecular dentine. Ovoid stack not fully mineralized. (c) Upper dentition in situ with soft tissue, plates lined by epithelium, rostral snout present. (d) Close-up of virtual section through anterior upper plate as in Figure 4d,e, coloured red to show whitlockin as mineralized ovoids. Red rings show the preformed capsular spaces in the trabecular dentine, the newest ridge forming aborally, and coincidence of ridges with new whitlockin forming (double arrows). (e) Callorhinchus milii Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1823, schematic drawing of section through lower jaw embryonic plate (Kemp 1984). Red indicates whitlockin formation (ple = pleromin) under an epithelium, with modified trabecular dentine (mt), condensed mesenchyme (md), cartilage (c). Scale bar = 1 mm. (f) Callorhinchus milii, adult lower jaw, μCT rendered with whitlockin segmented, coloured red (Drishti), showing low ridges on the surface that form deep into the trabecular dentine, above a cartilage furrow. Abbreviations as in previous figures. car, cartilage furrow; ep, epithelium; nrdg, newest ridge; ov st, ovoid stack; ros, rostral snout
FIGURE 2 Chimaera monstrosa Linnaeus, 1758, 49 in Holocephalan (Chondrichthyes) dental plates with hypermineralized dentine as a substitute for missing teeth through developmental plasticity
FIGURE 2 Chimaera monstrosa Linnaeus, 1758, 49 cm juvenile upper dentition, μCT-scans. (a) Oral view, including anterior dental plate with ridges on the lingual surface. (b) Upper dentition in oral view, with posterior dental plate cut away to show internal structure, and ridges on the anterior dental plate. The asterisk indicates the region shown in (d) and arrows indicate close correspondence between anterior and posterior dental plates. (c) Upper dental plates rendered (Avizo) showing rods of hypermineralized dentine (whitlockin) in both. (d) Close-up of the aboral anterior dental plate, showing newest, bulbous postero-lingual end of the ridge. The asterisk indicates newly developing trabecular dentine below the most aboral ridge. (e) Anterior dental plate, with posterior plate almost completely cut away to show lingual ridges relative to cartilage of the upper jaw. (f) Symphyseal view of anterior dental plate, with opposing plate almost completely cut away to show the ridges. The asterisk indicates bulbous aboral new ridge tissue. There are also three separate growth regions (arrows indicate direction of growth), anterior ridge or column, and posterior furrow on each side of the ridged zone (arrows 1 and 2). (g) and (h) Anterior dental plate, virtual section through developing rod, framework trabecular dentine, ridges in section with forming sclerotic dentine inside. (g) Arrows indicate correspondence between the ridge and developing rod. Abbreviations as in Figure 1. brc, cartilage of the braincase; f.td, forming trabecular dentine; rd, whitlockin rods; sod, sclerotic osteodentine, ujc, upper jaw cartilage. Scale bars, (a) 1.5 cm, (e) and (f) 1 mm
FIGURE 6 in Holocephalan (Chondrichthyes) dental plates with hypermineralized dentine as a substitute for missing teeth through developmental plasticity
FIGURE 6 Harriotta raleaghana μCT-scans. (a)–(e) Upper dentition in oral view. (a) Anterior and posterior dental plate showing close fit between them and tritoral pad on posterior plate. (b) Anterior dental plate with posterior dental plate cut away to show posterior and lingual faces of the anterior plate, lacking prominent ridges on the lingual surface of the dental plate, but with some bulbous expansion that was associated with ridges in Chimaera (Figure 2), indicated by the arrow. (c) Four upper dental plates rendered (Avizo) showing ovoids and rods (whitlockin) as extensive below the worn surface, and developing tritoral pads on the posterior plate. Ovoids in symphyseal row with antero-labial set of rods in anterior plate. (d) Anterior dental plate, virtual section through developing rod (whitlockin), surrounding trabecular dentine, sclerotic dentine near the wear surface, and trabecular dentine only at forming aboral surface. (e) Symphyseal surface with opposing left plates cut away, showing the anterior dental plate (arrow 2 marks the antero-symphyseal portion) and posterior in close alignment at the oral surface (arrow 1). Abbreviations as in previous figures
FIGURE 1 Chimaera monstrosa Linnaeus, 1758, 14 in Holocephalan (Chondrichthyes) dental plates with hypermineralized dentine as a substitute for missing teeth through developmental plasticity
FIGURE 1 Chimaera monstrosa Linnaeus, 1758, 14 cm juvenile, μCT-scans. Skull, jaws and dentition in (a) lateral view, (b) anterior view, (c) upper dentition including anterior and posterior dental plates in oral view, (d) upper and lower dentitions in antero-oral view, rendered (Drishti) to show mineralized tissue of the dental plates (coloured red). a.dpl, anterior dental plate; ap.rd, rods of hypermineralized dentine (whitlockin) in the anterior dental plate, lj, lower jaw; lj.dpl, lower jaw dental plate; p.dpl, posterior dental plate; pp.rd, rods of hypermineralized dentine (whitlockin) in the posterior dental plate, rdg, ridges on lingual surface of the anterior dental plate. Arrows in (d) indicate the position of close contact between the anterior and posterior dental plates. Scale bar = 1 mm. Asterisk in (c) indicates small oval dentine units at the midline of each dental plate
Dataset for: Combined Ca, Sr isotope and trace element analyses of Late Cretaceous dinosaur teeth: assessing diet versus diagenesis
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Figure 3. Sarcosuchus hartti, teeth. A, YPM 516 in Systematic revision of Sarcosuchus hartti (Crocodyliformes) from the Recôncavo Basin (Early Cretaceous) of Bahia, north-eastern Brazil
Figure 3. Sarcosuchus hartti, teeth. A, YPM 516, Lectotype, in mesial view. B, BMNH R2983, in mesial (?) view. C, BMNH R2983, in distal (?) view. D, BMNH R3079, in mesial (?) view. E, BMNH R3079, in distal (?) view. F, MN 7460-V, in distal (?) view. G, MN 7460-V, in apical view. H, MN 7461-V, in distal (?) view. I, MN 7461-V, in apical view. Scale bar: 1 cm.
Figure 5 in Neurovascular evidence for a co-occurrence of teeth and baleen in an Oligocene mysticete and the transition to filter-feeding in baleen whales
Figure 5. Digital segmentations (top) and graphical reconstructions of rostral canals in select cetaceans (bottom). A, extant toothed odontocete Tursiops truncatus (SDSNH 21212). B, extinct toothed mysticete Aetiocetus weltoni (UCMP 122900). C, extant toothless mysticete Eschrichtius robustus (modified from: Ekdale et al., 2015).
Figure 4 in Neurovascular evidence for a co-occurrence of teeth and baleen in an Oligocene mysticete and the transition to filter-feeding in baleen whales
Figure 4. CT-scan data of Aetiocetus weltoni (UCMP 122900). Slice A–A' taken oblique to the horizontal plane through the skull as indicated on the surface medial in lateral view to image course of infraorbital canal. Slices B–B', C–C' and D–D' taken along the transverse plane (original scan axis) at different positions along the rostrum as indicated on the surface model in dorsal view.
Figure 1 in Neurovascular evidence for a co-occurrence of teeth and baleen in an Oligocene mysticete and the transition to filter-feeding in baleen whales
Figure 1. Hypothesis of baleen evolution. Relationships based on published phylogenetic analyses (Uhen, 2013; Fordyce & Marx, 2018; Peredo et al., 2018). Thick bars represent stratigraphic ranges downloaded from the Paleobiology Database (paleobiodb.org) on 14 February 2020, using the taxonomic name search form for each terminal taxon named on the cladogram. Red branches indicate presence of lateral palatal foramina.
Figure 3 in Neurovascular evidence for a co-occurrence of teeth and baleen in an Oligocene mysticete and the transition to filter-feeding in baleen whales
Figure 3. Digital segmentation of neurovascular canals through rostrum of Aetiocetus weltoni (UCMP 122900). A, rostral canals in ventral view. B, rostral canals in lateral view. Abbreviations: dc, dental/alveolar canal; lpc, lateral palatal canal.
Figure 2 in Neurovascular evidence for a co-occurrence of teeth and baleen in an Oligocene mysticete and the transition to filter-feeding in baleen whales
Figure 2. Neurovascular canals through rostrum of Aetiocetus weltoni (UCMP 122900). A, ventral view of 3D rendering of skull (top), skull rendered semi-transparent to reveal internal canals of rostrum (middle), and digital segmentation of rostral canals (bottom). B, lateral view of 3D rendering of skull (top), skull rendered semi-transparent to reveal internal canals of rostrum (middle), and digital segmentation of rostral canals (bottom).
The upper canines of the male Sulawesi Babirusa grow upwards through the snout and continue to grow in a backward-curving spiral. They are too brittle and shallow rooted to be used in fighting and theirfunction, if any, is unknown. Until recently, all babirusas were classified as a single species. The genus has now been split into at least three species, based on features of their skulls and teeth and the amount of hair on their bodies. The Sulawest Babirusa has nearly naked skin. The name Babyrousa celebensis specifically refers to animals from north Sulawesi and the taxonomic identity of babirusas onthe rest of the island remains undecided. Unlike other pig species, babirusas do not have noses adapted for rooting. Babyrousa celebensis Lore Lindu National Park, Sulawesi. Photo: Berndt Fischer/ photolibrary.com in Suidae
The upper canines of the male Sulawesi Babirusa grow upwards through the snout and continue to grow in a backward-curving spiral. They are too brittle and shallow rooted to be used in fighting and theirfunction, if any, is unknown. Until recently, all babirusas were classified as a single species. The genus has now been split into at least three species, based on features of their skulls and teeth and the amount of hair on their bodies. The Sulawest Babirusa has nearly naked skin. The name Babyrousa celebensis specifically refers to animals from north Sulawesi and the taxonomic identity of babirusas onthe rest of the island remains undecided. Unlike other pig species, babirusas do not have noses adapted for rooting. Babyrousa celebensis Lore Lindu National Park, Sulawesi. Photo: Berndt Fischer/ photolibrary.com
FIGURE. Sanicula orthacantha in the wild (China, Chongqing, Nanchuan, Jinfo Shan, the type locality of S. nanchuanensis). A. Habitat. B. Habit. C. Leaves (left: adaxial surface; right: abaxial surface). D. Portion of inflorescence (side view). E. Portion of inflorescence (top view). F. Involucrate bracts. G. Umbellule (side view), a) involucellate bracteoles, b) calyx teeth. H. Staminate flowers (side view). I. Fertile flower with fruit. J. Mericarps. in Taxonomic studies on the genus Sanicula (Apiaceae) from China ( ): The clarification of some morphological distinction between S. orthacantha var. orthacantha and S. orthacantha var. brevispina, with the reduction of S. petagnioides to the synonymy of the former, and S. orthacantha var. stolonifera to
FIGURE. Sanicula orthacantha in the wild (China, Chongqing, Nanchuan, Jinfo Shan, the type locality of S. nanchuanensis). A. Habitat. B. Habit. C. Leaves (left: adaxial surface; right: abaxial surface). D. Portion of inflorescence (side view). E. Portion of inflorescence (top view). F. Involucrate bracts. G. Umbellule (side view), a) involucellate bracteoles, b) calyx teeth. H. Staminate flowers (side view). I. Fertile flower with fruit. J. Mericarps.
FIGURE. Sanicula orthacantha in the wild (China, Jiangxi, Jiujiang, Lushan, the type locality of S. orthacantha). A. Habitat. B. Habit. C. Leaves (left: adaxial surface; right: abaxial surface). D. Portion of inflorescence (side view). E. Portion of inflorescence (top view). F. Involucrate bracts. G. Umbellule (side view), a) involucellate bracteoles, b) calyx teeth. H. Staminate flowers (side view). I. Fertile flower with fruit, style, petals and calyx teeth. J. Mericarps in Taxonomic studies on the genus Sanicula (Apiaceae) from China ( ): The clarification of some morphological distinction between S. orthacantha var. orthacantha and S. orthacantha var. brevispina, with the reduction of S. petagnioides to the synonymy of the former, and S. orthacantha var. stolonifera to
FIGURE. Sanicula orthacantha in the wild (China, Jiangxi, Jiujiang, Lushan, the type locality of S. orthacantha). A. Habitat. B. Habit. C. Leaves (left: adaxial surface; right: abaxial surface). D. Portion of inflorescence (side view). E. Portion of inflorescence (top view). F. Involucrate bracts. G. Umbellule (side view), a) involucellate bracteoles, b) calyx teeth. H. Staminate flowers (side view). I. Fertile flower with fruit, style, petals and calyx teeth. J. Mericarps
FIGURE. Sanicula orthacantha var. brevispina in the wild (China, Sichuan, Emei Shan, the type locality of S. orthacantha var. brevispina and S. orthacantha var. stolonifera). A. Habitat and habit. B. Rhizome. C. Leaves (left: adaxial surface; right: abaxial surface). D. Portion of inflorescence (side view). E. Portion of inflorescence (top view). F. Involucrate bracts. G. Umbellule (side view), a) involucellate bracteoles, b) calyx teeth. H. Staminate flowers (side view). I. Fertile flower with fruit, style, petals and calyx teeth. J. Mericarps. in Taxonomic studies on the genus Sanicula (Apiaceae) from China ( ): The clarification of some morphological distinction between S. orthacantha var. orthacantha and S. orthacantha var. brevispina, with the reduction of S. petagnioides to the synonymy of the former, and S. orthacantha var. stolonifera to
FIGURE. Sanicula orthacantha var. brevispina in the wild (China, Sichuan, Emei Shan, the type locality of S. orthacantha var. brevispina and S. orthacantha var. stolonifera). A. Habitat and habit. B. Rhizome. C. Leaves (left: adaxial surface; right: abaxial surface). D. Portion of inflorescence (side view). E. Portion of inflorescence (top view). F. Involucrate bracts. G. Umbellule (side view), a) involucellate bracteoles, b) calyx teeth. H. Staminate flowers (side view). I. Fertile flower with fruit, style, petals and calyx teeth. J. Mericarps.
Distribution. Obi, Bisa, and Obilatu (= Obi-Latoe) Is in the NC Moluccas, Indonesia. Descriptiveor notes. Head-body 36-39 cm, tail 30-33.5 cm; weight 1.1-1.4 kg. The Obi Cuscus is a relatively small cuscus (condylobasal length 65-69 mm). Skull of the Obi Cuscus is similar to that of the Moluccan Cuscus (P. ornatus) and the Gebe Cuscus (P. alexandrae), and it bears a prominent diastema between incisor and canine but is smaller than those species and has smaller teeth. The Obi Cuscus has two color morphs: orange-brown or gray dorsal fur with dark underfur. Ventral fur is white to yellow. Dark dorsal stripe extends from head to mid-back or rump. in Phalangeridae
Distribution. Obi, Bisa, and Obilatu (= Obi-Latoe) Is in the NC Moluccas, Indonesia. Descriptiveor notes. Head-body 36-39 cm, tail 30-33.5 cm; weight 1.1-1.4 kg. The Obi Cuscus is a relatively small cuscus (condylobasal length 65-69 mm). Skull of the Obi Cuscus is similar to that of the Moluccan Cuscus (P. ornatus) and the Gebe Cuscus (P. alexandrae), and it bears a prominent diastema between incisor and canine but is smaller than those species and has smaller teeth. The Obi Cuscus has two color morphs: orange-brown or gray dorsal fur with dark underfur. Ventral fur is white to yellow. Dark dorsal stripe extends from head to mid-back or rump.
Distribution. Known only from type locality on S coast of Seram I, Indonesia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 123 mm, tail 128 mm, ear 14-6 mm, hindfoot 26-2 mm; weight 65 g (all mensural data are from holotype). Pavel's Seram Mosaic-tailed Rat is very small-bodied, with dorsal pelage soft and brightly colored rufescent reddish brown, hairs with graybases, and venter contrastingly pure white; tail is slightly longer than head-body length, all black in color, tail scales raised, one hair per scale, scale hairs very short. Upper surfaces of feet are dark gray; hindfeet broad, with first digit long. Cranium is relatively narrow, with nasal profile flat; teeth very small. Single known specimen (the holotype), a pregnant female, has four mammae. in Muridae
Distribution. Known only from type locality on S coast of Seram I, Indonesia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 123 mm, tail 128 mm, ear 14-6 mm, hindfoot 26-2 mm; weight 65 g (all mensural data are from holotype). Pavel's Seram Mosaic-tailed Rat is very small-bodied, with dorsal pelage soft and brightly colored rufescent reddish brown, hairs with graybases, and venter contrastingly pure white; tail is slightly longer than head-body length, all black in color, tail scales raised, one hair per scale, scale hairs very short. Upper surfaces of feet are dark gray; hindfeet broad, with first digit long. Cranium is relatively narrow, with nasal profile flat; teeth very small. Single known specimen (the holotype), a pregnant female, has four mammae.
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