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1,580 results for “vulnerability”
Data from: Variation in genomic vulnerability to climate change across temperate populations of eelgrass (Zostera marina)
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Data from: Surface elevation trends in natural and restored coastal forested wetlands reveal vulnerability to saltwater intrusion and sea level rise
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Experimental warming increases the vulnerability of high-elevation plant populations to a specialist herbivore
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Data for: Thermal vulnerability in a mountain stream network: Temporal, spatial, and biological data
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Increased vulnerability to atrial and ventricular arrhythmias caused by different types of inhaled tobacco or marijuana products
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Population-specific vulnerability to ocean change in a multi-stressor environment
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Heat Death Associations with the built environment, social vulnerability and their interactions with rising temperature
The occurrence of extreme heat events in the American Southwest are expected to become more frequent and severe and it is more important to understand which neighborhoods and populations are at risk of negative heat-health outcomes. Vulnerability to heat is a function of its heat exposure, population characteristics, and adaptive capacity. This study focuses on underlying socioeconomic and demographic characteristics that contribute to this vulnerability. The contributions of these factors to heat mortality in Maricopa County, AZ were explored and used to identify areas where vulnerable populations exist.
Figure 2 in The behaviour of Cotinis nitida Linnaeusı the green June beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)ı on mowed lawns makes them especially vulnerable to bird predators
Figure 2. An American crow searching for prey while walking on the lawn in the manner of all avian predators of the green June beetle except the blue jays that scan for prey while perching in trees in and around the lawn in northern Virginia.
Data Set from the Systematization of Vulnerability Discovery Metrics
<p>The data set contains vulnerability discovery metric data extracted from 26 primary studies identified as part of the systematic literature review conducted. The review was conducted as part achieving our overall research vision to <em>assist software engineers in building secure software by providing a technique that generates scientific, interpretable, and actionable feedback on security as the software evolves</em>.</p>
Security vulnerabilities in open-source reused systems
<p>This dataset comprise 2017 Java projects. It contains information related to their external dependencies and its potential and disclosed security vulnerabilities.</p> <p>The potential vulnerabilities were detected with the use of the SpotBugs static analyzer tool, while the disclosed ones with the use of OWASP Dependency Check tool..</p> <p>This dataset was generated during a research effort to correlate software reuse to security vulnerabilities.</p> <p>The scripts for reproducing the dataset and analyzing it are available on GitHub under this link [https://github.com/AntonisGkortzis/Vulnerabilities-in-Reused-Software].</p>
Imaging of the vulnerable carotid plaque – current role of imaging techniques and a research agenda
<p><b>Objectives:</b> Atherothrombosis in the carotid arteries is a main cause of ischemic stroke, and may depend on plaque propensity to complicate with rupture or erosion, in turn related to qualitative features amenable to in vivo imaging. This would provide an opportunity for risk stratification and – potentially – local treatment of more "vulnerable" plaques. We here review current information on this topic.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> We systematically reviewed the literature for concepts derived from pathophysiological, histopathological and clinical studies on imaging techniques attempting at identifying vulnerable carotid lesions.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> Magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, ultrasound- and nuclear medicine-based techniques, alone or with multimodality approaches, all have a link to pathophysiology, and describe different – potentially complementary – aspects of lesions prone to complication. There is also, however, a true paucity of head-to-head comparisons of such techniques for practical implementation of a thorough and cost-effective diagnostic strategy. Especially in asymptomatic patients, major international societies leave wide margins of indecision in the advice to techniques guiding interventions to prevent atherothrombotic stroke.</p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> To improve practical management of such patients – in addition to patient's vulnerability for systemic reasons – a more precise identification of the vulnerable plaque is needed. A better definition of the diagnostic yield of each imaging approach in comparison with the others should be pursued for a cost-effective translation of the single techniques. Practical translation to guide future clinical practice should be based on improved knowledge of the specific pathophysiologic correlates and on a comparative modality approach, linked to subsequent stroke outcomes.</p>
Identifying Implicit Vulnerabilities through Personas as Goal Model: Case study model
<p>CAIRIS model to accompany 'Identifying Implicit Vulnerabilities through Personas as Goal Model: Case study model' SECPRE 2020 paper.</p> <p>Instructions for importing the model package: https://cairis.readthedocs.io/en/latest/io.html#importing-models</p> <p>Instructions for working with user goal models: https://cairis.readthedocs.io/en/latest/usergoals.html#user-goals-and-user-goal-models</p>
Mating patterns influence vulnerability to the extinction vortex
<p class="THESIS">Earth's biodiversity is undergoing mass extinction due to anthropogenic compounding of environmental, demographic and genetic stresses. These different stresses can trap populations within a reinforcing feedback loop known as the extinction vortex, in which synergistic pressures build upon one another through time, driving down population viability. Sexual selection, the widespread evolutionary force arising from competition, choice and reproductive variance within animal mating patterns, could have vital consequences for population viability and the extinction vortex: 1) if sexual selection reinforces natural selection to fix 'good genes' and purge 'bad genes', then mating patterns encouraging competition and choice may help protect populations from extinction; 2) by contrast, if mating patterns create load through evolutionary or ecological conflict, then population viability could be further reduced by sexual selection. We test between these opposing theories using replicate populations of the model insect <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> exposed to over ten years of experimental evolution under monogamous versus polyandrous mating patterns. After a 95-generation history of divergence in sexual selection, we compared fitness and extinction of monogamous versus polyandrous populations through an experimental extinction vortex comprising 15 generations of cycling environmental and genetic stresses. Results showed that lineages from monogamous evolutionary backgrounds, with limited opportunities for sexual selection, showed rapid declines in fitness and complete extinction through the vortex. By contrast, fitness of populations from the history of polyandry, with stronger opportunities for sexual selection, declined slowly, with 60% of populations surviving by the study end. The three vortex stresses of i) nutritional deprivation, ii) thermal stress and iii) genetic bottlenecking had similar impacts on fitness declines and extinction risk, with an overall sigmoid decline in survival through time. We therefore reveal sexual selection as an important force behind lineages facing extinction threats, identifying the relevance of natural mating patterns for conservation management.</p>
Viruses harness YxxØ motif to interact with host AP2M1 for replication: A vulnerable broad-spectrum antiviral target
<p>Targeting a universal host protein exploited by most viruses would be a game-changing strategy that offers broad-spectrum solution and rapid pandemic control including the current COVID-19. Here, we found a common YxxØ-motif of multiple viruses that exploits host AP2M1 for intracellular trafficking. A library chemical, <em>N</em>-(p-amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid (ACA), was identified to interrupt AP2M1-virus interaction and exhibit potent antiviral efficacy against a number of viruses in vitro and in vivo, including the influenza A viruses (IAVs), Zika virus (ZIKV), human immunodeficiency virus, and coronaviruses including MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. YxxØ mutation, AP2M1 depletion, or disruption by ACA causes incorrect localization of viral proteins, which is exemplified by the failure of nuclear import of IAV nucleoprotein and diminished endoplasmic reticulum localization of ZIKV-NS3 and enterovirus-A71-2C proteins, thereby suppressing viral replication. Our study reveals an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of protein-protein interaction between host and virus that can serve as a broad-spectrum antiviral target.</p>
Data from: Contrasting vulnerability of monospecific and species-diverse forests to wind and bark beetle disturbance: The role of management
<p>The published dataset contains the results of the paper titled <strong>Contrasting vulnerability of monospecific and species-diverse forests to wind and bark beetle disturbance: The role of management, in Ecology and Evolution.</strong></p> <p>Results are based on the output of the model iLand<strong> (</strong>http://iland.boku.ac.at/startpage).</p> <p>contact: Laura Dobor; dobor.laura@gmail.com</p>
Small scale variability in soil moisture drives infection of vulnerable juniper populations by invasive forest pathogen
<p><span><span>The oomycete plant pathogen, <i>Phytophthora austrocedri</i>, is an aggressive killer of cypress trees causing severe mortality of Chilean cedar (<i>Austrocedrus chilensis</i>) in Argentina since the 1940s and now common juniper (<i>Juniperus communis</i> s.l.) in the UK. Rapid mortality of key UK juniper populations was first observed in the early 2000s; the causal agent of mortality was confirmed as <i>P. austrocedri</i> in 2012 and the pathogen has now been widely detected - but is not ubiquitous - in juniper populations across Scotland and England. Although juniper has a broad distribution across the northern hemisphere, the UK incidence of <i>P. austrocedri</i> remains the only confirmed infection of juniper populations globally. Juniper is an important species for biodiversity, so it is imperative to understand the abiotic and biotic drivers of emergent <i>P. austrocedri</i> infection to inform detection, containment and conservation strategies to manage juniper populations across the full extent of its range. </span></span></p> <p><span><span>As management of UK juniper populations is primarily conducted at a local level, we investigated field scale drivers of disease – in three, geographically separate populations with different infection histories. Variation in the proportion of juniper showing symptoms - discoloured or dead foliage – was measured using stratified sampling across along key environmental gradients within each 100-hectare population, including juniper density identified from aerial imagery. Potential predictors of infection included altitude, slope, distance to nearest watercourse, soil moisture (mean percentage volumetric water content), area of red deer browsing damage and area of commonly associated vascular plant species. We assessed support in the data for alternative models explaining the spatial distribution of <i>P. austrocedri</i> symptoms using full subset covariate selection and Deviance Information Criteria (DIC). Despite differences in environmental gradients and infection histories between populations, area of juniper symptomatic for <i>P. austrocedri</i> increased with waterlogging, increasing with soil moisture in sites where soils had higher peat or clay contents, and decreasing with proximity to watercourses where sites had shallower, sandier soils. </span></span></p> <p><span><span>These results are consistent with key drivers identified at both local and landscape scale in Chilean cedar. Our approach enables identification of site-specific disease management strategies including prioritisation of inspections in microsites with high soil moisture and promoting conservation measures such as creation of sites for natural regeneration in drier microsites to minimise pathogen spread and maximise the resilience of existing juniper populations.</span></span></p>
Thermal niche traits of high alpine plant species and communities across the tropical Andes and their vulnerability to global warming
<a name="_Hlk10643461">Aim</a> <p>The Climate Variability Hypothesis (CVH) predicts that locations with reduced seasonal temperature variation select for species with narrower thermal ranges. Here we (1) test the CVH by assessing the effect of latitude and elevation on the thermal ranges of Andean vascular plant species and communities, and (2) assess tropical alpine plants vulnerability to warming based on their thermal traits.</p> Location <p>Tropical Andes</p> Taxon <p>Vascular plants</p> Methods <p>Temperature data for 505 vascular plant species from alpine communities on 49 summits, were extracted from 29,627 geo-referenced occurrences. Species thermal niche traits (TNTs) were estimated using bootstrapping for: minimum temperature, optimum (mean) temperature, and breadth (maximum-minimum). Plant community-weighted scores were estimated using the TNTs of their constituent species. CVH was tested for species, biogeographic species groups and communities. Vulnerability to global warming was assessed for species, biogeographic species groups and communities.</p> Results <p>Species restricted to the equator showed narrower thermal niche breadth than species whose ranges stretch far from the equator, however, no difference in niche breadth was found across summits' elevation. Biogeographic species groups distributed close to the equator and restricted to alpine regions showed narrower niche breadth than those with broader ranges. Community weighted-scores of thermal niche breadth were positively related to distance from equator but not to elevation. Based on their TNTs, species restricted to equatorial latitudes and plant communities dominated by these species were identified as the most vulnerable to the projected 1.5 °C warming, due to a potentially higher risk of losing thermal niche space.</p> Main conclusions <p>Our study confirms that the CVH applies to high tropical Andean plant species and communities, where latitude had a strong effect on the thermal niche breadth. TNTs are identified as suitable indicators of species' vulnerability to warming and are suggested to be included in long-term biodiversity monitoring in the Andes.</p>
Local climate determines vulnerability to camouflage mismatch in snowshoe hares
<p>Aim: Phenological mismatches, when life-events become mistimed with optimal en- vironmental conditions, have become increasingly common under climate change. Population-level susceptibility to mismatches depends on how phenology and pheno- typic plasticity vary across a species' distributional range. Here, we quantify the envi- ronmental drivers of colour moult phenology, phenotypic plasticity, and the extent of phenological mismatch in seasonal camouflage to assess vulnerability to mismatch in a common North American mammal.<br> Location: North America.<br> Time period: 2010–2017.<br> Major taxa studied: Snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus).<br> Methods: We used > 5,500 by-catch photographs of snowshoe hares from 448 re- mote camera trap sites at three independent study areas. To quantify moult phenol- ogy and phenotypic plasticity, we used multinomial logistic regression models that incorporated geospatial and high-resolution climate data. We estimated occurrence of camouflage mismatch between hares' coat colour and the presence and absence of snow over 7 years of monitoring.<br> Results: Spatial and temporal variation in moult phenology depended on local climate conditions more so than on latitude. First, hares in colder, snowier areas moulted earlier in the fall and later in the spring. Next, hares exhibited phenotypic plasticity in moult phenology in response to annual variation in temperature and snow dura- tion, especially in the spring. Finally, the occurrence of camouflage mismatch varied in space and time; white hares on dark, snowless background occurred primarily during low-snow years in regions characterized by shallow, short-lasting snowpack.<br> Main conclusions: Long-term climate and annual variation in snow and temperature determine coat colour moult phenology in snowshoe hares. In most areas, climate change leads to shorter snow seasons, but the occurrence of camouflage mismatch varies across the species' range. Our results underscore the population-specific sus- ceptibility to climate change-induced stressors and the necessity to understand this variation to prioritize the populations most vulnerable under global environmental change.</p>
Data from: Using a trait-based approach for assessing the vulnerability and resilience of hillslope seep wetland vegetation cover to disturbances in the Tsitsa River catchment, Eastern Cape, South Africa
<p>Hill slope seep wetlands are ecologically and economically important ecosystems as they supply a variety of ecosystem services to society. In South Africa, livestock grazing is recognised as one of the most important disturbance factors changing the structure and function of hill slope seep wetlands. This study sought to investigate the potential effect of livestock grazing on the resilience and vulnerability of hillslope seep wetland vegetation cover using a trait based approach (TBA). Changes in vegetation cover were used as a surrogate for indicating grazing intensity. The degree of human disturbances was assessed using the Anthropogenic Activity Index (AAI). A TBA was developed using seven plant traits, resolved into 27 trait attributes. Based on the developed approach, plant species were grouped into vulnerable and resilient groups in relation to grazing pressure. It was then predicted that species belonging to the vulnerable group would be less dominant at the highly disturbed sites, as well as in the winter season when grazing pressure is at its peak. The approach developed enabled accurate predictions of the responses of hillslope plant species to grazing pressure seasonally, but spatially, only for the summer season. The predicted responses during the winter season across sites did not match the observed results, which could be attributed to the difficulty in species identification and accurate estimation of vegetation cover during winter. Overall, the approach developed here provides a general framework for applying the TBA and can thus be tested and applied elsewhere.</p>
Data from: What factors increase the vulnerability of native birds to the impacts of alien birds?
<p>This dataset accompanies a published paper (Evans et al. 2021) which aims to identify the factors that influence the vulnerability of native bird species to the impacts of alien bird species. In this paper we used mixed-effects models to test 14 variables that we hypothesised to influence vulnerability: this is a dataset of the 14 varaibles. We carried out our analyses using ten sets of these 14 variables: we provide all ten sets of these variables here. Please refer to Evans at al. (2021) for details on the methods used. An abstract to the published paper follows.</p> <p>Biodiversity impacts caused by alien species can be severe, including those caused by alien birds. In order to protect native birds, we aimed to identify factors that influence their vulnerability to the impacts of alien birds. We first reviewed the literature to identify native bird species sustaining such impacts. We then assigned impact severity scores to each native bird species, depending on the severity of the impacts sustained, and performed two types of analyses. First, we used contingency table tests to examine the distribution of impacts across their severity, type and location, and across native bird orders. Second, we used mixed-effects models to test factors hypothesised to influence the vulnerability of native birds to the impacts of alien birds.</p> <p>Ground-nesting shorebirds and seabirds were more prone to impacts through predation, while cavity-nesting woodpeckers and parrots were more prone to impacts through competition. Native bird species were more vulnerable when they occupied islands, warm regions, regions with climatic conditions similar to those in the native range of the invading alien species, and when they were physically smaller than the invading alien species. To a lesser extent, they were also vulnerable when they shared habitat preferences with the invading alien species.</p> <p>By considering the number and type of native bird species affected by alien birds, we demonstrate predation impacts to be more widespread than previously indicated, but also that damaging predation impacts may be underreported. We identify vulnerable orders of native birds, which may require conservation interventions; characteristics of native birds that increase their vulnerability, which may be used to inform risk assessments; and regions where native birds are most vulnerable, which may direct management interventions. The impacts sustained by native birds may be going unnoticed in many regions of the world: there is a clear need to identify and manage them.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.