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Fig. 6 in Seasonal and Diel Activity of Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) Attracted to European Bison Dung in Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland

Fig. 6. Comparison of endocoprid and paracoprid guild abundance in material trapped during the day (6 am–6 pm) and at night (6 pm–6 am) in Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland. * = p <0.05; ** = p <0.001.

Figure 7 in Songs, genetics, and morphology: revealing the taxonomic units in the European Cicadetta cerdaniensis cicada group, with a description of new taxa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Figure 7. Box plots of important song duration variables in Cicadetta cerdaniensis s.str. (eight individuals) and Cicadetta sibillae sp. nov. (22 individuals), and of the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) between 18 song variables for a 23– 28 °C perch temperature range; ED, echeme durations; FP, first echeme part; IED, inter-echeme durations; SP, second echeme part.

Figure 8 in Songs, genetics, and morphology: revealing the taxonomic units in the European Cicadetta cerdaniensis cicada group, with a description of new taxa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Figure 8. Echemes of phrase 3 in Cicadetta cerdaniensis s.str. (△) and Cicadetta sibillae sp. nov. (◆). A, duration of echemes as a function of perch temperature, with linear regression trend lines and standard errors (grey areas). B, box plot of the number of syllables per echeme given as mean values of 20 echemes for each individual. C–F, oscillograms (time versus amplitude) close to the linear regression trend lines of (A): C, C. sibillae sp. nov. at 23 °C perch temperature (with measured duration terms, Northern Apenninian metapopulation); D, C. sibillae sp. nov. at 28 °C (Western Alpine metapopulation); E, C. cerdaniensis s.str. at 23 °C (Eastern Pyrenees); F, C. cerdaniensis s.str. at 28 °C (Eastern Pyrenees).

Figure 9 in Songs, genetics, and morphology: revealing the taxonomic units in the European Cicadetta cerdaniensis cicada group, with a description of new taxa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Figure 9. Distribution map of the species of the Cicadetta cerdaniensis song group (15 × 15-km2 grid cells). Notes: cells recently checked in the framework of the Swiss and Italian projects of the first author without detection of a taxon of this group are brownish. The Cicadetta cantilatrix distribution range is not completely visible. Published records of Cicadetta cantilatrix by Sueur & Puissant (2007), Trilar & Holzinger (2004), Hertach (2007), Brua & Hugel (2008), Trilar & Gogala (2012), and Hertach & Nagel (2013).

Figure 11 in Songs, genetics, and morphology: revealing the taxonomic units in the European Cicadetta cerdaniensis cicada group, with a description of new taxa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Figure 11. Relative portions from the northern simpler to the southern more complex song patterns in phrase 3, including the southern Italian contact zones from Cicadetta sibillae sp. nov. to Cicadetta anapaistica lucana ssp. nov., and from Cicadetta anapaistica lucana ssp. nov. to Cicadetta anapaistica anapaistica. The size of the circles is in proportion to the phrases counted (nmax = 111, nmin = 5), with a maximum of ten per specimen. Sibi_norm (C. sibillae sp. nov., no variability), 100% single (ungrouped) echemes; luca_simp (simplified C. a. lucana ssp. nov.),>50% single (ungrouped) echemes, <50% grouped double short echemes; luca_norm (normal C. a. lucana ssp. nov.),>50% grouped double short echemes; luca_comp (complicated C. a. lucana ssp. nov.), more than two short echemes per group occurring; anap_simp (simplified C. a. anapaistica), <50% of groups with final longer faint echemes; anap_norm (normal C. a. anapaistica),>50% of groups with final longer faint echemes and double short echemes; anap_comp (complicated C. a. anapaistica),>50% of groups with more than two short echemes and final longer faint echemes. Note: all populations north of the illustrations have the typical C. sibillae sp. nov. pattern, without exception (orange).

Figure 6 in Songs, genetics, and morphology: revealing the taxonomic units in the European Cicadetta cerdaniensis cicada group, with a description of new taxa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Figure 6. Oscillograms (time versus amplitude) of typical calling songs in the Cicadetta cerdaniensis group (20-s sections of different phrases on the left, 2-s sections of phrase 2 on the right, with terms of variables): A, Cicadetta cantilatrix (phrases 2–1, Basel-Land, Switzerland); B, Cicadetta cerdaniensis s.str. (phrases 1–3–1–2, Eastern Pyrenees, France); C, Cicadetta sibillae sp. nov. (phrases 2–3–2, Tuscany, Italy); D, Cicadetta anapaistica lucana ssp. nov. (phrases 2– 3–2, Basilicata, Italy); E, Cicadetta anapaistica anapaistica (phrases 2–3–2, Calabria, Italy); F, Cicadetta brevipennis song pattern for comparison. Triangles indicating the beginning of the phrases: ▲, typically clear transitions, with phrase 3 involved; △, smooth transitions between phrases 1 and 2. For more details of phrase 3, see Figures 8C–F and 11.

Figure 5 in Songs, genetics, and morphology: revealing the taxonomic units in the European Cicadetta cerdaniensis cicada group, with a description of new taxa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Figure 5. Morphometry of Cicadetta sibillae sp. nov. and Cicadetta anapaistica: box plots of some significant but not diagnostic differences in sizes and ratios.

Figure 4. A in Songs, genetics, and morphology: revealing the taxonomic units in the European Cicadetta cerdaniensis cicada group, with a description of new taxa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Figure 4. A, Cicadetta sibillae sp. nov. type series with holotype specimen (above) and female paratype (below). B, Cicadetta anapaistica lucana ssp. nov. type series with holotype specimen (above), light morph paratype (centre), and female paratype (below). Basal junction of anal veins (red line) dark in C. sibillae sp. nov. (C, D) and light in Cicadetta cerdaniensis s.str. (E, F). Males of (D) C. sibillae sp. nov., (F) C. cerdaniensis s.str., and (H) C. a. lucana ssp. nov. in natural conditions. G, dorsofrontal view of head and pronotum in (dried) light morph paratype of C. a. lucana ssp. nov.

Figure 2 in Songs, genetics, and morphology: revealing the taxonomic units in the European Cicadetta cerdaniensis cicada group, with a description of new taxa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Figure 2. Chorological pattern of seven undetermined metapopulations in the Cicadetta cerdaniensis song group and distribution areas of described species in Southern Europe. Preliminary classifications with informal names according to qualitative song patterns. Map with locations of analysed data: G, genetics; M, morphology; s, some key variables of the song analysed; S, detailed song analyses (recordings between 23 °C and 28 °C perch temperature only).

Figure 3. Cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II in Songs, genetics, and morphology: revealing the taxonomic units in the European Cicadetta cerdaniensis cicada group, with a description of new taxa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Figure 3. Cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II (COI and COII) mitochondrial DNA concatenated phylogeny of the Cicadetta cerdaniensis song group. Maximum-likelihood (ML, GARLI) phylogenies are shown with ML branch lengths (box on the left) and ML bootstrap support. Nodes with less than 50% bootstrap support have been collapsed. Cicadetta fangoana was selected as the out-group taxon; taxa colours correspond to Figure 9. Specimen names include two-letter country codes followed by species or informal names (later in this study: 'cerdaniensis'-like = Cicadetta sibillae sp. nov., 'intermediate' = Cicadetta anapaistica lucana ssp. nov.). Specimen identification numbers are congruent with the type series for undescribed taxa. Cicadetta cantilatrix specimens originate from Switzerland, France, Poland, Slovenia, Macedonia, and Bulgaria. Type localities of Cicadetta cantilatrix, Cicadetta cerdaniensis, and Cicadetta anapaistica are included.

Figure 1 in Songs, genetics, and morphology: revealing the taxonomic units in the European Cicadetta cerdaniensis cicada group, with a description of new taxa (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Figure 1. Timbal movement types in the Cicadetta cerdaniensis song group demonstrated in oscillograms (time versus amplitude): A, alternating type, with four signals per syllable; B, synchronous, with two signals per syllable visible (or one timbal not active/destroyed); and C, halfsynchronous, with three signals of variable amplitude visible. Grey bars indicate the duration of one syllable (complete group of buckling inwards and restoration for both timbals).

opennotspecifiedJul 2015View details →

Figure 4 in Molecular phylogeny of the subterranean genus Niphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) in the Middle East: a comparison with European Niphargids

Figure 4. Species delimitation of Iranian Niphargus. BEAST tree as inferred from the COI, ITS, 28S and H3 gene sequences. Only a clade of 28 focal individuals is shown; the entire tree is given in Figure S1; posterior probabilities for nodes are indicated with circles. The time scale at the bottom has been obtained from an uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock using the calibration points of Hou et al. (2011) and McInerney et al. (2014). Species-candidates as a result of species delineation using bPTP, GMYC and qualitative morphological data are indicated in boxes to the right side. Speciescandidates that received support within the multilocus framework are indicated with circles. Same labels are used for species delineation and node support: pp = 0.90–0.94 (white circles), pp = 0.95–0.99 (grey circles), pp = 1.00 (black circles).

opennotspecifiedJul 2015View details →

Figure 1 in Molecular phylogeny of the subterranean genus Niphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) in the Middle East: a comparison with European Niphargids

Figure 1. Distribution of the genus Niphargus. The upper map is based on c. 10 000 records from the European Groundwater Crustacean Database (Zagmajster et al., 2014), and clearly indicates how unevenly the genus has been studied. The lower map shows the distribution map of the localities used in this study (Iran, Lebanon, Crimean Peninsula). The shaded areas show the hypothetical geographical range of two clades with representatives in Iran. Sampling localities and spatial distribution of two Niphargus clades in the Middle East, Crimean Peninsula and Transcaucasia are labelled as: 1, N. vadimi; 2, N. dimorphus; 3, N. tauricus; 4, Brolan Spring; 5, N. khwarizmi; 6, N. daniali; 7, Sohrevard Spring; 8, N. alisadri; 9, N. khayyami and new species from Ghori-Ghaleh Cave; 10, Sarab-e-Bisitun; 11, Nojivaran Spring; 12, Sarab-e-Niaz; 13, Razbashi Spring; 14, Sarab-e-Robat; 15, Shol-Abad Spring; 16, Ab-Rahmeh Spring; 17, Dimeh Spring; 18, Gholam-Abad Spring; 19, Sarab-e, Kanipahn; 20, Sarab-e-Moord; 21, Gahroo Spring; 22, Siah Spring; 23, Belqais Spring; 24, Tir-e-Bagh Spring; 25, Magharit Cave in Lebanon.

Figure 7 in Revision of the Triassic European turtles Proterochersis and Murrhardtia (Reptilia, Testudinata, Proterochersidae), with the description of new taxa from Poland and Germany

Figure 7. Proterochersis porebensis sp. nov., reconstruction of pelvis, based on ZPAL V.39/48 (holotype) and ZPAL V.39/49: A, dorsal view; B, outline of the contact between the pelvis and plastron (dotted) in dorsal view; C, lateral left view; D, lateral left view with lateral pubic process removed, showing the ventral pubic process contacting the plastron; E, dorsoposterior view; F, anterior view. Dorsal part of ilium and carapace removed for clarity in all except (C). Scale bar: 10 cm.

Figure 8 in Revision of the Triassic European turtles Proterochersis and Murrhardtia (Reptilia, Testudinata, Proterochersidae), with the description of new taxa from Poland and Germany

Figure 8. Proterochersis porebensis sp. nov., ZPAL V.39/48, right femur: A, G, ventral view; B, H, posterior view; C, I, dorsal view; D, J, anterior view; E, K, proximal view; F, L, distal view. Post-mortem breakage of the specimen and relative relocation of bone fragments resulted in torsion, increasing the angle at which the proximal head is set in relation to the shaft. Scale bar: 5 cm.

Figure 2 in Revision of the Triassic European turtles Proterochersis and Murrhardtia (Reptilia, Testudinata, Proterochersidae), with the description of new taxa from Poland and Germany

Figure 2. Proterochersis porebensis sp. nov., shell reconstruction: A, adult in dorsal view; B, posterior right quarter of the carapace in variant with 14 marginals (ZPAL V.39/49); C, juvenile in dorsal view; D, adult in ventral view; E, juvenile in ventral view; F, visceral view of the carapace with pelvis cut at ilial neck; G, visceral view of the plastron with dorsal processes of epiplastra and pelvis cut at base. A, B, D, F, and G based on ZPAL V.39/48 and ZPAL V.39.49; C and E modified from Sulej et al. (2012), based on ZPAL V.39/34. Scale bar: 20 cm.

Figure 1. Proterochersis robusta, SMNS 17561 in Revision of the Triassic European turtles Proterochersis and Murrhardtia (Reptilia, Testudinata, Proterochersidae), with the description of new taxa from Poland and Germany

Figure 1. Proterochersis robusta, SMNS 17561: A, C, shell in dorsal view; B, D, shell in ventral view. C, D, approximate extent of preserved bone in holotypes of Proterochersis robusta (hatched right upwards) and Proterochersis intermedia (hatched right downwards, shaded areas show approximate extent of plaster covering the dorsal surface of the specimen), and the characters noted by Karl & Tichy (2000) as diagnostic to Murrhardtia (light grey), are shown. Dark grey is matrix. Scale bar: 30 cm.

Figure 6 in Revision of the Triassic European turtles Proterochersis and Murrhardtia (Reptilia, Testudinata, Proterochersidae), with the description of new taxa from Poland and Germany

Figure 6. Proterochersis porebensis sp. nov., ZPAL V.39/49, pelvis: A, B, in anterior view; C, D, in posterior view.

Figure 5 in Revision of the Triassic European turtles Proterochersis and Murrhardtia (Reptilia, Testudinata, Proterochersidae), with the description of new taxa from Poland and Germany

Figure 5. Proterochersis porebensis sp. nov., holotype (ZPAL V.39/48), left scapulocoracoid: A, E, dorsal view; B, F, ventral view; C, G, lateral view; D, H, posteromedial view. Scale bar: 5 cm.

Figure 4 in Revision of the Triassic European turtles Proterochersis and Murrhardtia (Reptilia, Testudinata, Proterochersidae), with the description of new taxa from Poland and Germany

Figure 4. Proterochersis porebensis sp. nov.: A, B, carapace of holotype (ZPAL V.39/48) in ventral view; E, F, plastron of holotype (ZPAL V.39/48) in visceral view, with pelvis attached and caudal vertebra lying at its top; E, caudal end of the posterior process of entoplastron with lateral branches visible; F, G, ZPAL V.39/370 in anterior view, showing a cross section through the carapace and the first sacral vertebra with a visible osseous contact between these elements; H, I, cranial margin of plastron in anterior view. Scale bar: A–D, 30 cm; E–I, not drawn to scale.