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Fig. 29 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 29. Neomyzus circumflexus (Buckton, 1876). Aptera. (from Dransfield & Brightwell 2015, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0, downloaded 30 Jun. 2015).

Fig. 24. Aphis beccabungae Koch, 1855 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 24. Aphis beccabungae Koch, 1855. Apt. and juv. on Galeopsis speciosa. A. beccabungae is very similar to A. gossypii Glover, 1877.

Fig. 27 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 27. Sitobion avenae (Fabricius, 1775). Apterae and juveniles on A. Dactylis glomerata and B. Elytrigia repens.

Fig. 19 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 19. Gootiella, Pachypappa and Pachypappella. Apt. alienicolae (born on secondary host). A–B. Spinal wax gland on abd. terg. 6 of Pachypappa populi (Linnaeus, 1758) (A) and P. vesicalis Koch, 1856 (B). C. Hind leg of Gootiella tremulae Tullgren, 1925. D–G. Hind tibia and tarsus of Pachypapella lactea (Tullgren, 1909) (D), Pachypappa tremulae Tullgren, 1925 (E), P. populi (Linnaeus, 1758) (F) and P. vesicalis Koch, 1856 (G). A–B and D–G after Carter & Danielsson 1991, C after Danielsson 1990b. All modified.

Fig. 21 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 21. Prociphilus xylostei (deGeer, 1773). A–B. Apt. on mycorrhizal Picea abies roots under Pleurozium schreberi.

Fig. 20 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 20. Pachypappa populi (Linnaeus, 1758). Apt. from mycorrhizal Picea abies root in the moor layer of a shady spruce forest.

Fig. 22 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 22. Prociphilus pini (Burmeister, 1835). A. Colony on thin Pinus sylvestris root in the moor layer of a pine forest on rock. B–C. Apt. from Polytrichum commune sample.

Fig. 14 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 14. Muscaphis cuspidata (Stroyan, 1955). A–B. Apt. on Brachythecium rivulare. C. Ovip on Brachythecium rivulare.

Fig. 9 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 9. Pseudacaudella rubida (Börner, 1939). A. Apt. and juv. from Hylocomium splendens sample (grid 1 mm). B. Apt. and C. hibernating juv. on Pleurozium schreberi. D–E. Hibernating juv on Calliergon cordifolium.

Fig. 11. Jacksonia papillata Theobald, 1923 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 11. Jacksonia papillata Theobald, 1923. Aptera (photo Roger Blackman, from Blackman 2010, with license from The Royal Entomological Society).

Fig. 7 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 7. Decorosiphon corynothrix Börner, 1939. A. Apt. and juv. in Polytrichum commune sample. B. Apt. on Sphagnum magellanicum (with interpersed Polytrichum strictum). C. Apt. juv. on Polytrichum commune. D. Apt. juv. on S. magellanicum, showing rupture line.

Fig. 4 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 4. Dioecious one-year holocycle accompanied by a continuous anholocycle on the secondary host, e.g., Pachypappella lactea (leaf galls on aspen, Populus tremula; roots of spruce, Picea abies) or Tetraneura ulmi (leaf galls on elm, Ulmus; subterraneous parts of grasses, Poaceae). Zones as in Fig. 3. In some years the Finnish populations on the primary hosts (for P. lactea in South Finland) may be more or less absent, and their existence is dependent on the populations on the secondary hosts.

Fig. 5 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 5. Dioecious two-year holocycle in Adelgidae, e.g., Adelges laricis (shoot galls on spruce, Picea; needles of larch, Larix). All females oviparous. The fundatrix (hatched from a fertilized egg) overwinters as a larva, and induces the formation of a pineapple-like gall on the primary host. All her offspring are alate (gallicolae) and migrate to the secondary host, where they lay eggs on the needles. The aphids hatching move to the twigs where they hibernate as young larvae (the 'neosistens' stage). In spring they move back to the needles and become adults (sistentes). Their offspring are either alate sexuparae and migrate to spruce, or apterous 'progredientes'. In autumn the sexuparae fly to spruce and lay eggs which become sexual females and males, which mate. The females then lay eggs out of which new fundatrices hatch.

Fig. 3 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 3. Dioecious one-year holocycle (Rhopalosiphum padi). The inner zone represents the primary host (bird cherry, Prunus padus and allies), the outer zone the secondary (usually graminoids). The fundatrix gives birth to apterae, which in turn give birth to alatae, most of which migrate to the secondary hosts. In autumn males and gynoparae (viviparae giving birth to oviparae) migrate to the primary host, where mating and egg-laying take place. A small fraction of the viviparae may remain on the primary host

Fig. 2 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 2. Monoecious one-year life cycles. In the outer zone an ordinary monoecious holocycle in Aphididae. The fertilized egg overwinters and in spring the first viviparous parhenogenetic generation, the fundatrix (stem-mother) hatches. Upon the fundatrix follows a variable number of viviparous females (viviparae), apterous and/or alate. In autumn (sometimes earlier) sexuparae are born and in turn give birth to oviparous (sexual) females (ovipara) and males, which mate, and the oviparae lay eggs. The inner zone shows an anholocycle, with only parthenogenetic females (viviparous in Aphididae, oviparous in Adelgidae).

Fig. 6 in Community Structure and Undescribed Species Diversity in Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps Associated with the Strangler Fig Ficus petiolaris

Fig. 6. Phenotypic variation among the four species represented by the first two coordinate axes of a principal component analysis.Twelve morphological characters were analyzed (Table 3). A Mantel test of the multivariate morphological differences among species was highly significant (P <0.0001). In addition, LO1 shows further differentiation based on geography, with distinct clusters recovered for both Baja and Sonora samples.

Fig. 5. Bayesian skyline plots for three Idarnes species. X in Community Structure and Undescribed Species Diversity in Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps Associated with the Strangler Fig Ficus petiolaris

Fig. 5. Bayesian skyline plots for three Idarnes species. X-axes are in units of mutations per site, while y-axes are in units of effective population size scaled by mutation rate. LO1 shows sharp growth in population size, whereas SO1 and SO2 show a similar pattern of consistent population size through time with minimal growth. LO2 was not included as it contains two cryptic species reducing sample sizes too low for analysis.

Fig. 2. A in Community Structure and Undescribed Species Diversity in Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps Associated with the Strangler Fig Ficus petiolaris

Fig. 2. A habitus drawing of an Idarnes wasp. The drawing represents a wasp from the LO1 species associated with host Ficus petiolaris. Illustrated are the 12 morphological characters measured for analysis.The characters are as follows: 1) presence of antennal setulae, 2) number of antennal segments, 3) scape length, 4) scape color (amber vs dark), 5) head width, 6) inter-antennal distance, 7) facial width, 8) collar length, 9) stigmal vein length, 10) femur color (amber vs dark), 11) body length, and 12) ovipositor length.

Fig. 3 in Community Structure and Undescribed Species Diversity in Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps Associated with the Strangler Fig Ficus petiolaris

Fig. 3. Maximum-clade credibility tree for Idarnes mtDNA sequences from wasps associated with Ficus petiolaris. Four distinct clades (LO1, SO1, LO2, SO2) each with a posterior probability of 1.0 were recovered.There is little information in the data as to how these four clades are related. Posterior probabilities ≥0.50 are presented.Taxon names are composed of clade name, locality number, and internal lab numbers. In addition, LO1 sequences show phylogeographic structure, with sequences primarily clustering based on if sampled from Baja California (BC) or Sonora (S). One sequence (denoted with black box) is an exception, where the wasp was sampled from Sonora (locale 12; see Fig. 1) yet clusters with Baja California sequences.