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Fig. 1 in Fossil vesicomyid bivalves from Miocene hydrocarbon seep sites, North Island, New Zealand

Fig. 1. Geological setting of the Miocene seep sites and fossil localities. A. Boundary between the Australian and Pacific Plates, position of the Hikurangi subduction zone (HSZ) and arc volcanoes of the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ); M, Marlborough. B. Overview of the geology of the East Coast centered around Hawke's Bay, North Island, New Zealand, showing locations of known Miocene hydrocarbon seep sites (numbered circles). 1–11 = northern sites: 1 , Waiapu; 2, Waipiro; 3, Karikarihuata; 4, Bexhaven; 5, Tauwharepare; 6, Puketawa; 7, Totaranui; 8, Moonlight North; 9, Rocky Knob; 10, Waikairo; 11, Turihaua. 12–16 = southern sites: 12, Wanstead; 13, Ugly Hill; 14, Haunui; 15, Ngawaka; 16, Wilder. The fossil vesicomyids described in this study are from fossil seep locations 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, and 14. C. Cross-section (modified from Barnes 2010) showing transpressive subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Australian Plate, and relationships of tectonic elements of the northern New Zealand plate margin (see Campbell et al. 2008 and Barnes et al. 2010 for further details on geologic context).

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Fig. 3 in Ontogeny and autecology of an Early Cretaceous trigoniide bivalve from Neuquén Basin, Argentina

Fig. 3. Landmarks and semilandmarks used on geometric morphometric analyses; black dots, landmarks; grey dots, semilandmarks; white dots, helper points. A. Landmarks and semilandmarks used for the general shell shape analyses; 1, landmark 1, the umbo; 2, landmark 2, intersection between the escutcheon carina and the posterior margin; 3, landmark 3, intersection between the marginal carina and the posterior margin. B. Landmarks and semilandmarks used for the costae shape analysis.

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Fig. 5. Modern vesicomyids from the Hikurangi Margin. A, D in Fossil vesicomyid bivalves from Miocene hydrocarbon seep sites, North Island, New Zealand

Fig. 5. Modern vesicomyids from the Hikurangi Margin. A, D. Calyptogena sp. A. UOA L4610; right valve external (A 1) and internal (A 2) views. D. UOA L4611; external views of right (D 1) and left (D 2) valves. B, C. Archivesica sp. B. UOA L4608; left valve hinge. C. UOA L4609; left valve external (C 1) and internal (C 2) views.

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Fig. 2 in Ontogeny and autecology of an Early Cretaceous trigoniide bivalve from Neuquén Basin, Argentina

Fig. 2. Location map of Neuquén Basin for the late Valanginian–Hauterivian according to Legarreta and Uliana (1991), and of the localities of Cerro Mesa and Bajada del Agrio in Neuquén Province, Argentina.

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Fig. 3 in Fossil vesicomyid bivalves from Miocene hydrocarbon seep sites, North Island, New Zealand

Fig. 3. Hinge of vesicomyid bivalve Notocalyptogena neozelandica gen. et sp. nov. from Ugly Hill (U23/f267 for A, B, D; U23/f266 for C), Early Miocene. Left (A, C) and right (B, D) valve hinge. A. UOA L4606. B. UOA L4605. C. UOA L4596, paratype. D. UOA L4593, paratype.

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Fig. 7. Bivalved arthropod Isoxys longissimus Simonetta and Delle Cave 1975 in Soft-part preservation in two species of the arthropod Isoxys from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada

Fig. 7. Bivalved arthropod Isoxys longissimus Simonetta and Delle Cave 1975. Burgess Shale Formation, middle Cambrian, near Field, British Columbia, Canada (see Fig. 1), general morphology. A. USNM 18170, holotype. B. ROM 57910A. C. ROM 57911A. D. ROM 57909A. E. ROM 57908A, B; E1, part of slightly oblique specimen with soft−body preservation, including large eye, telson and some possible exopods; E2, counterpart; E3, line drawing of specimen. F. ROM 57919A. All laterally compressed specimens. A, low angle light from top left; B–F, polarized light.

Fig. 9 in Phylogeny and biogeography of pholadid bivalve Barnea (Anchomasa) with considerations on the phylogeny of Pholadoidea

Fig. 9. Cladistic analysis of pholadoidean bivalve Barnea (Anchomasa) Leach, 1852 obtained by processing the matrix in Appendix 4. Exhaustive search with constraints enforcing the relationships among the outgroup taxa in order to reproduce the distribution of the supraspecific characters and the topology of the cladogram in Fig. 3. Strict consensus of three most parsimonious cladograms (L 21, CI 0.62, RI 0.74, RC 0.46). Unsupported nodes collapsed. See text for the definition of the cladistic parameters. Symbols as in Fig. 3.

Fig. 8 in Phylogeny and biogeography of pholadid bivalve Barnea (Anchomasa) with considerations on the phylogeny of Pholadoidea

Fig. 8. Present−day geographical distribution of pholadoidean bivalve Barnea (Anchomasa) Leach, 1852. See text for sources. A. Barnea (Anchomasa) alfredensis (Bartsch, 1915). D. Barnea (Anchomasa) davidi (Deshayes, 1874). E. Barnea (Anchomasa) erythraea (Gray, 1851). L. Barnea (Anchomasa) lamellosa (d'Orbigny, 1846). M. Barnea (Anchomasa) manilensis (Philippi, 1847). O. Barnea (Anchomasa) obturamentum (Hedley, 1893). P. Barnea (Anchomasa) parva (Pennant, 1777). S. Barnea (Anchomasa) similis (Gray, 1835). St. Barnea (Anchomasa) subtruncata (Sowerby, 1834). T. Barnea (Anchomasa) truncata (Say, 1822).

Fig. 7 in Phylogeny and biogeography of pholadid bivalve Barnea (Anchomasa) with considerations on the phylogeny of Pholadoidea

Fig. 7. Palaeogeographical distribution of pholadoidean bivalve Barnea (Anchomasa) Leach, 1852 during the middle Miocene. Map redrawn from Rögl (1998), Langhian. See text for sources.

Fig. 6 in Phylogeny and biogeography of pholadid bivalve Barnea (Anchomasa) with considerations on the phylogeny of Pholadoidea

Fig. 6. Fossil species of pholadoidean bivalve Barnea (Anchomasa) Leach, 1852 belonging to the European stock. A. Barnea (Anchomasa) palmula (Dujardin, 1837), from Dolfuss and Dautzenberg (1902: 58, pl. 1: 18–21), Langhian, Touraine, France. B. Barnea (Anchomasa) dumortieri (Fischer, 1866), from Fischer (1866: pl. 4: 3, 3a), middle Miocene, Rhone basin, France. C, D. Barnea (Anchomasa) parva (Pennant, 1777). C. From Janssen et al. (1984: pl. 91: 228a, b), Middle Pliocene, Netherlands. D. From Monari (2008: figs. 3a, b), Pleistocene, southern Tuscany, Italy. E. Barnea (Anchomasa) cylindrica (Sowerby, 1818), from Wood (1850: 295, pl. 30: 8a, b), Late Pliocene, England. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 5 in Phylogeny and biogeography of pholadid bivalve Barnea (Anchomasa) with considerations on the phylogeny of Pholadoidea

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic reconstruction of Pholadoidea and most significant state changes proposed by Hoagland and Turner (1981: tab. 11, text−fig. 5).

Fig. 4 in Phylogeny and biogeography of pholadid bivalve Barnea (Anchomasa) with considerations on the phylogeny of Pholadoidea

Fig. 4. Detail of the selected cladogram showing the relationships and state changes among the genera and subgenera of the Pholadinae clade. Symbols as in Fig. 3.

Fig. 2 in Phylogeny and biogeography of pholadid bivalve Barnea (Anchomasa) with considerations on the phylogeny of Pholadoidea

Fig. 2. Phylogeny of Pholadoidea. A. Strict consensus tree obtained by heuristic search with unordered and equally weighted characters. B. Strict consensus of 173 most parsimonious cladograms retained by successive approximation weighting.

Fig. 3 in Phylogeny and biogeography of pholadid bivalve Barnea (Anchomasa) with considerations on the phylogeny of Pholadoidea

Fig. 3. Phylogeny of Pholadoidea. Most parsimonious tree corresponding to the 50% Majority Rule consensus tree obtained by successive approximation weighting. L 96. Indices under unitary weight conditions: CI 0.54, RI 0.85, RC 0.46. Indices under reweight conditions: CI 0.78, RI 0.94, RC 0.74. Abbreviations: L, length; CI, consistency index; RI, retention index; RC, rescaled consistency index. Numbers in bold indicate the Majority Rule values and, in brackets, the bootstrap support values of the individual nodes. Only bootstrap values higher than 40% are shown. Numbers in smaller type represent the most significant state changes at the respective nodes. Exclusive synapomorphies are in bold. Unambiguous not−exclusive synapomorphies are in normal type. Abbreviations A and D mark the ambiguous changes of character states under ACCTRAN and DELTRAN optimisations, respectively. For changes of character states in the Pholadinae clade see Fig. 4. The classification of Pholadoidea in Turner (1969) is shown besides the tree by comparison.

Fig. 7 in Bivalves from Cretaceous cold-seep deposits on Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 7. Lucinidae from Cretaceous seep carbonates on Hokkaido, Japan. A, B. Nipponothracia yezoensis Kanie and Kuramochi, 1996 (Lucinidae) from the Cenomanian Kanajirisawa seep site on Hokkaido, Japan. A. Silicified specimen (UMUT MM 29541) showing the broad ligament (A1) and the edentulous hinge (A2). B. Internal mold (UMUT MM 29542) showing internal features, right and left valves (B1, B2), anterior part showing the elongate muscle scar (B3, arrow), posterior part with muscle scar and pallial line (B4). C. Nipponothracia ponbetsensis Kanie and Sakai, 1997, from the Albian Ponbetsu site in Mikasa City; specimen (UMUT MM 29543) showing the radial internal ribs (arrow). D, E. Indetermined lucinid from the Cenomanian Kanajirisawa seep site. D. Large specimen (UMUT MM 29544) with nearly circular outline. E. Internal mold (UMUT MM 29545) showing faint radial sculpture, arrow indicates impression of lateral tooth.

Fig. 8 in Bivalves from Cretaceous cold-seep deposits on Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 8. Geologic ranges of bivalve genera at Japanese seep deposits discussed herein. Dashed lines indicate range extensions outside Japan; *chemosymbiosis uncertain; **non−chemosymbiotic; ***chemosymbiosis only in some species, especially larger ones.

Fig. 6. Outline drawings showing internal features. A in Bivalves from Cretaceous cold-seep deposits on Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 6. Outline drawings showing internal features. A. Thyasira tanabei sp. nov. B. Nipponothracia yezoensis (Kanie and Kuramochi, 1996). Not to scale.

Fig. 5 in Bivalves from Cretaceous cold-seep deposits on Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 5. Thyasira spp. from Cretaceous cold seep deposits on Hokkaido, Japan. A–G. Thyasira tanabei sp. nov. A. Holotype (UMUT MM 29533) from the Campanian Yasukawa site. B. Paratype (UMUT MM 29534) from the Cenomanian Kanajirisawa site. C. Paratype (UMUT MM 29535) from the Campanian Yasukawa site; lateral view on right valve (C1), oblique view on right valve, showing posterior sulcus (C2), and dorsal view (C3). D. Paratype (UMUT MM 29536) from the Campanian Omagari site. E. Paratype (UMUT MM 29537) from the Campanian Yasukawa site showing the hinge. F. Small specimen (UMUT MM 29538) from the Campanian Yasukawa site. G. Paratype (UMUT MM 29539) from the Albian Ponbetsu site. H. Thyasira sp. (UMUT MM 29540) from the Cenomanian Kanajirisawa site; lateral view on right valve (H1), oblique view on right valve showing posterior sulcus (H2), and dorsal view (H3).

Fig. 4 in Bivalves from Cretaceous cold-seep deposits on Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 4. Acila (Truncacila) from the Campanian Yasukawa seep site on Hokkaido, Japan. A. Acila (Truncacila) hokkaidoensis Nagao, 1932 (UMUT MM 29531), lateral view on left valve (A1) and dorsal view (A2). B. Acila (Truncacila) himenourensis Tashiro, 1985 (UMUT MM 29532), lateral view on right valve (B1), dorsal view showing escutcheon (B2), and dorsal view showing lunule (B3).

Fig. 3 in Bivalves from Cretaceous cold-seep deposits on Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 3. The protobranch bivalve Nucinella gigantea Amano, Jenkins, and Hikida, 2007 from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) seep carbonate at Kanajirisawa, Obira town, Hokkaido. A. Specimen (UMUT MM 29527) with drill hole and a healed shell injury. B. Articulated specimen (UMUT MM 29528) in dorsal view (B1) and right valve showing radial internal striations (B2). C. Hinge of right valve (UMUT MM 29529). D. Hinge of left valve (UMUT MM 29530).