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opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

Fig. 1 in Double trouble: Co-infection of Angiostrongylus vasorum and Dirofilaria immitis in golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy

Fig. 1. Georeferencing of recovery sites of golden jackal infected by A. vasorum (red dots), D. immitis (yellow dots) and co-infections (black dots) in the period between 2020 and 2023 in FVG region.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Fig. 2. A in Macro-parasites and micro-parasites co-exist in rodent communities but are associated with different community-level parameters

Fig. 2. A histogram of the counts of individual rodents that were uninfected or infected with B. burgdorferi sensu lato with certain macro-parasite infections. The types of infection were: no tick or helminth burden on an individual rodent (No macro-parasite), helminth burden only (Helminth Only), tick burden only (Tick Only), or both ticks and helminths were found on individual rodent (Tick & Helminth). The colors denote for N. fuscipes (blue) and Peromyscus species (yellow). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Fig. 1. A in Macro-parasites and micro-parasites co-exist in rodent communities but are associated with different community-level parameters

Fig. 1. A boxplot of the mean macro-parasite burden across N. fuscipes and Peromyscus species. The log of helminth (left panel) and tick (right panel) counts on individual rodents were used for visualization purposes.

Fig. 3 in The threat of pesticide and disease co-exposure to managed and wild bee larvae

Fig. 3. Pesticide research bias across bee genera depending on pesticide type based on Web of Science searches. The number of studies per search term is indicated for each genus with at least 10 studies across search terms; Understudied is a cumulative group including genera which contain less than 10 studies; Unexplored is a cumulative group including genera which have no published papers for any pesticide exposure category. Warmer colours are used to indicate a higher number of studies related to a genus for the corresponding pesticide search term, while colder colours indicate a lower number of studies found. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in The threat of pesticide and disease co-exposure to managed and wild bee larvae

Fig. 4. Brood pathogens studies per bee genera found from Web of Science searches using search terms "brood disease", "brood pathogen", "brood virus", "larvae disease", "larvae pathogen" and "larvae virus" across bee genera. Red squares indicate that a pathogen on the x-axis has been found to infect at least one species in the bee genus corresponding to its position in the phylogeny shown on the y-axis; yellow squares indicate that the pathogen on the x-axis has been found in individuals from at least one species in the genus on the y-axis but no symptoms were reported in the studies; dark grey squares indicate that the pathogen on the x-axis has been tested for in at least one species in the genus corresponding on the yaxis, however has not been found; white squares indicate that the searches found no studies where any bee species of the genus on the y-axis were tested for in the corresponding pathogens on the x-axis. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in The threat of pesticide and disease co-exposure to managed and wild bee larvae

Fig. 2. Proportion of results per search term across bee genera on the Web of Science search engine (n = the total number of studies corresponding to each search term). Search terms related to brood disease (A) and pesticide exposure (B) are both compared to species diversity at the genus level. Genera with less than 5 studies in any brood disease search term (A) and less than 10 studies across any pesticide exposure search term (B) have been classified as 'Understudied' (brown) and grouped. Genera with no studies related to any brood disease search term (A) and no studies related to any pesticide exposure search term (B) have been classified as 'Unexplored' (grey) and grouped. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 1 in The threat of pesticide and disease co-exposure to managed and wild bee larvae

Fig. 1. Flowers contaminated with brood pathogens and pesticides can lead to simultaneous exposure to pesticides and brood pathogens from flowers in adult foraging bees (A). This leads to brood being co-exposed to the stressors via food provisioning (B). Pesticides may increase larval mortality from brood infections directly through compromised immunocompetence (C), and/or indirectly through manipulating microbial communities and compromising food provisions from adult bees (D) (Icons8, 2022).

Fig. 4 in Co-infection of Echinococcus equinus and Echinococcus canadensis (G6/7) in a gray wolf in Turkey: First report and genetic variability of the isolates

Fig. 4. The haplotype network for the mt-CO1 gene (815 bp) of E. canadensis (G6/7). The size of the circles is proportional to the frequency of each haplotype. The number of mutations separating haplotypes is indicated by dash marks. The host diversity of haplotypes is shown in different colors. Hap: Haplotype.

Fig. 2 in Co-infection of Echinococcus equinus and Echinococcus canadensis (G6/7) in a gray wolf in Turkey: First report and genetic variability of the isolates

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree of Echinococcus granulosus s.l. isolates generated using mt-CO1 gene sequences (815 bp). The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Maximum Likelihood method and TN93 + G model. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA X. For each reference sequence, the GenBank accession number and species name are listed below: MN787562 (E. equinus), KY766905 (E. equinus), KP161210 (E. equinus) AB786665 (E. equinus) AF346403 (E. equinus), KX010854 (E. canadensis) MK321260 (E. canadensis) KX010856 (E. canadensis), AB893263 (E. canadensis), AB777923 (E. canadensis), MK165232 (E. ortleppi), MT072979 (E. granulosus s.s.), NC_044548 (E. granulosus s.s.), MG672293 (E. granulosus s.s.), KT001423 (E. multilocularis), AY684274 (T. saginata). ■: E. canadensis (G6/7) isolates; ▴: E. equinus isolates.

Fig. 7 in Parasite diversity and community structure of translocated Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) in South Africa: Testing co-introduction, parasite spillback and enemy release hypotheses

Fig. 7. Non-metric Multi-dimensional Scaling (nMDS) scatter plot explaining the diversity and abundance of the parasite infracommunities of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) from Gariep Dam (GD), Great Fish River (GFR) and Riviersonderend River (RSE) in South Africa. The ordination illustrates the similarity between parasite infracommunities, with a Pearson's correlation vector overlay showing parasitic taxa with a correlation>0.1. Similarity levels (15, 30) were selected based on the hierarchical cluster analyses (Resemblance = 50) of Bray Curtis coefficients.

Fig. 6 in Parasite diversity and community structure of translocated Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) in South Africa: Testing co-introduction, parasite spillback and enemy release hypotheses

Fig. 6. Parasite infracommunity composition of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) from Gariep Dam (GD), Great Fish River (GFR) and Riviersonderend River (RSE). A – abundance (N); B – species richness (S); C – Brillouin's diversity index (DB); D – Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′); E – Simpson diversity index (D) and F – Pielou's evenness index (J′). The mean and 95% confidence interval of each index is presented. Significant differences are considered as p <0.05 and denoted with an asterisk (*) in a table for each index.

Fig. 3 in Co-infection of Echinococcus equinus and Echinococcus canadensis (G6/7) in a gray wolf in Turkey: First report and genetic variability of the isolates

Fig. 3. The haplotype network for the mt-CO1 gene (815 bp) of E. equinus. The size of the circles is proportional to the frequency of each haplotype. The number of mutations separating haplotypes is indicated by dash marks. The host diversity of haplotypes is shown in different colors. Hap: Haplotype.

Fig. 5 in Parasite diversity and community structure of translocated Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) in South Africa: Testing co-introduction, parasite spillback and enemy release hypotheses

Fig. 5. Photomicrographs of A – Paracamallanus sp. and Argulus japonicus Thiele, 1900, B – dorsal view and C – ventral view. Scale bars: 20 μm (A); 1000 μm (A, B).

Fig. 4 in Parasite diversity and community structure of translocated Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) in South Africa: Testing co-introduction, parasite spillback and enemy release hypotheses

Fig. 4. Photomicrographs of Orientocreadium batrachoides Tubangui, 1831 (A – D) from the intestine and Tylodelphys mashonensis Beverley-Burton, 1963 (E – H) from the cranial cavity of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) during the present study. White arrows indicate structures of taxonomic relevance. Abbreviations: Gp – genital pore, OS – oral sucker, Ph – pharynx, Ps – pseudosuckers, Vs – ventral sucker. Scale bars: 50 μm (F–H); 100 μm (B–D, E); 500 μm (A).

Fig. 2 in Parasite diversity and community structure of translocated Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) in South Africa: Testing co-introduction, parasite spillback and enemy release hypotheses

Fig. 2. Map depicting the distribution of A. the Asian tapeworm, Schyzocotyle acheilognathi (Yamaguti, 1934) and B. the branchiuran fish lice, Argulus japonicus Thiele, 1900 from freshwater fishes in South Africa. Dark grey shading indicates provinces where freshwater fish parasitological research has been conducted more frequently.

Fig. 3 in Parasite diversity and community structure of translocated Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) in South Africa: Testing co-introduction, parasite spillback and enemy release hypotheses

Fig. 3. Photomicrographs of Monogenea found from the gills of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) during the present study. A, B – Quadriacanthus aegypticus ElNaggar et Serag, 1985; C, D – Quadriacanthus allobychowskiella Paperna, 1979; E, F – Quadriacanthus clariadis Paperna, 1961; G, H – Quadriacanthus fornicatus Francov´a et ˇRehulkov´a, 2017; I – Quadriacanthus pravus Francov´a et ˇRehulkova´, 2017. Black arrows indicate structures of taxonomic relevance. Hamuli (A, C, E, G, I); male copulatory organ with accessory piece (B, D, F, H). Scale bars: 10 μm (B, D, F, H); 20 μm (I); 25 μm (A, C, E, G).

Fig. 1 in Parasite diversity and community structure of translocated Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) in South Africa: Testing co-introduction, parasite spillback and enemy release hypotheses

Fig. 1. Map indicating the localities where Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) were collected during the present study. The orange overlay indicates the translocated distribution of C. gariepinus in South Africa. Dark grey shading represents provinces where freshwater fish parasitological research has been conducted more frequently. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Fig. 3 in Ranavirus and helminth parasite co-infection in invasive American bullfrogs in the Atlantic forest, Brazil

Fig. 3. (a) The negative relationship between log-transformed Nematoda abundance and Ranavirus load (copies-ng; P <0.05). Points represent individuals that tested positive for Ranavirus infection with viral load assay data (N = 12). The nematode abundances in Ranavirus-negative individuals are shown on the x-axis. (b) The relationship between log-transformed total macroparasite abundance and bullfrog snout-vent length (cm) and Ranavirus infection status with fitted regression lines (P <0.001). Data represent individuals from sites that had at least one Ranavirus infection (4 sites, N = 35).

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Fig. 2 in Ranavirus and helminth parasite co-infection in invasive American bullfrogs in the Atlantic forest, Brazil

Fig. 2. (a) Observed occurrence matrix of presence (red cells) and absence (white cells) of Ranavirus and helminth taxa (6 rows) infection in individual bullfrogs (Aquarana catesbeiana; 65 columns). (b) Simulated occurrence matrix (65 columns, one null matrix out of 1000 simulations). (c) Distribution of simulated cooccurrence metric (blue histogram bars; 1000 null matrices). Vertical red line = observed co-occurrence metric. Dashed vertical lines = 95% and 99% confidence intervals. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)