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Fig. 4 in Brief morphological description of stichotrichid ciliates (Ciliophora: Stichotrichia) from Korea

Fig. 4. Photomicrographs of Paragonostomoides xianicum from life (A, B) and after protargol impregnation (C, D). (A-B) Ventral views. (C) Cortical granules. (D) Ventral view. Scale bars = 50 μm.

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Fig. 6 in Brief morphological description of stichotrichid ciliates (Ciliophora: Stichotrichia) from Korea

Fig. 6. Photomicrographs of Monomicrocaryon crassicirratum from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B-D). (A-B) Ventral views. (C) Arrow indicates micronuclei. (D) Dorsal view. Scale bars = 50 μm.

Fig. 16 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 16. Alignment of variable positions of the 18S rRNA gene of five astome ciliates isolated from the lumbricid earthworms. Boxes mark 25 nucleotide positions in which M. lumbrici (Dujardin, 1841) differs from M. varians (de Puytorac, 1954). The comparison with three outgroup species of Anoplophrya Stein, 1860 indicates that 19 out of the 25 variable nucleotide positions of M. lumrici are either plesiomorphies or possibly homoplasies.

Fig. 7 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 7. Metaradiophrya varians (de Puytorac, 1954), Slovak specimens in vivo. A, D. Ventral view of representative specimens, showing the typical body shape, localization of the fibrillar hook, the long rodlike macronucleus and two staggered rows of contractile vacuoles (arrowheads). B. Detail of the anterior body portion, showing the fibrillar hook and its associated fibers. There are 5 or 6 fibers attached to the upper right side of the longer arm, on average 26 (22–29) fibers to the ventral side of the longer arm and 11 or 12 fibers to the left side of the shorter arm. Arrowheads mark the subapical suture extending from the right body margin over the fibrillar hook towards the left body margin. C. Dorsal view, showing the somatic kineties. The ciliary rows are narrowly arranged and are composed of very densely spaced basal bodies (left inset). E. Ventral view, showing a late divider. Scale bars: A, C–E = 50 µm; B = 20 µm.

Fig. 2 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 2. Metaradiophrya lumbrici (Dujardin, 1841), Slovak specimens in vivo. A. Semi-schematic diagram of the ventral side, showing the fibrillar hook as well as the contractile vacuole and the somatic ciliary pattern. Arrowheads mark the subapical suture extending from the right body margin over the hook towards the left body margin. B. Detail of the anterior body portion, showing the fibrillar hook and its associated fibers. There are on average 6 (5–7) fibers attached to the upper right side of the longer arm, on average 33 (30–37) fibers to the ventral side of the longer arm and on average 11 (8–13) fibers to the left side of the shorter arm. C. Shape variants of fibrillar hooks. The hook is composed of two unequally long arms: the longer arm is flat and 25–35 µm long, while the shorter arm appears slightly more robust at the base and is 8–13 µm long. D–E. Lateral somatic kineties form a right and a left subterminal suture in the posterior body region. F. Ventral view, showing the general body organization. G. The cytoplasm contains innumerable granules being ca 0.4 µm across and rod-like bacteria being about 3–15 µm long. Scale bars: A, F = 50 µm; B = 10 µm.

Fig. 1 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 1. Map of Slovakia showing the localization of six collection sites (marked by black dots). A schematized outline of Bratislava City is depicted left of the map of Slovakia. Rectangles A and B indicate the two Bratislava study areas, whose details are shown in panels (A) and (B) under the map of Slovakia. For locality codes and further details, see Table 1.

Fig. 6 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 6. Metaradiophrya varians (de Puytorac, 1954), Slovak specimens in vivo. A. Semi-schematic diagram of the ventral side, showing the localization of fibrillar hook, the arrangement of contractile vacuoles and the somatic ciliary pattern. Arrowheads mark the subapical suture extending from the right body margin over the fibrillar hook towards the left body margin. B. Detail of the anterior body portion, showing the fibrillar hook and its associated fibers. There are 5 or 6 fibers attached to the upper right side of the longer arm, on average 26 (22–29) fibers to the ventral side of the longer arm and 11 or 12 fibers to the left side of the shorter arm. C. Shape variants of fibrillar hooks. The longer arm of the hook measures on average 30 µm, while the shorter arm only 11 µm. D–E. The macronucleus is rodlike and accompanied by an elliptical micronucleus. F–I. Variability of body shape and size as well as of the contractile vacuole and nuclear apparatus. There are two staggered rows of contractile vacuoles arranged along the left and right side of the macronucleus. Drawn to scale. J. Ventral view, showing a late divider. Scale bars: A, F–J = 50 µm; B = 20 µm.

Fig. 3 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 3. Metaradiophrya lumbrici (Dujardin, 1841), Slovak specimens in vivo. A. Detail of the anterior body portion, showing the fibrillar hook and its associated fibers. There are on average 6 (5–7) fibers attached to the upper right side of the longer arm, on average 33 (30–37) fibers to the ventral side of the longer arm and on average 11 (8–13) fibers to the left side of the shorter arm. Arrowheads mark the subapical suture extending from the right body margin over the fibrillar hook towards the left body margin. B, F–M. Variability of body shape and size as well as of the contractile vacuole and nuclear apparatus. Drawn to scale. C–E. The macronucleus is rod-like and its surface is smooth or with some indistinct irregularities. However, many small vesicules appear in its vicinity in dying cells. The micronucleus is elliptical and typically situated close to the mid-portion of the macronucleus. Scale bars: A = 20 µm; B, F–M = 100 µm.

Fig. 4 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 4. Metaradiophrya lumbrici (Dujardin, 1841), Slovak specimens in vivo. A–B. Ventral view of representative specimens, showing the typical body shape, localization of the fibrillar hook, the long rod-like macronucleus and two staggered rows of contractile vacuoles (arrowheads). C–D. Detail, showing the long rod-like macronucleus, a single micronucleus, contractile vacuoles and cytoplasmic bacteria. The central region of the micronucleus appears homogenous and brighter than its margin in the differential interference optics and might represent a central nucleolus. E–F. Somatic ciliature is holotrichous and composed of very densely ciliated meridional kineties. In the posterior body region, lateral somatic kineties form a right and a left subterminal suture (arrow in E), whose detail is shown in the left inset. Scale bars: A–B = 100 µm; C–D = 10 µm; E–F = 20 µm.

Fig. 5. A–B in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 5. A–B. Metaradiophrya lumbrici (Dujardin, 1841), Slovak specimens in vivo. Details of the anterior body portion, showing the fibrillar hook and its associated fibers. There are on average 6 (5–7) fibers attached to the upper right side of the longer arm, on average 33 (30–37) fibers to the ventral side of the longer arm and on average 11 (8–13) fibers to the left side of the shorter arm. Arrowheads mark the subapical suture extending from the right body margin over the fibrillar hook towards the left body margin. The somatic kineties above the suture run towards the anterior body end where they curve onto the dorsal body side to meridionally extend over its surface towards the posterior body end. On the other hand, the somatic kineties below the suture run meridionally over the ventral side towards the posterior body end. The ventral somatic kineties are lined with fibers attached to the fibrillar hook. Scale bars: 20 µm.

Figs 29–36 in Taxonomic Descriptions of Two Marine Ciliates, Euplotes dammamensis n. sp. and Euplotes balteatus (Dujardin, 1841) Kahl, 1932 (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea, Euplotida), Collected from the Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia

Figs 29–36. Photomicrographs of Euplotes dammamensis n. sp. during binary division after protargol impregnation. 29, 32 – ventral and dorsal views of a specimen at an early stage of morphogenesis to show the frontoventral-transverse cirral anlagen (29, arrowheads) and denote the parental dikinetids (32, arrowheads); 30, 33, 34 – ventral and dorsal views of a specimen at a slightly later stage of morphogenesis, to show the frontoventral-transverse cirral anlagen developed and broadened (30), the newly formed dorsal kineties anlagen (33, arrowheads) and the marginal anlagen (34, arrowheads); 31, 35, 36 – ventral and dorsal views of a specimen at middle-stage to show the rightmost frontoventral-transverse cirral anlagen (31, arrowheads), the migratory cirral anlage in the proter (31, double-arrowhead), the marginal cirral anlagen (31, arrows), the dorsal kineties anlagen (35, arrowheads) and the replication bands (36, arrowheads).

Figs 19–28 in Taxonomic Descriptions of Two Marine Ciliates, Euplotes dammamensis n. sp. and Euplotes balteatus (Dujardin, 1841) Kahl, 1932 (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea, Euplotida), Collected from the Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia

Figs 19–28. Photomicrographs of Euplotes dammamensis n. sp. in vivo (19–25) and after protargol impregnation (26–28). 19, 20 – ventral views of different specimens, arrowheads in (19) to show the ventral ridges; 21 – dorsal view, arrowheads point to the dominant dorsal ridges; 22 – lateral view; 23 – ventral view of the posterior end, arrowhead marks the longest caudal cirrus; 24 – detailed dorsal view, arrowheads point to the apical view of the granules around the dorsal brush; 25 – arrowheads to show the lateral view of granules around the dorsal brush; 26 – arrow indicates the curved C-shaped macronucleus; 27, 28 – infraciliature on the ventral and dorsal sides, arrowheads indicate the dorsal kineties. Scale bars: 50 μm.

Figs 1–9. Euplotes dammamensis n in Taxonomic Descriptions of Two Marine Ciliates, Euplotes dammamensis n. sp. and Euplotes balteatus (Dujardin, 1841) Kahl, 1932 (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea, Euplotida), Collected from the Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia

Figs 1–9. Euplotes dammamensis n. sp. in vivo (1–7) and after protargol impregnation (8, 9). 1, 2 – ventral views of different individuals, arrows indicate the longest caudal cirrus; 3 – dorsal view, showing the conspicuous ridges; 4 – lateral view; 5 – frontoventral cirri, arrows indicate the cortical granules around the cirri; 6 – apical view of the cortical granules distributed on the dorsal side; 7 – lateral view of the cortical granules; 8, 9 – ventral and dorsal views of the same specimen, showing the general infraciliature and the micronucleus (arrow). AZM – adoral zone of membranelles, CC – caudal cirri, DK – dorsal kineties, FVC – frontoventral cirri, MC – marginal cirri, PM – paroral membrane, TC – transverse cirri, 1–11 – dorsal kineties. Scale bars: 50 μm.

Fig. 91 in Taxonomic Descriptions of Two Marine Ciliates, Euplotes dammamensis n. sp. and Euplotes balteatus (Dujardin, 1841) Kahl, 1932 (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea, Euplotida), Collected from the Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia

Fig. 91. Phylogenetic tree inferred by Maximum Likelihood (ML) based on SSU-rRNA gene sequences, showing the positions of Euplotes dammamensis n. sp. and Euplotes balteatus (red highlighted). The topology of the tree constructed with Bayesian analysis (BI) was essentially identical. Fully supported (100%/1.00) branches are marked with solid circles. The scale bar corresponds to 2 substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions. Systematic classification follows Lynn (2008).

Figs 16–23 in A Morphogenetic Description of Thigmokeronopsis stoecki Shao et al., 2008 (Ciliophora, Hypotricha) and a Comparison with Members of the Family Pseudokeronopsidae

Figs 16–23. Photomicrographs of Thigmokeronopsis stoecki during morphogenesis after protargol impregnation. 16 – ventral view, arrows indicate the anarchic field of basal bodies; 17 – ventral view of proter, arrow marks disorganized parental undulating membranes, and arrowheads indicate the fronto-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen; 18 – ventral view of a mid-staged divider, noting the development of adoral zone of membranelles; 19 – ventral view of proter, to show the newly formed first frontal cirrus (arrow), the buccal cirrus (double-arrowheads), and thigmotactic cirri (arrowheads); 20, 21 – ventral views, to show the newly formed right marginal rows (arrows in Fig. 20); 22, 23 – ventral views of the same divider, to show the new buccal cirrus (arrow in Fig. 22), frontoterminal cirri (arrow in Fig. 23), transverse cirri (arrowhead in Fig. 23) and the thigmotactic cirri (double-arrowheads in Fig. 23). Scale bars: 40 µm.

Figs 1–7 in A Morphogenetic Description of Thigmokeronopsis stoecki Shao et al., 2008 (Ciliophora, Hypotricha) and a Comparison with Members of the Family Pseudokeronopsidae

Figs 1–7. Morphology and photomicrographs of Thigmokeronopsis stoecki from life (1, 4–7) and after protargol impregnation (2, 3). 1 – ventral view of a representative individual (from Shao et al. 2008b); 2, 3 – ventral and dorsal views of the infraciliature (from Shao et al. 2008b); 4 – ventral view of a typical individual; 5 – dorsal view, to show the distinct flexibility of the body; 6 – dorsal view of anterior portion, to show the transparent cytoplasm and sparsely distributed cortical granules (arrows); 7 – dorsal view, noting the arrangement of cortical granules (arrows). AZM – adoral zone of membranelles, DK – dorsal kineties, FC – frontal cirri, LMR – left marginal row, Ma – macronuclear nodules, MC – midventral complex, RMR – right marginal row, TC – transverse cirri, TF – thigmotactic field. Scale bars: 100 µm (in Figs 1, 4, 5) and 50 µm (in Figs 2, 3).

Fig. 1 in Phylogenetic Analyses on the Tintinnid Ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) Based on Multigene Sequence Data

Fig. 1. Alignment of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 regions from ten reference tintinnid species: Tintinnopsis sp. 1, Tintinnopsis sp. 2, Tintinnopsis sp. 3, T. cylindrica, T. tubulosoides, T. lohmanni, Stenosemella nivalis, Codonellopsis nipponica, Favella campanula, F. taraikaensis, F. ehrenbergii, Metacylis angulata, Eutintinnus pectinis, and Amphorellopsis acuta. Agreement with other sequences is indicated by periods and disagreement by a nucleotide at a position. Gaps introduced to improve the alignment are indicated by dashes. The insertion in ITS1 of F. campanula is labeled. The ITS1 and ITS2 region sequences are shaded; the 5.8S gene sequence is unshaded.

Figs 3–5 in Phylogenetic Analyses on the Tintinnid Ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) Based on Multigene Sequence Data

Figs 3–5. Phylogenetic analyses and photomicrographs in this work. 3, 4 – phylogenetic analyses inferred by ML of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 5.8S region sequences and small subunit rDNA sequences. Topologies of trees constructed with other methods (BI, MP, or NJ) were essentially identical, lacking only a few nodes indicated by asterisks in the support values. Posterior probability values for branches of the ML tree and bootstrap values for ML, NJ, and MP trees, respectively, are given on nodes. Newly sequenced species are highlighted in bold. Scale bar in 3 corresponds to 10 substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions, scale bar in 4 corresponds to 5 substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions. 5 – photomicrographs of nine of the 10 newly sequenced tintinnid species in vivo: A – Amphorellopsis acuta; B – Favella taraikaensis; C – F. campanula; D – Tintinnopsis sp. 2; E – Stenosemella nivalis; F – Codonellopsis nipponica; G – Tintinnopsis sp. 3; H – T. lohmanni and I – T. cylindrica. Scale bars: 25 μm.

Figs 24–27 in On the Nature of Tintinnid Loricae (Ciliophora: Spirotricha: Tintinnina): a Histochemical, Enzymatic, EDX, and High-resolution TEM Study

Figs 24–27. Transmission electron micrographs of a lorica surface in Eutintinnus angustatus at middle (24) and higher (25–27) resolution. 24 – crystal lattice; 25 – digitally enlarged detail of Fig. 24 (bottom part). The periodicity of the hexagonal structures amounts to ~ 23.7 nm with a resolution of ~ 3 nm for the smallest details; 26 – fast Fourier transform of Fig. 25; 27 – noise filtered bright field image after inverse Fourier transform of Fig. 26, using only the diffraction spots. Due to the enhanced contrast, the ultrastructure of the crystal lattice appears more distinct.

Figs 20–23 in On the Nature of Tintinnid Loricae (Ciliophora: Spirotricha: Tintinnina): a Histochemical, Enzymatic, EDX, and High-resolution TEM Study

Figs 20–23. Transmission electron micrographs of a lorica surface in Eutintinnus angustatus at middle resolution. 20 – a crystalline region ~ 1.5 µm in diameter is shown in the centre of the micrograph. An aggregate of bitter salt (MgSO 4) is attached to the wall (arrow); 21 – crystalline area at higher magnification showing dark spots of sodium and potassium chloride on the lorica wall; 22 – each black spot represents a NaCl or KCl nanocrystal (arrows), which has almost the same size as the unit cells of the crystal lattice (~ 20 nm); 23 – Fourier filtered high-resolution micrograph of a sodium chloride nanocrystal.