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1,445 results for “Distances”
Road distances and trip duration matrix for USA counties
<p>This dataset presents a matrix with road distance and travel duration estimates for all trip combinations among USA counties. More details about the methodology are available <a href="https://rfsaldanha.github.io/data-projects/usa_road_distances.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.</p> <p>This version was generated considering the road network at the OSRM project in October 2024.</p> <p><strong>Variable dictionary</strong></p> <ul> <li>orig: County FIPS code of origin</li> <li>dest: County FIPS code of destiny</li> <li>dist: Road distance of the shortest route, in meters</li> <li>dur: Travel time estimation, in minutes.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Files</strong></p> <ul> <li>dist_usa.rds : R serialized object</li> <li>dist_usa.parquet : Parquet format</li> <li>dist_usa.csv : CSV file. Colon (, ) field delimiter and point ( . ) as decimal separator</li> <li>uscounties.csv : CSV file with counties names, codes, and other information, from the <a href="https://simplemaps.com/data/us-counties" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Simple Maps database</a>.</li> </ul>
Segmentation Dataset for Periorbital Segmentation and Distance Prediction
<p>High quality segmentation of the eyes and lids is an essential step in developing clinically relevant deep learning models for oculoplastic and craniofacial surgery. However, there are currently no publicly available datasets suitable for this purpose. As such, we have developed and validated a novel dataset for oculoplastic segmentation and periorbital distance prediction. Using images from two open-source datasets, we segmented the iris, sclera, lid, caruncle, and brow from cropped eye images. Five trained annotators performed the segmentations, and intergrader reliability was assessed on 100 randomly selected images aftera two-week forgetting period, yielding an average Dice score of 0.82 ± 0.01. Intragrader reliability on 20 images averaged a Dice score of 0.81 ± 0.08. To demonstrate the dataset's utility, we trained three DeepLabV3 models following standard procedures. This first-of-its-kind dataset, along with a toolkit for periorbital distance prediction, is publicly available to support the development of clinically useful segmentation models for oculoplastic and craniofacial applications.</p>
Miniscrew-to-Tooth Root Distance and PTV Data
<p>This dataset was collected as part of an experimental study aimed at diagnosing miniscrew–root contact by assessing tooth mobility before and after miniscrew implantation. Using cadaveric pig mandibles, miniscrews were placed near the premolars, and tooth mobility was measured before and after implantation using the Periotest system. The Periotest Value difference (PTV-Diff) was calculated and correlated with the distance between the miniscrews and the tooth roots, measured via computed tomography (CT) images. The study investigates the efficacy of PTV-Diff in diagnosing root contact compared to maximum insertion torque (MIT)</p>
Data from: Local prey community composition and genetic distance predict venom divergence among populations of the northern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus)
Identifying the environmental correlates of divergence in functional traits between populations can provide insights into the evolutionary mechanisms that generate local adaptation. Here, we assess patterns of population differentiation in expressed venom proteins in Northern Pacific rattlesnakes (Crotalus oreganus) from 13 locations across California. We evaluate the relative importance of major biotic (prey species community composition), abiotic (temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and genetic factors (genetic distance based on RADseq loci) as correlates of population divergence in venom phenotypes. We found that over half of the variation in venom composition is associated with among-population differentiation for genetic and environmental variables, and that this variation occurred along axes defining previously observed functional trade-offs between venom proteins that have neurotoxic, myotoxic and hemorrhagic effects. Surprisingly, genetic differentiation among populations was the best predictor of venom divergence, accounting for 46% of overall variation, whereas differences in prey community composition and abiotic factors explained smaller amounts of variation (23% and 19%, respectively). The association between genetic differentiation and venom composition could be due to an isolation by distance effect or, more likely it may reflect an isolation-by-environment effect where selection against recent migrants is strong, producing a correlation between neutral genetic differentiation and venom differentiation. Our findings suggest that even coarse estimates of prey community composition can be useful in understanding the selection pressures acting on patterns of venom protein expression. Additionally, our results suggest that factors other than adaptation to spatial variation in prey need to be considered when explaining population divergence in venom.
Data from: Resolving the Northern Hemisphere source region for the long-distance dispersal event that gave rise to the South American endemic dung moss Tetraplodon fuegianus
Premise of the study—American bipolar plant distributions characterize taxa at various taxonomic ranks but are most common in the bryophytes at infraspecific and infrageneric levels. A previous study on the bipolar disjunction in the dung moss genus Tetraplodon found that direct long-distance dispersal from North to South in the Miocene - Pleistocene accounted for the origin of the Southern American endemic Tetraplodon fuegianus, congruent with other molecular studies on bipolar bryophytes. The previous study, however, remained inconclusive regarding a specific Northern Hemisphere source region for the trans-equatorial dispersal event that gave rise to T. fuegianus. Methods—To estimate spatial genetic structure and phylogeographic relationships within the bipolar lineage of Tetraplodon, which includes T. fuegianus, we analyzed thousands of Restriction-site Associated DNA (RADseq) loci and single nucleotide polymorphisms using Bayesian individual assignment and maximum likelihood and coalescent model based phylogenetic approaches. Key results—Northwestern North America is the most likely source of the recent ancestor to T. fuegianus. Conclusions—Tetraplodon fuegianus, which marks the southernmost populations in the bipolar lineage of Tetraplodon, arose following a single long-distance dispersal event involving a T. mnioides lineage that is now rare in the Northern Hemisphere and potentially restricted to the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Furthermore, gene flow between sympatric lineages of Tetraplodon mnioides in the Northern Hemisphere is limited, possibly due to high rates of selfing or reproductive isolation.
Forager mobility and lithic discard probability similarly affect the distance of raw material discard from source - Supplemental Material
<p>The data, R code and Netlogo model used in "Forager mobility and lithic discard probability similarly affect the distance of raw material discard from source".</p>
Dispersal distances of radio-tracked cane toads in French Guiana
<p>Like most invasive species, cane toads have attracted less research in their native range than in invaded areas. We radio-tracked 34 free-ranging toads in French Guiana, a source region for most invasive populations, across two coastal and two rainforest sites. Coastal toads generally sheltered in pools of fresh or brackish water but nocturnally foraged on beaches, whereas rainforest toads sheltered in forested habitats, moving into open areas at night. Over five days of monitoring, native toads frequently re-used shelters and moved little between days (means = 10–63 m/site) compared to invasion-front toads from Australia (~250 m). Larger toads moved less between days, but displaced in more consistent directions. At night, foraging toads travelled up to 200 m before returning to shelters. Foraging distance was related to body condition at coastal sites, with toads in poorer body condition travelling farther. Rain increased the probability of coastal toads sheltering in the dry habitats where they foraged. Dispersal and rainfall were lower at coastal sites, and the strategies utilized by coastal toads to minimize water loss resembled those of invasive toads in semi-desert habitats. This global invader already exhibits a broad environmental niche and substantial behavioural flexibility within its native range.</p>
Data from: APPLES: Scalable distance-based phylogenetic placement with or without alignments
<p>Placing a new species on an existing phylogeny has increasing relevance to several applications. Placement can be used to update phylogenies in a scalable fashion and can help identify unknown query samples using (meta-)barcoding, skimming, or metagenomic data. Maximum likelihood (ML) methods of phylogenetic placement exist, but these methods are not scalable to reference trees with many thousands of leaves, limiting their ability to enjoy benefits of dense taxon sampling in modern reference libraries. They also rely on assembled sequences for the reference set and aligned sequences for the query. Thus, ML methods cannot analyze datasets where the reference consists of unassembled reads, a scenario relevant to emerging applications of genome-skimming for sample identification. We introduce APPLES, a distance-based method for phylogenetic placement. Compared to ML, APPLES is an order of magnitude faster and more memory efficient, and unlike ML, it is able to place on large backbone trees (tested for up to 200,000 leaves). We show that using dense references improves accuracy substantially so that APPLES on dense trees is more accurate than ML on sparser trees, where it can run. Finally, APPLES can accurately identify samples without assembled reference or aligned queries using kmer-based distances, a scenario that ML cannot handle. APPLES is available publically at github.com/balabanmetin/apples.</p>
Fig. 7 in Activity budget, travel distance, sleeping time, height of activity and travel order of wild East Bornean Grey gibbons (Hylobates funereus) in Danum Valley Conservation Area
Fig. 7. Diurnal activity cycle of three gibbons (two males and one female) from 0530−1600 hours.
Fig. 9 in Activity budget, travel distance, sleeping time, height of activity and travel order of wild East Bornean Grey gibbons (Hylobates funereus) in Danum Valley Conservation Area
Fig. 9. Activity of three gibbons (two males and one female) at each height.
Fig. 2 in Utilization of the fish ladder at the Engenheiro Sergio Motta Dam, Brazil, by long distance migrating potamodromous species
Fig. 2. Fish ladder and the powerhouse of Engenheiro Sergio Motta Dam.
Former au sketchnoting à distance - Modules vidéos
<p>Au second confinement, la perspective de devoir former étudiant.es (du L1 au doctorat) et enseignant.es-chercheur.ses au sketchnoting s'est imposée. Le passage en distanciel d'une formation basée sur un outil analogique, nécessitant démonstrations et partage de contenus sur papier s’est avérée très concluante grâce à quelques ajustement techniques simples et de nouvelles idées d’animation.</p> <p>Ces vidéos ont pour leur part été déposées sur des cours Moodle et sur la chaîne Youtube "Salut, c'est la BU !" et proposées comme ressources complémentaires pour les étudiant.es ayant suivi le cours en direct sur Zoom.</p>
Population assignment tests uncover rare long-distance larval dispersal events
<p>Long-distance dispersal (LDD) is consequential to metapopulation ecology and evolution. In systems where dispersal is undertaken by small propagules, such as larvae in the ocean, documenting LDD is especially challenging. Genetic parentage analysis has gained traction as a method for measuring larval dispersal, but such studies are generally spatially limited, leaving LDD understudied in marine species. We addressed this knowledge gap by uncovering LDD with population assignment tests in the coral reef fish <i>Elacatinus lori</i>—a species whose short-distance dispersal has been well-characterized by parentage analysis. When adults (<i>n</i> = 931) collected throughout the species' range were categorized into three source populations, assignment accuracy exceeded 99%, demonstrating low rates of connectivity between populations in the adult generation. After establishing high assignment confidence, we assigned settlers (<i>n</i> = 3,828) to source populations. Within the settler cohort, < 0.1% of individuals were identified as long-distance dispersers from other populations. These results demonstrate an exceptionally low level of connectivity between <i>E. lori</i> populations, despite the potential for ocean currents to facilitate LDD. More broadly, these findings illustrate the value of combining genetic parentage analysis and population assignment tests to uncover short- and long-distance dispersal, respectively.</p>
Real-time solution of coupled Ehrenfest-Maxwell-Pauli-Kohn-Sham equations for a nanoplasmonic dimer, distance d = 0.5 nm
<p>Here we provide the movie mentioned in https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.05049 that shows the real-time dynamics of the nanoplasmonic dimer with distance $ d_1=0.5 $ nm. The time-evolution in the movie corresponds to the runs that we discuss in section VI. In the figure, we show a frame of the movie at time 8.33 fs. The upper two panels show contour plots of matter variables, the absolute value of the current density and the electron localized function (ELF). The most relevant Maxwell field variables, the electric field along the laser polarization direction z and the total Maxwell energy are presented in the lower panels. In the top of the figure, we show the incident laser pulse and at the center the geometry of the nanoplasmonic dimer.</p>
Real-time solution of coupled Ehrenfest-Maxwell-Pauli-Kohn-Sham equations for a nanoplasmonic dimer, distance d = 0.1 nm
<p>Here we provide the movie mentioned in https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.05049 that shows the real-time dynamics of the nanoplasmonic dimer with distance $ d_1=0.1 $ nm. The time-evolution in the movie corresponds to the runs that we discuss in section VI. In the figure, we show a frame of the movie at time 6.89 fs. The upper two panels show contour plots of matter variables, the absolute value of the current density and the electron localized function (ELF). The most relevant Maxwell field variables, the electric field along the laser polarization direction z and the total Maxwell energy are presented in the lower panels. In the top of the figure, we show the incident laser pulse and at the center the geometry of the nanoplasmonic dimer.</p>
Pooling robustness in distance sampling: Avoiding bias when there is unmodelled heterogeneity
<p>Data from a two-visit line transect survey of four songbird species gathered in spring 2004. Study area size was 33.2 ha of woodland and parkland on the Montrave Estate near Leven in Fife, Scotland.</p>
The impacts of fine-tuning, phylogenetic distance, and sample size on big-data bioacoustics
<p>Vocalizations in animals, particularly birds, are critically important behaviors that influence their reproductive fitness. While recordings of bioacoustic data have been captured and stored in collections for decades, the automated extraction of data from these recordings has only recently been facilitated by artificial intelligence methods. These have yet to be evaluated with respect to accuracy of different automation strategies and features. Here, we use a recently published machine learning framework to extract syllables from ten bird species ranging in their phylogenetic relatedness from 1 to 85 million years, to compare how phylogenetic relatedness influences accuracy. We also evaluate the utility of applying trained models to novel species. Our results indicate that model performance is best on conspecifics, with accuracy progressively decreasing as phylogenetic distance increases between taxa. However, we also find that the application of models trained on multiple distantly related species can improve the overall accuracy to levels near that of training and analyzing a model on the same species. When planning big-data bioacoustics studies, care must be taken in sample design to maximize sample size and minimize human labor without sacrificing accuracy.</p>
Wind effects on the long-distance migration of GPS-tracked adult ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) from Germany
<p>Birds that repeatedly visit distinct places along their migratory routes in consecutive years must be able to navigate to these places and respond appropriately to unfavourable wind conditions. This study analysed the migratory routes, repeatedly-visited areas, and responses to sidewinds of 15 GPS-tracked adult ospreys (<em>Pandion</em> <em>haliaetus</em>) from northeast Germany migrating to their wintering sites in Africa and back. We determined stopovers and intermediate goal areas and performed repeatability estimations on timing and migratory paths in four regions. The orientation behaviour of the ospreys was analysed with regard to perpendicular wind components at each GPS point during autumn and spring migrations. Generalised linear mixed models were used to test the dependence of orientation behaviour on region and the distance to the next goal. The findings showed that ospreys demonstrate high fidelity to migratory paths in autumn and spring, as well as to the timing of migration in autumn; and sidewinds are predominantly compensated, especially when sidewinds are strong. Furthermore, during autumn migration, the proportion of compensation increases in most regions with decreasing distances to the next goal; however, during spring migration, drift behaviour was detected more often at smaller distances to the next goal than at higher distances in the regions of Mediterranean and Central Europe. In general, ospreys compensate for unfavourable sidewinds and utilise supporting tailwinds on their journeys to the wintering sites in Africa and back to Central Europe.</p>
Local weather and endogenous factors affect the initiation of migration in short- and medium-distance songbird migrants
<p>Migratory birds employ a variety of mechanisms to ensure appropriate timing of migration based on the integration of endogenous and exogenous information. The cues to fatten and depart from the non-breeding area are often linked to exogenous cues such as temperature or precipitation and the endogenous program. Shorter-distance migrants should rely heavily on environmental information when initiating migration given the relatively close proximity to the breeding area. However, the ability to fatten and subsequently depart may be linked to individual circumstances, including current fuel load and body size. For early and late departing migrants, we investigate the effects of temperature, precipitation, lean body mass, fuel load, and day of year on the initiation of migration (i.e., fuel load and departure timing) from the non-breeding region by analyzing 21 years of banding data for four species of short- and medium-distance migrants. Temperatures at the non-breeding area were related to temperatures at potential stopover areas. Despite local cues being predictive of conditions further north, the amount of variation explained by local weather conditions in our models differed by species and temporal period but was low overall (< 33% variation explained). For each species, we also compared lean body mass and fuel load between early and late departing migrants, which showed mixed results. Our combined results suggest that most individuals migrating short or medium distances in our study did not time the initiation of migration with local predictive cues alone, but rather other factors such as lean body mass, fuel load, and day of year, which may be a proxy for the endogenous program, and those beyond the scope of our study also influenced the initiation of migration. Our study contributes to understanding which factors influence departure decisions of short- and medium-distance migrants as they transition from the non-breeding to the migratory phase of the annual cycle.</p>
Flight initiation distances of birds
<p>Habitat destruction and fragmentation increasingly brings humans into close proximity with wildlife, particularly in urban contexts. Animals respond to humans using nuanced anti-predator responses, especially escape, with responses influenced by behavioural and life history traits, the nature of the risk, and aspects of the surrounding environment. Although many studies examine associations between broad-scale habitat characteristics (i.e., habitat type) and escape response, few investigate the influence of fine-scale aspects of the local habitat within which escape occurs. We test the 'habitat connectivity hypothesis' which suggests that, given the higher cost of escape within less connected habitats (due to the lack of protective cover), woodland birds should delay escape (tolerate more risk) than when in more connected habitat. We analyse flight-initiation distances (FIDs) of five species of woodland birds in urban Melbourne, south-eastern Australia. A negative effect of habitat connectivity (the proportion of the escape route with shrubs/trees/perchable infrastructure) on distance fled was evident for all study species, suggesting a higher cost of escape associated with lower connectivity. FID did not vary with connectivity at the location at which escape was initiated (four species), apart from a positive effect of habitat connectivity on FID for Noisy Miner Manorina melanocephala. We provide some support for two predictions of the 'habitat connectivity hypothesis' in at least some taxa, and conclude it warrants further investigation across a broader range of taxa inhabiting contrasting landscapes. Increasing habitat connectivity within urban landscapes may reduce escape stress experienced by urban birds.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.