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831 results for “Partition”
Data from: Habitat partitioning during character displacement between the sexes
Ecological differences between the sexes are often interpreted as evidence of within-species ecological character displacement (ECD), a hypothesis with almost no direct tests. Here we experimentally-test two predictions, that are direct corollaries of ECD between the sexes, in a salamander. First, we find support for the prediction that each sex has a growth rate advantage in the aquatic microhabitat where it is most commonly found. Second, we test the prediction that selection for ECD in the breeding environment may affect partial migration out of this environment. We found that phenotype-dependent migration resulted in a shift in the phenotypic distribution across treatments, with the highest sexual dimorphism occurring among residents at high founding density, suggesting migration and ECD can both be driven by competition. Our work illustrates how complex patterns of habitat partitioning evolve during ECD between the sexes and suggest ECD and partial migration can interact to effect both ecological dynamics and evolution of sexual dimorphism.
Data from: Experimental evidence for fundamental, and not realised, niche partitioning in a plant-herbivore community interaction network
Patterns of niche partitioning can result from local ecological interactions (e.g. interspecific competition) occurring within a contemporary time frame (realised niche partitioning). Alternatively they may represent the end-product of historical processes acting over long time frames (fundamental niche partitioning). Niche partitioning is often detected by analysing patterns of resource use within communities, but experiments are rarely conducted to test whether patterns of non-overlapping resource use reflect realised or fundamental niche partitioning. We studied a community of restio leafhoppers from the genus Cephalelus, and their host plants, the Restionaceae (restios). We used network and experimental approaches to determine whether network modularity (a measure of niche partitioning within local communities) reflects fundamental or realised niche partitioning. Using a weighted modularity index for two party networks (e.g. insect - plant) we determined whether the network of this community is modular (i.e. consists of groups of species interacting strongly, with weak interactions between groups). We also aimed to identify specific Cephalelus - restio modules (groups). Using knowledge of module membership to design experiments, we tested whether Cephalelus species from two different modules, C. uncinatus and C. pickeri, prefer and perform better on restios from their own modules versus restios from other modules. These experiments were performed under controlled conditions, eliminating the influences of competition and predation on host choices. The Cephalelus – restio community was modular, implying niche partitioning. Cephalelus also preferred and performed better on restios from their own modules in the absence of local contemporary factors. Most niche partitioning in the investigated Cephalelus community, is not caused by local interactions, and thus host use patterns represent fundamental niches. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding local community structure in the light of processes extrinsic to the local community context.
Data from: Diversity partitioning confirms the importance of beta components in tropical rainforest Lepidoptera
Tropical beta diversity, and particularly that of herbivorous insects in rainforests, is often considered enormous, but this notion has recently been challenged. As tropical beta diversity is highly relevant to our view on biodiversity, it is important to gain more insights and resolve methodological problems that may lead to the contradictions in different studies. We used data on two ecologically distinct moth families from Southeast-Asia and analyzed separately the contribution of beta components to overall species richness at three spatial scales. Observed diversity partitions were compared under different types of null models. We found that alpha diversity was lower than expected from null models, whereas hierarchical beta components were larger than expected. Beta components played a significant role in shaping gamma diversity, and their contribution can be high (multiplicative beta >5). We found a reduction of beta components when comparing primary forests and agricultural sites (cf. "biotic homogenization"), but even in these habitats beta components were still substantial. Our analyses show that beta components do play an important role in our data on tropical herbivorous insects, and that these results are not due to lumping different habitats when sampling environmental gradients.
Data from: Rehabilitating the cyanobacteria – niche partitioning, resource use efficiency, and phytoplankton community structure during diazotrophic cyanobacterial blooms
1. Blooms of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are recurrent phenomena in marine and freshwater habitats, and their supplying role in aquatic biogeochemical cycles is generally considered vital. The objective of this study is to analyze if an increasing proportion of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria affects (i) the composition of the non-diazotrophic component of ambient phytoplankton communities, and (ii) resource use efficiency (RUE; ratio of chl a to total nutrients) – an important ecosystem function. We hypothesize that diazotrophs increase community P use, and decrease N use efficiencies, as new N is brought into the system, relaxing N, and concomitantly aggravating P limitation. We test this by analyzing an extensive dataset from the Baltic Sea (> 3700 quantitative phytoplankton samples), known to harbor conspicuous and recurrent blooms of Nodularia spumigena and Aphanizomenon sp. 2. System-level phosphorus use efficiency (RUEP) was positively related with high proportion of diazotrophic cyanobacteria, suggesting aggravation of phosphorus limitation. However, concomitant decrease of nitrogen use efficiency (RUEN) was not observed. Nodularia spumigena, a dominant diazotroph and a notorious toxin producer, had a significantly stronger relationship with RUEP, compared to the competing non-toxic Aphanizomenon sp., confirming niche differentiation in P acquisition strategies between the major bloom-forming cyanobacterial species in the Baltic Sea. Nodularia occurrences were associated with stronger temperature stratification in more offshore environments, indicating higher reliance on in situ P regeneration. 3. By using constrained and unconstrained ordination, permutational multivariate analysis of variance, and local similarity analysis, we show that diazotrophic cyanobacteria explained no more than a few percent of the ambient phytoplankton community variation. The analyses furthermore yielded rather evenly distributed negative and positive effects on individual co-occurring phytoplankton taxa, with no obvious phylogenetic or functional trait-based patterns. 4. Synthesis. Our study reveals that despite the widely acknowledged noxious impacts of cyanobacterial blooms, the overall effect on phytoplankton community structure is minor. There are no predominantly positive or negative associations with ambient phytoplankton species. Species-specific niche differences in cyanobacterial resource acquisition affect important ecosystem functions, like biomass production per unit limiting resource.
Data from: Temporal and spatial activity-associated energy partitioning in free-swimming sea snakes
1. Partitioning energy between critical basal functions and activity-associated behaviours is a primary determinant of animal survival. Consequently, habitat selection is likely to be driven by the efficiency with which resources can be acquired from a heterogeneous energy landscape. 2. Determining how energy partitioning is achieved across temporal and spatial scales is particularly challenging in aquatic animals due to the logistical limitations in estimating field metabolic rates (FMR) while simultaneously examining habitat choice. 3. Here, accelerometry telemetry and bimodal respirometry were used to correlate vectorial dynamic body acceleration (<i>VeDBA</i>) with oxygen consumption rates (<i>V̇o<sub>2</sub></i>) of sea snakes (<i>Hydrophis curtus</i> and <i>H. elegans</i>) across an ecologically-relevant temperature range. Subsequently, <i>VeDBA</i> of free-roaming snakes was used to estimate activity-associated FMR within a near-shore environment over diel, seasonal and spatial scales. 4. Diel changes in activity explained short-term patterns in FMR, whereas seasonal changes in water temperature drove long-term patterns. Spatial analyses demonstrated that activity-associated FMR was elevated in productive seagrass and mudflat habitats, indicative of a concentration of foraging efforts. 5. Our findings illustrate for the first time how sea snakes partition activity-associated FMR across time and space, providing an approach by which we can monitor the impacts of, and vulnerabilities to, natural and anthropogenic disturbances like warming and trawl fisheries.
Data from: Space partitioning in wild, non-territorial mountain gorillas: the impact of food and neighbours
In territorial species, the distribution of neighbours and food abundance play a crucial role in space use patterns but less is known about how and when neighbours use shared areas in non-territorial species. We investigated space partitioning in 10 groups of wild, non-territorial mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Using location data, we examined factors influencing daily movement decisions and calculated the per cent overlap of annual kernel home ranges and core areas among neighbours. We found that the probability that a group chose an area was positively influenced by both food availability and the previous use of that area by the group. Additionally, groups reduced their overall utilization of areas previously used by neighbouring groups. Lastly, groups used their core areas more exclusively than their home ranges. In sum, our results show that both foraging needs and avoidance of competition with neighbours determined the gorillas' daily movement decisions, which presumably lead to largely mutually exclusive core areas. Our research suggests that non-territorial species actively avoid neighbours to maintain core area exclusivity. Together, these findings contribute to our understanding of the costs and benefits of non-territoriality.
Data from: Isotopic niche partitioning between two apex predators over time
1. Stable isotope analyses have become an important tool in reconstructing diets, analyzing resource use patterns, elucidating trophic relations among predators and understanding the structure of food webs. 2. Here, we use stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in bone collagen to reconstruct and compare the isotopic niches of adult South American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis); n = 86) and sea lions (Otaria flavescens); n = 49) –two otariid species with marked morphological differences– in the Río de la Plata estuary (Argentina - Uruguay) and the adjacent Atlantic Ocean during the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. Samples from the middle Holocene (n = 7 fur seals and n = 5 sea lions) are also included in order to provide a reference point for characterizing resource partitioning before major anthropogenic modifications of the environment. 3. We found that the South American fur seals and South American sea lions had distinct isotopic niches during the middle Holocene. Isotopic niche segregation was similar at the beginning of the second half of the 20th century, but has diminished over time. 4. The progressive convergence of the isotopic niches of these two otariids during the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century is most likely due to the increased reliance of South American fur seals on demersal prey. 5. This recent dietary change of South American fur seals can be explained by at least two non-mutually exclusive mechanisms: (i) the decrease in the abundance of sympatric South American sea lions as a consequence of small colony size and high pup mortality resulting from commercial sealing; and (ii) the decrease in the average size of demersal fishes due to intense fishing of the larger class sizes, which may have increased their accessibility to those eared seals with a smaller mouth gape, i.e., South American fur seals of both sexes and female South American sea lions.
Data from: Fine partitioning of epiphyte habitat within Johansson zones in tropical Australian rainforest trees
For over three decades, the Johansson zones have been widely used in epiphyte studies as a way of stratifying the host tree into habitat zones, however, the usefulness of this system has been questioned. We test the effectiveness of the Johansson zones by grouping epiphyte species by the substrate and microclimatic attributes of their individual occurrences and assessing the fidelity of these groups to the Johansson zones. Habitat characteristics were recorded for every individual epiphyte on 30 trees in the lower montane rainforests of north-eastern Australia. Twenty-four epiphyte species were agglomerated into four groups using Ward's method. Group 4 was highly distinct and included shade loving species and nomadic vines from the lower zones of the host trees. Group 3 contained species from the most exposed habitats. Group 1 had higher light levels and lower substrate thickness than Group 2, yet both groups had close to identical distributions over the Johansson zones. This suggests that groups of epiphyte species may utilise different micro-sites within the same zone. While the Johansson zones are a useful tool in epiphyte studies, finer partitioning of habitat within the host tree may be missed.
Data from: Increasing zooplankton size diversity enhances the strength of top-down control on phytoplankton through diet niche partitioning
1. The biodiversity-ecosystem functioning debate is a central topic in ecology. Recently, there has been a growing interest in size diversity because body size is sensitive to environmental changes and is one of the fundamental characteristics of organisms linking many ecosystem properties. However, how size diversity affects ecosystem functioning is an important yet unclear issue. 2. To fill the gap, with large-scale field data from the East China Sea, we tested the novel hypothesis that increasing zooplankton size diversity enhances top-down control on phytoplankton (H1) and compared it with five conventional hypotheses explaining the top-down control: flatter zooplankton size spectrum enhances the strength of top-down control (H2); nutrient enrichment lessens the strength of top-down control (H3); increasing zooplankton taxonomic diversity enhances the strength of top-down control (H4); increasing fish predation decreases the strength of top-down control of zooplankton on phytoplankton through trophic cascade (H5); increasing temperature intensifies the strength of top-down control (H6). 3. The results of univariate analyses support the hypotheses based on zooplankton size diversity (H1), zooplankton size spectrum (H2), nutrient (H3), and zooplankton taxonomic diversity (H4), but not the hypotheses based on fish predation (H5) and temperature (H6). More in depth analyses indicate that zooplankton size diversity is the most important factor in determining the strength of top-down control on phytoplankton in the East China Sea. 4. Our results suggest a new potential mechanism, that increasing predator size diversity enhances the strength of top-down control on prey through diet niche partitioning. This mechanism can be explained by the optimal predator-prey body-mass ratio concept. Suppose each size group of zooplankton predators has its own optimal phytoplankton prey size, increasing size diversity of zooplankton would promote diet niche partitioning of predators and thus elevates the strength of top-down control.
FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic partitioning of Cyrtodactylus louisiadensis (Lacertilia: Gekkonidae) from Papua New Guinea
FIGURE 3. Map of eastern Papua New Guinea, showing geographic ranges for Papuan members of the Cyrtodactylus louisiadensis complex: C. epiroticus sp. nov. (circles), C. klugei sp. nov. and C. louisiadensis sp. nov. (star), C. murua (triangle), C. robustus sp. nov. (inverted triangle), and C. tripartitus sp. nov. (square). Solid symbols are type localities.
FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic partitioning of Cyrtodactylus louisiadensis (Lacertilia: Gekkonidae) from Papua New Guinea
FIGURE 2. Dorsal skin of Papuan members of the Cyrtodactylus louisiadensis complex. (A) Cyrtodactylus epiroticus sp. nov. (BPBM 18653, holotype), (B) C. klugei sp. nov. (BPBM 19739, holotype), (C) C. louisiadensis (BPBM 19741, neotype), (D) C. murua (BPBM 17858, holotype), (E) C. robustus sp. nov. (BPBM 19735, holotype), and (F) C. tripartitus sp. nov. (BPBM 16864, holotype), showing size of dorsal tubercles relative to surrounding granules.
FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic partitioning of Cyrtodactylus louisiadensis (Lacertilia: Gekkonidae) from Papua New Guinea
FIGURE 1. Portraits of Papuan members of the Cyrtodactylus louisiadensis complex. (A) C. louisiadensis (BPBM 19742), photo G. Shea; (B) C. tripartitus sp. nov. (BPBM 16861), photo F. Kraus; (C) C. robustus sp. nov. (BPBM 19727), photo F. Kraus; and (D) C. epiroticus sp. nov. (BPBM 15434), photo F. Kraus.
FIGURE 3 in Another new, diminutive Rock Gecko (Cnemaspis Strauch) from Peninsular Malaysia and a discussion of resource partitioning in sympatric species pairs
FIGURE 3. Upper: Cnemaspis shahruli sp. nov. (ZRC 2.6903) from Pulau Jerejak, Penang (photo by M.A. Muin). Middle: ZRC 2.6904 from Sungai Sedim, Kedah (photo by M.A. Muin). Lower: ZRC 2.6905 from Pulau Pangkor, Perak (photo by J. van Rooijen).
FIGURE 1. Maximum clade credibility tree after a partitioned Bayesian analysis using 8945 in Phylogenetic analysis of the Neotropical Pristimantis leptolophus species group (Anura: Craugastoridae): molecular approach and description of a new polymorphic species
FIGURE 1. Maximum clade credibility tree after a partitioned Bayesian analysis using 8945 sites depicting the phylogenetic relationships among Pristimantis including the Pristimantis leptolophus species group. Numbers on nodes represent posterior probabilities and ultrafast bootstrap (as obtained in the ML analysis) support respectively. Asterisks represent nodal support larger than 95% in both ML and Bayesian analyses. Two dashes in ultrafast bootstrap indicate the node was not recovered in the ML analysis (see Appendix 2 for the ML tree).
Integrated Treatment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Existing Wastewater Treatment Plants─Scoping the Potential of Foam Partitioning
<p><span>This</span><span> file corresponds to the publication </span><span>Integrated Treatment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Existing Wastewater Treatment Plants─Scoping the Potential of Foam Partitioning</span><span>: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.3c00091 </span></p> <p> </p> <p><span>All concentrations are in ng/L and were rounded to two significant digits.</span></p> <p><span>When all</span><span> triplicates had concentrations below the LOQ, the concentration is reported as < LOQ. </span></p> <p><span>When at least one triplicate had a concentration above the LOQ, the other triplicates' concentrations were set to half the LOQ, and the average of the three is reported.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span>Sheet names correspond to the site identifiers (Table 1 of main text).</span></p>
Supplementary material 2 from: Grabowska J, Płóciennik M, Grabowski M (2024) Detailed analysis of prey taxonomic composition indicates feeding habitat partitioning amongst co-occurring invasive gobies and native European perch. NeoBiota 92: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.92.116033
Relative abundance of prey categories (%N) (number of given prey category in relation to total number of prey) identified in fish guts at sites Z, R, B in the Western Bug River in August 2007
Supplementary material 1 from: Grabowska J, Płóciennik M, Grabowski M (2024) Detailed analysis of prey taxonomic composition indicates feeding habitat partitioning amongst co-occurring invasive gobies and native European perch. NeoBiota 92: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.92.116033
Relative abundance of species (%N) in fish assemblages found at sites Z, R, B in the Western Bug River in August 2007 (Penczak et al. 2010)
Data and code for: Partitioning variance in a signaling trade-off under sexual selection reveals among-individual covariance in trait allocation
<p>Understanding the evolution of traits subject to trade-offs is challenging because phenotypes can (co)vary at both the among- and within-individual levels. Among-individual covariation indicates consistent, possibly genetic, differences in how individuals resolve the trade-off, while within-individual covariation indicates trait plasticity. There is also the potential for consistent among-individual differences in behavioral plasticity, although this has rarely been investigated. We studied the sources of (co)variance in two characteristics of an acoustic advertisement signal that trade off with one another and are under sexual selection in the gray treefrog, <em>Hyla chrysoscelis</em>: call duration and call rate. We recorded males on multiple nights calling spontaneously and in response to playbacks simulating different competition levels. Call duration, call rate, and their product, call effort, were all repeatable both within and across social contexts. Call duration and call rate covaried negatively, and the largest covariance was at the among-individual level. There was extensive plasticity in calling with changes in social competition, and we found some evidence for among-individual variance in call rate plasticity. The significant negative among-individual covariance in trait values is perpendicular to the primary direction of sexual selection in this species, indicating potential limits on the response to selection.</p>
Rovibrational partition functions of fulminic acid (HCNO), cyanic acid (HOCN), and isofulminic acid (HONC)
<p>Rovibrational partition functions of fulminic acid (HCNO), cyanic acid (HOCN), and isofulminic acid (HONC)</p>
Electronic Supplement to: A Predictive Model for Divalent Element Partitioning between Clinopyroxene and Basaltic Melt and a Europium-in-Plagioclase-Clinopyroxene Oxybarometer for Cumulate Rocks
<p>Contents</p> <p>Supplementary Figures</p> <p>Supplementary Calculator Spreadsheet</p> <ul> <li>A calculator for divalent element partitioning between the clinopyroxene M2 site and silicate melt</li> <li>An fO2-, temperature- and composition- dependent clinopyroxene-melt Eu partition coefficient calculator for many samples, each at a single fO2</li> <li>An fO2-, temperature- and composition- dependent clinopyroxene-melt Eu partition coefficient calculator for a single sample at many fO2s</li> <li>A Eu-in-clinopyroxene-melt oxybarometer</li> <li>A Eu-in-plagioclase-clinopyroxene oxybarometer</li> </ul> <p>Supplementary Code</p> <ul> <li>A Eu-in-plagioclase-clinopyroxene oxybarometer</li> <li>A Monte Carlo-based fO2 uncertainty calculator</li> </ul>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.