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FIG. 4 in Morphological, chemical and biochemical characterization of a new species of sponge without skeleton (Porifera, Demospongiae) from the Mediterranean Sea

FIG. 4. — Molecular phylogenetic tree based on a comparison of 28S rRNA sequences from 22 species. The topology is a consensus bootstrap neighbour-joining tree obtained after 500 bootstrap replicates with Haplosclerida as outgroup. Bootstrap proportions are shown above internal branches. Distances were calculated using Kimura method. Abbreviations: Ageoro, Agelas oroides; Ancten, Anchinoe tenacior; Asbhyp, Asbestopluma hypogea; Axidam, Axinella damicornis; Choren, Chondrosia reniformis; Cinsch, Cinachyrella schulzei; Cormas, Corallistes masoni; Dispol, Discodermia polydiscus; Eryeua, Erylus euastrum; Halpan, Halichondria panicea; Pacpat, Pachastrissa pathologica; Pacjoh, Pachymatisma johnstoni; Penhel, Penares helleri; Petfic, Petrosia ficiformis; Poecom, Poecillastra compressa; Renful, Reniera fulva; Renmuc, Reniera mucosa; Spogen, Spongosorites genitrix; Strmuc, Stryphnus mucronatus; Thycon, Thymosiopsis conglomerans; Thycut, Thymosiopsis cuticulatus; Thygue, Thymosia guernei.

FIG. 1. — Thymosiopsis conglomerans n in Morphological, chemical and biochemical characterization of a new species of sponge without skeleton (Porifera, Demospongiae) from the Mediterranean Sea

FIG. 1. — Thymosiopsis conglomerans n. sp.; A, holotype in situ, 17 m depth; B, view of the surface of the holotype, with reticulation of low ridges and epizoic bryozoan (Scrupocellaria sp.); C, section through the paratype (surface of the sponge on the left); D, thin polished section in the paratype, with the ectosome on the left, canals, and numerous debris of foreign origin. Scale bars: B, 1 mm; C, 14.3 mm; D, 1.4 mm.

FIG. 2. — Thymosiopsis conglomerans n in Morphological, chemical and biochemical characterization of a new species of sponge without skeleton (Porifera, Demospongiae) from the Mediterranean Sea

FIG. 2. — Thymosiopsis conglomerans n. sp.; A, semi-thin section through the ectosome; B, semi-thin section through the choanosome; C, TEM view of a choanocyte chamber; D, enlargement of a part of semi-thin section B; E, choanocyte; F, spherulous cell. Abbreviations: a, foreign body (calcareous alga); ap, aphodus; b, bacteria; c, canal; cc, choanocyte chamber; g, granular cell; n, nucleus; s, spherulous cell; v, vacuolar cell; vc, vacuolar cells near the pinacocyte layer of the canal. Scale bars: A, D, 16 µm; B, 58 µm; C, 3.2 µm; E, F, 1 µm.

F. 5. — 1 in Morphological, chemical and biochemical characterization of a new species of sponge without skeleton (Porifera, Demospongiae) from the Mediterranean Sea

F. 5. — 1, Thymosiosterol; 2, ∆24 thymosiosterol; 3, main sterol of T. conglomerans; 4, pulchrasterol.

FIG. 6 in Morphological, chemical and biochemical characterization of a new species of sponge without skeleton (Porifera, Demospongiae) from the Mediterranean Sea

FIG. 6. — Thymosia guernei Topsent, specimen from Portugal. Semi-thin section through the choanosome. Abbreviations: ca, canal; cc, choanocyte chamber; f, spongin fibre; sc, spherulous cell. Scale bar: 34 µm.

Figure 5 in Long-bone geometry in columnar-limbed animals: allometry of the proboscidean appendicular skeleton

Figure 5. Independent contrasts reduced major axis (RMA) regression plots for the total sample of proboscideans. Slopes and correlations, respectively, are 1.079 and 0.902 (humerus), 0.961 and 0.841 (ulna), 0.761 and 0.857 (femur), and 0.828 and 0.873 (tibia).

Figure 3 in Long-bone geometry in columnar-limbed animals: allometry of the proboscidean appendicular skeleton

Figure 3. Morphometric comparisons of humereral and femoral proportions., Loxodonta africana; A, Elephas maximus, Z, Mammuthus (columbi, imperator, meridionalis, and primigenius); Δ, gomphotheres s.l. (Archaeobelodon filholi, Cuvieronius hyodon, Eubelodon morrilli, Gomphotherium angustidens, Gomphotherium productum, Mammut americanum, Serbelodon barbourensis, and Stegomastodon platensis).

Figure 2 in Long-bone geometry in columnar-limbed animals: allometry of the proboscidean appendicular skeleton

Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree structure of the 19 included proboscidean genera, along with inferred clade ages. References used in constructing the tree topology and assigning clade ages were Tassy & Pickford (1983), Tassy (1994, 1995a, b, c), Lister (1995), Kalb et al. (1995), Lambert (1995), Saunders (1995), Shoshani (1995b), Shoshani & Tassy (1995b), Shoshani et al. (1995, 1998), Tobien (1995), Todd & Roth (1995), Gheerbrant et al. (1996), and Thomas et al. (2000).

Figure 1 in Long-bone geometry in columnar-limbed animals: allometry of the proboscidean appendicular skeleton

Figure 1. Proboscidean limb bones: 1–5, humeri; 6–10, femora. 1 and 6, Loxodonta africana; 2 and 7, Elephas maximus; 3 and 8, Mammuthus imperator; 4 and 9, Stegomastodon superbus; 5 and 10, Mammut americanum.

Figure 16 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 16. Distal epiphysis of left ulnae of Simocyon batalleri from batallones-1 (A), Gulo gulo (B) and Potos flavus (C); arrows indicate the distal end of the attachment surface for the pronator quadratus muscle. The bones are illustrated at the same size.

Figure 15 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 15. Cranial view of the distal epiphysis of a humerus of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1, showing the attachment areas of the main flexor muscles of the forearm: p.t., pronator teres; f.c.r., flexor carpi radialis; f.d.s. + f.d.p.cu, common area of flexor digitorum superficialis and condilo-ulnaris branch of the flexor digitorum profundus; f.d.p.c, centralis branch of the flexor digitorum profundus; f.d.p.cr, condilo-radialis branch of the flexor digitorum profundus p.l., palmaris longus; and f.c.u., flexor carpi ulnaris.

Figure 8 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 8. Lateral (top row) and medial (bottom row) views of selected right metacarpals of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1: A and F, B-2248, Mc V; B and G, B/S-218, Mc IV; C and H, B-2526(3), Mc III; D and I, B-1956, Mc II; and E and J, B-3684, Mc I.

Figure 7 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 7. Articulated metapodials of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1 in dorsal view: A, right metacarpals; B, left metatarsals.

Figure 5 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 5. Long bones of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1: A–D, B-2390, right humerus in lateral (A), caudal (B), medial (C) and cranial (D) views; E–F, B-438, left ulna in lateral (E) and medial (F) views; and G–H, B-3680, right radius in medial (G) and lateral (H) views.

Figure 19 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 19. Skeletal reconstruction of Simocyon batalleri. The pelvis, femora, tibiae, fibulae, sacrum and caudal vertebrae are not known in the Batallones-1 sample, and have been reconstructed on the basis of Ailurus fulgens (artwork by M. Antón).

Figure 6 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 6. Carpals of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1: A–B, B-5449, left unciform in dorsal (A) and medial (B) views; C–D, B-1767(2), right magnum in medial (C) and lateral (D) views; E–F, B-5441, left radial sesamoid in dorsal (E) and lateral (F) views; G–H, B-1575, right trapezoid in distal (G) and proximal (H) views; I–J, B-250, right pyramidal in medial (I) and lateral (J) views; K–L, right scapholunar in proximal (K) and distal (L.) views; M–N, B-2264, pisiform in proximal (M) and dorsal (N) views.

Figure 11 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 11. Tarsals of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1: A–B, B-608, right ectocuneiform in proximal (A) and lateral (B) views; C–D, B/S-405, right cuboid in dorsal (C) and medial (D) views; E–F, B-2497, left calcaneus in medial (E) and plantar (F) views; G–H, B-2496, left navicular in distal (G) and proximal (H) views; I–J, B-2526(8), left mesocuneiform in lateral (I) and medial (J) views; and K–L, B-1061, left astragalus in plantar (K) and dorsal (L.) views.

Figure 1 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 1. Skull (top) and life appearance (bottom) of Simocyon batalleri, based on the fossils from Batallones-1 (artwork by M. Antón).

Figure 2 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 2. Cervical vertebrae of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1. A–C, B-7038, third cervical vertebra in cranial (A), lateral (B) and dorsal (C) views; D–E, B-2188, fourth cervical vertebra in dorsal (D) and cranial (E) views; F–G, B-1767(1), sixth cervical vertebra in lateral (F) and cranial (G) views; and H–I, B-1676(3), seventh cervical vertebra in cranial (H) and lateral (I) views.

Figure 3. B-429 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 3. B-429, articulated third to sixth lumbar vertebrae of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1: A, lateral, B, dorsal views.