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opencc-zeroJan 2021View details →

Phylogeographic and demographic modelling analyses of the multiple origins of the rheophytic goldenrod Solidago yokusaiana

Understanding adaptation mechanisms is important in evolutionary biology. Parallel adaptation provides good opportunities to investigate adaptive evolution. To confirm parallel adaptation, it is effective to examine whether the phenotypic similarity has one or multiple origins and to use demographic modelling to consider the gene flow between ecotypes. Solidago yokusaiana is a rheophyte endemic to the Japanese Archipelago that diverged from Solidago virgaurea. This study examined the parallel origins of S. yokusaiana by distinguishing between multiple and single origins and subsequent gene flow. The haplotypes of non-coding chloroplast DNA and genotypes at 14 nuclear simple sequence repeat (nSSR) loci and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) revealed by double-digest restriction-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) were used for phylogeographic analysis; the SNPs were also used to model population demographics. Some chloroplast haplotypes were common to S. yokusaiana and its ancestor S. virgaurea. Also, the population genetic structures revealed by nSSR and SNPs did not correspond to the taxonomic species. The demographic modelling supported the multiple origins of S. yokusaiana in at least four districts and rejected a single origin with ongoing gene flow between the two species, implying that S. yokusaiana independently and repeatedly adapted to frequently flooding riversides.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Polyploidization-enhanced effective clonal reproduction endows the successful invasion of Solidago canadensis

Clonality and ploidy levels are positively associated with plant invasiveness. However, there is still no consensus on whether polyploidization can promote the invasion of alien plants by enhancing clonality. Our recent long-term community succession study found that the more vigorous clone of introduced polyploid Solidago canadensis succeeded into mono-dominant community, which seems to be a positive correlationship between polyploidization and clonal reproduction. However, how polyploidization improves the clonal reproduction of S. canadensis remains unknown. Here, we compared clonal growth ability among diploids and polyploids of S. canadensis from native and introduced ranges in a common garden. Results showed that the rhizomes of S. canadensis originated from axillary buds of dense nodes at the basal stem of seedling and then produced into clonal ramets. Diploids had denser nodes and more buds, developed more rhizomes per unit mass and produced more clonal propagules at the early growth stage compared with polyploids. However, the number of juvenile and secondary rhizomes, as well as the diameter and length of rhizomes in polyploid populations was significant higher than those of diploids, and those clonal traits in introduced polyploids were significant higher than in native polyploids. Moreover, a phalanx growth form was observed in native and introduced diploid populations, which allocated about 3% and 5% of the total biomass to rhizomes, respectively, resulting in short and weak rhizomes. However, native and introduced polyploids allocated about 35% and 40%, respectively, of the total biomass to rhizomes, resulting in long and strong rhizomes, which were guerrilla growth forms. This study firstly shows that polyploidization enhanced the effective clonal reproduction of S. canadensis through pre-adaptation and rapid post-adaptation evolution, and consequently contributed to its successful invasion.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Older populations of the invader Solidago canadensis exhibit stronger positive plant-soil feedbacks and competitive ability in China

PREMISE The enemy release hypothesis predicts that release from natural enemies, including soil-borne pathogens, liberates invasive plants from a negative regulating force. Nevertheless, invasive plants may acquire novel enemies and mutualists in the introduced range, which may cause variable effects on invader growth. However, how soil microorganisms may influence competitive ability of invasive plants along invasion chronosequences has been little explored. METHODS Using the invasive plant Solidago canadensis, we tested whether longer residence times are associated with stronger negative plant-soil feedbacks and thus weaker competitive abilities at the individual level. We grew S. canadensis individuals from 36 populations with different residence times in competition versus no competition and in three different types of soils: (1) conspecific rhizospheric soils, (2) soil from uninvaded patches, and (3) sterilized soil. For our competitor treatments, we constructed synthetic communities of four native species Bidens parviflora, Solanum nigrum, Kalimeris indica, and Mosla scabra, which naturally co-occur with S. canadensis in the field. RESULTS Solidago canadensis populations with longer residence times experienced stronger positive plant-soil feedbacks and had greater competitive responses (i.e., produced greater above-ground biomass and grew taller) in conspecific rhizospheric soils than in sterilized and uninvaded soils. Moreover, S. canadensis from older populations significantly suppressed above-ground biomass of the native communities in rhizospheric and uninvaded soils but not in sterilized soil. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that older populations of S. canadensis experience stronger positive plant-soil feedback, which may enhance their competitive ability against native plant communities.

Table 3 in Mowing inhibits the invasion of the alien species Solidago altissima and is an effective management strategy

Table 3. Heights of S. altissima before mowing in September 2019.<table><tbody><tr><th>Site</th><th>Control</th><th>Mowing 1</th><th>Mowing 2</th><th>Mowing 3</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Site 1</th><td>168.0 ± 3.27a</td><td>64.0 ± 3.32c</td><td>100.5 ± 9.14b</td><td>67.5 ± 3.1c</td></tr><tr><th>Site 2</th><td>192.0 ± 11.3a</td><td>79.0 ± 4.07c</td><td>111.0 ± 6.9b</td><td>73.0 ± 7.61c</td></tr><tr><th>Site 3</th><td>159.0 ± 4.99a</td><td>123.0 ± 7.12b</td><td>84.5 ± 5.89c</td><td>47.0 ± 2.71d</td></tr><tr><th>Site 4</th><td>190.0 ± 2.98a</td><td>102.0 ± 3.89b</td><td>112.5 ±8.07b</td><td>62.0 ± 5.33c</td></tr><tr><th>Site 5</th><td>217.0 ±10.23a</td><td>87.5 ± 4.9c</td><td>137.0 ± 4.96b</td><td>62.5 ± 3.1d</td></tr><tr><th>Site 6</th><td>177.5 ± 6.76a</td><td>97.5 ± 5.44c</td><td>120.5 ± 4.97b</td><td>60.0 ± 2.58d</td></tr><tr><th>Site 7</th><td>143.5 ± 12.2a</td><td>81.0 ± 2.77b</td><td>138.5 ± 3.5a</td><td>62.0 ± 4.67b</td></tr></tbody></table>* Mowing 1: mowed once in July; Mowing 2: mowed twice in May and September; Mowing 3: mowed three times in May, July, and September. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of 10 replicates. Means within a row followed by different letters are significantly different at p <0.05 (ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test). Units: cm.

Table 2 in Mowing inhibits the invasion of the alien species Solidago altissima and is an effective management strategy

Table 2. Heights of S. altissima before mowing treatment in May 2019.<table><tbody><tr><th>Site</th><th>Control</th><th>Mowing 1</th><th>Mowing 2</th><th>Mowing 3</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Site 1</th><td>101.0 ± 3.2a</td><td>101.0 ± 3.0a</td><td>81.1 ± 2.6b</td><td>64.9 ± 3.1c</td></tr><tr><th>Site 2</th><td>116.5 ± 4.7a</td><td>111.8 ± 4.7a</td><td>82.9 ± 4.1b</td><td>72.5 ± 6.6b</td></tr><tr><th>Site 4</th><td>89.1 ± 2.2a</td><td>74.8 ± 2.2b</td><td>49.5 ± 3.1d</td><td>59.8 ± 1.6c</td></tr><tr><th>Site 5</th><td>93.5 ± 2.5a</td><td>99.5 ± 2.3a</td><td>78.0 ± 2.0b</td><td>77.1 ± 2.0b</td></tr><tr><th>Site 6</th><td>125.3 ± 5.2a</td><td>117.0 ± 3.0a</td><td>86.5 ± 3.0c</td><td>105.0 ± 3.4b</td></tr><tr><th>Site 7</th><td>123.3 ± 3.3a</td><td>119.3 ± 2.9ab</td><td>111.3 ± 2.8bc</td><td>110.3 ± 3.1c</td></tr><tr><th>Site 8</th><td>96.0 ± 4.0a</td><td>94.5 ± 4.1ab</td><td>84.5 ± 3.3bc</td><td>81.0 ± 3.1c</td></tr></tbody></table>* Mowing 1: mowed once in July; Mowing 2: mowed twice in May and September; Mowing 3: mowed three times in May, July, and September. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of 10 replicates. Means within a row followed by different letters are significantly different at p <0.05 (ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test). Units: cm.

Table 1 in Mowing inhibits the invasion of the alien species Solidago altissima and is an effective management strategy

Table 1. Heights of dead shoots of S. altissima after 1 year of treatment in April 2019.<table><tbody><tr><th>Site</th><th>Control</th><th>Mowing 1</th><th>Mowing 2</th><th>Mowing 3</th><th>Eco 200</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Site 1</th><td>162.8 ± 6.62a</td><td>85.7 ± 5.52b</td><td>29.5 ± 2.74c</td><td>21.3 ± 2.09c</td><td>77.9 ± 8.94b</td></tr><tr><th>Site 2</th><td>213.2 ± 12.08a</td><td>87.1 ± 7.33c</td><td>38.4 ± 2.17d</td><td>29.0 ± 2.01d</td><td>144.8 ± 9.57b</td></tr><tr><th>Site 3</th><td>163.4 ± 7.31a</td><td>66.3 ± 4.55c</td><td>40.7 ± 2.57d</td><td>33.4 ± 2.11d</td><td>143.4 ± 7.13b</td></tr><tr><th>Site 4</th><td>191.6 ± 3.84a</td><td>160.8 ± 7.90b</td><td>59.2 ± 1.66d</td><td>81.9 ± 6.50c</td><td>166.9 ± 12.33b</td></tr><tr><th>Site 5</th><td>181.7 ± 4.76a</td><td>114.7 ± 2.90b</td><td>89.5 ± 10.23c</td><td>46.6 ± 5.12d</td><td>183.8 ± 9.00a</td></tr><tr><th>Site 6</th><td>174.8 ± 4.34a</td><td>82.9 ± 4.49c</td><td>39.7 ± 2.51d</td><td>31.6 ± 2.47d</td><td>153.3 ± 3.12b</td></tr><tr><th>Site 7</th><td>165.5 ± 4.79a</td><td>91.2 ± 6.02b</td><td>64.7 ± 3.24c</td><td>44.0 ± 3.67d</td><td>153.8 ± 7.25a</td></tr></tbody></table>* Mowing 1: mowed once in July; Mowing 2: mowed twice in May and September; Mowing 3: mowed three times in May, July, and September; Eco 200: 30% of shoots in the quadrats were cut near the ground, and the cut surfaces were covered with the Eco 200 block. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of 20 replicates. Means within a row followed by different letters are significantly different at p <0.05 (ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test). Units: cm.

Table 4 in Mowing inhibits the invasion of the alien species Solidago altissima and is an effective management strategy

Table 4. Change in areas occupied by S. altissima in patch-type communities from March 2018 to March 2019.<table><tbody><tr><th>Control</th><th>Mowing 3</th><th>Eco 20%</th><th>Eco 100%</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>205.2 ± 107.3</th><td>24.7 ± 44.0</td><td>104.5 ± 85.2</td><td>− 31.7 ± 13.0</td></tr></tbody></table>Mowing 3: mowed three times in May, July, and September; Eco 20%: 20% of shoots were mowed and treated with Eco 200; Eco 100%: 100% of shoots were mowed and treated with Eco 200. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of six replicates.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

The golden threat: Solidago invasion alters native plant-pollinator interactions through vegetative structures

This folder includes all files that were used for the article entitled "The golden threat: Solidago invasion alters native plant-pollinator interactions through vegetative structures". It includes: a README file, the input data for the two research question (Q1 and Q2), the RData of the respective fitted models, the PDF of the main text and sup. mat. figues, and the Rscript to reproduce them.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

A geographic mosaic of coevolution between Eurosta solidaginis (Fitch) and its host plant tall goldenrod Solidago altissima (L.)

A geographic mosaic of coevolution has produced local reciprocal adaptation in tall goldenrod, Solidago altissima (L.), and the goldenrod ball gall fly, Eurosta solidaginis (Fitch 1855). The fly is selected to induce gall diameters that minimize mortality from natural enemies, and the plant is selected to limit gall growth that reduces plant fitness. We conducted a double reciprocal transplant experiment where S. altissima and E. solidaginis from three sites were grown in gardens at each site to partition the gall morphology variation into fly genotype, plant genotype, and the environment components. The host plant gall diameter induced by each E. solidaginis population was adapted to inhibit local natural enemies from ovipositing on or consuming enclosed larvae. Reciprocally, increasing the gall size induced by the local fly population increased the resistance of the local plant host population to gall growth. Differences among sites in natural enemies produced a mosaic of hotspots of coevolutionary arms races between flies selecting for greater gall diameter and plants for smaller diameters, and coldspots where there is no selection on plant or fly for a change in gall diameter. In contrast, the geographic variations of gall length and gall shape were not due to coevolutionary interactions.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Solidago hybrid-sequence capture probe set

Premise of the study: The phylogenetic relationships among the ca. 138 species of goldenrods (Solidago; Asteraceae) have been difficult to infer due to species richness, and shallow interspecific genetic divergences. This study aims to overcome these obstacles by combining extensive sampling of goldenrod herbarium specimens with the use of a custom Solidago hybrid-sequence capture probe set. Methods: A set of tissues from herbarium samples comprising ca. 90% of Solidago species was assembled, and DNA was extracted. A custom hybrid-sequence capture probe set was designed, and data from 854 nuclear regions were obtained and analyzed from 209 specimens. Maximum likelihood and coalescent approaches were used to estimate the genus phylogeny for 157 diploid samples. Key results: Although DNAs from older specimens were both more fragmented and produced fewer sequencing reads, there was no relationship between specimen age and our ability to obtain sufficient data at the target loci. The Solidago phylogeny was generally well supported, with 88/155 (57%) nodes receiving ≥95% bootstrap support. Solidago was supported as monophyletic, with Chrysoma pauciflosculosa identified as sister. A clade comprising Solidago ericameriodes, Solidago odora, and Solidago chapmanii was identified as the earliest diverging Solidago lineage. The previously segregated genera Brintonia and Oligoneuron were identified as placed well within Solidago. These and other phylogenetic results were used to establish four subgenera and fifteen sections within the genus. Conclusions: The combination of expansive herbarium sampling and hybrid-sequence capture data allowed us to quickly and rigorously establish the evolutionary relationships within this difficult, species-rich group.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

Data for: Cytogeography of naturalized Solidago canadensis populations in Europe

Autopolyploidization has driven the successful invasion of Solidago canadensis in East Asia. However, it was believed that only diploid S. canadensis invaded Europe, whereas polyploids never did. In this study, we aim to investigate whether polyploidy S. canadensis invaded Europe and compare the ecological niche differentiation pattern driven by ploidy in Asia and Europe and North America.Here, molecular identification (combination of ribosomal ITS and psbA-trnH intergenic spacer), ploidy level, and morphological traits of ten S. canadensis populations collected in Europe were compared with previously identified S. canadensis populations from other continents and S. altissima populations. Furthermore, the ploidy-driven geographical differentiation pattern of S. canadensis in different continents was investigated. Results showed that all ten European populations were identified as S. canadensis with five diploid and five hexaploid populations. Significant differences in morphological traits existed among diploids and polyploids (tetraploids and hexaploids), rather than between polyploids from different introduced ranges and between S. altissima and polyploidy S. canadensis populations. The invasive hexaploids and diploids had few differences in latitudinal distributions in Europe which was similar to the native range but absolutely different from a distinct climate-niche differentiation in Asia. This may be attributed to the bigger difference in climate between Asia and Europe and North America.The above morphological and molecular evidences proved the invasion of polyploid S. canadensis in Europe and suggest that S. altissima may be merged into a complex of S. canadensis species. Our study may be concluded that geographical and ecological niche differentiation of an invasive plant driven by ploidy depends on the degree of difference in the environmental factors between the introduced range and the native range, which provides new insight into the invasive mechanism.

opencc-zeroJul 2023View details →

Data for: Genome material costs and functional tradeoffs in the autopolyploid Solidago gigantea (Giant Goldenrod) series

Premise of study: Increased genomic "material costs" of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) atoms inherent to organisms with larger genome sizes (GS) has been proposed to limit growth under nutrient scarcities and promote growth under nutrient enrichments. Such responsiveness may reflect a nutrient-dependent diploid versus polyploid advantage that could have vast ecological and evolutionary implications, but direct evidence that material costs increase with ploidy-level and/or influence cytotype-dependent growth, metabolic, and/or resource-use tradeoffs is limited. Methods: We grew diploid, auto-tetraploid, and auto-hexaploid Solidago gigantea plants under one of four ambient and enriched N:P treatments and measured traits related to material costs, primary and secondary metabolism, and resource-use. Key results: Relative to diploids, polyploids invested more N and P into cells and tetraploids grew more following N-enrichments, suggesting that material costs increase with ploidy-level. Polyploids also generally exhibited strategies that could minimize material-cost-constraints over both long (reduced monoploid GS) and short (more extreme transcriptome downsizing, reduced photosynthesis rates and terpene concentrations, enhanced N-use efficiencies) evolutionary time periods. Furthermore, polyploids had lower transpiration rates but higher water-use-efficiencies than diploids, both of which were more pronounced under nutrient-limiting conditions. Conclusions: Collectively we found that NP material costs increase with ploidy-level but that material-cost-constraints might be lessened by organismal resource allocation/investment mechanisms that can also alter ecological dynamics and selection. Our results enhance mechanistic understanding of how global increases in nutrients might provide a release from material-cost-constraints in polyploids that could impact ploidy (or GS)-specific performances, cytogeographic patterning, and multispecies community structuring.

opencc-zeroAug 2023View details →

Directional and stabilizing selection shaped morphological, reproductive, and physiological traits of the invader Solidago canadensis

Trait evolution in invasive plant species is important because it can impact demographic parameters key to invasion success. Invasive plant species often show phenotypic clines along geographic and climatic gradients. However, the relative contributions of natural selection and neutral evolutionary processes to phenotypic trait variation among populations of invasive plants remains unclear. A common method to assess whether a trait has been shaped by natural selection or neutral evolutionary processes is to compare the geographical pattern for the trait of interest to the divergence in neutral genetic loci (i.e., QST-FST comparisons). A redundancy analysis (RDA) can facilitate identification of putative agents of natural selection on the trait. Here, we employed both a QST-FST comparisons approach and RDA to infer whether natural selection shaped traits of invasive populations of S. canadensis in China and identify the potential environmental drivers of natural selection. We addressed two questions: (1) Does natural selection drive phenotypic trait variation among S. canadensis populations? (2) Do climatic, latitudinal, longitudinal, and altitudinal gradients drive patterns of genetic variation among S. canadensis populations? We found significant directional selection for several morphological and reproductive traits (i.e., QST >FST) and stabilizing selection for physiological traits (i.e., QST < FST). The RDA showed that stem biomass of S. canadensis was strongly positively correlated with longitude, while leaf width ratio and specific leaf area were significantly positively correlated with mean diurnal range. Stem biomass had a strong negative correlation with annual precipitation. Moreover, height of S. canadensis individuals was strongly positively correlated with altitude and precipitation of the wettest quarter. Precipitation seasonality that was associated with longitudinal shift in China likely selected for larger stem biomass in S. canadensis. Overall, these results suggest that longitudinal and altitudinal clines in climate exerted strong selection pressures that shaped phenotypic traits of S. canadensis.

opencc-zeroAug 2023View details →

Investigating the effects of whole genome duplication on phenotypic plasticity: Implications for the invasion success of Giant Goldenrod (Solidago gigantea)

Polyploidy commonly occurs in invasive species and phenotypic plasticity (PP, the ability to alter one's phenotype in different environments), is predicted to be enhanced in polyploids and contribute to their invasive success. However, empirical support that increased PP is frequent in polyploids and/or confers invasive success is limited. Here, we investigated if polyploids are more pre-adapted to become invasive than diploids via the scaling of trait values and PP with ploidy-level, and if post-introduction selection has led to a divergence in trait values and PP responses between native- and non-native cytotypes. We grew diploid, tetraploid (from both native North American and non-native European ranges), and hexaploid Solidago gigantea in pots outside with low, medium, and high soil nitrogen and phosphorus (NP) amendments, and measured traits related to growth, asexual reproduction, physiology, and insects/pathogen resistance. We found little evidence to suggest that polyploidy and post-selection shaped mean trait and PP responses. To examine invasion dynamics, we compared diploids to tetraploids (as their introduction into Europe was more likely), and found that tetraploids had greater pathogen resistance, photosynthetic capacities, and water-use efficiencies and generally performed better under NP enrichments. Furthermore, tetraploids invested more into roots than shoots in low NP and into shoots than roots in high NP and this resource strategy is beneficial under variable NP conditions. Lastly, native-tetraploids exhibited greater plasticity in biomass accumulation, clonal-ramet production and water-use efficiency. Cumulatively, tetraploid S. gigantea possesses traits that might have pre-disposed and enabled them to become successful invaders. Our findings highlight that trait expression and invasive species dynamics are nuance while also providing insight into the invasion success and cyto-geographic patterning of S. gigantea that can be broadly applied to other invasive species with polyploid complexes.