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FIG. 1 in Phenotypic Variation in Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) at Broad Spatial Scales Makes Morphology an Insufficient Basis for Taxonomic Reclassification of the Species
FIG. 1. Native distribution of Brook Trout (shaded gray area) in the United States and Canada, with Brook Trout used in our comparative analyses originating from survey locations located in panels A and B. The three streams in Long Island, NY, surveyed by Stauffer and King (2014) are shown in panel A. Panel B shows streams from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) surveyed by Weathers et al. (2019; circles) and Stauffer (2020; diamonds), with the three streams included in both studies symbolized with matching colors (Cosby Creek: yellow; Greenbrier Creek: green; Indian Camp Creek: blue). Streams included in Weathers et al. (2019) but not included in Stauffer (2020) are shown in gray circles.
FIG. 2 in Phenotypic Variation in Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) at Broad Spatial Scales Makes Morphology an Insufficient Basis for Taxonomic Reclassification of the Species
FIG. 2. First two dimensions of principal components analysis (PCA) of ten meristic traits for five populations of SaLVELinUS. The populations analyzed included the three surveyed by Stauffer (2020) and Weathers et al. (2019) from Cosby (yellow), Greenbrier (green), and Indian Camp (blue) Creeks, collections from Weathers et al. (2019) for 35 additional streams in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP; gray), and three populations from Long Island, NY described by Stauffer and King (2014; red). Ellipses envelop 95% of variation for each population, and population centroids are indicated by a triangle.
Datasets to article: Digestibility of defatted insect meals for rainbow trout aquafeeds
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Effects of a plant-based diet from first feeding on the intestinal expression of nutrient sensors in rainbow trout
<p>Raw data corresponding to results included in the above mentioned publication </p>
Intestinal rhythmicity in rainbow trout
<p>Dataset for the publication entitled: "Intestinal rhythmicity in rainbow trout"</p>
Data from: Melanin in a changing world: brown trout coloration reflects alternative reproductive strategies in variable environments
Melanins are the most widespread pigments in animals but their adaptive significance remains elusive. Recent studies suggest that intraspecific variation in melanin-based coloration reflects individual genetic-based alternative strategies to cope with environment variability, which could be crucial for their responses to climate changes. However, empirical evidence is still scarce. In this study, we tested how skin coloration in natural populations of brown trout Salmo trutta fario would reflect alternative reproductive strategies in different environments. We experimentally manipulated the flow regime (constant vs. variable) in artificial streams and compared the reproductive investment (body mass and plasma triglyceride variations), innate immunity (variations in plasma peroxidase and lysozyme activity) and reproductive success (number of mates and offspring) of differently colored brown trout over 2 reproductive seasons. Results show that darker males had a higher reproductive investment, but similar immune variations during reproduction compared to paler males. In addition, this reproductive investment was higher in variable environments. However, this did not translate into a higher reproductive success in variable environments, as darker males had a similar number of mates and offspring compared to their paler counterparts under a variable water flow. Since climate change will likely lead to an increased flow variability in the next decades, this suggests that darker brown trout could incur a higher energetic cost of reproduction and could be more impacted by climate changes than their paler counterparts. This highlights the need to take into account intraspecific variability to better forecast the response of natural populations to climate changes.
Data from: Consumption of carotenoids not increased by bacterial infection in brown trout embryos (Salmo trutta)
Carotenoids are organic pigment molecules that play important roles in signalling, control of oxidative stress, and immunity. Fish allocate carotenoids to their eggs, which gives them the typical yellow to red colouration and supports their resistance against microbial infections. However, it is still unclear whether carotenoids act mainly as a shield against infection or are used up during the embryos' immune defence. We investigated this question with experimental families produced from wild-caught brown trout (Salmo trutta). Singly raised embryos were either exposed to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas fluorescens or sham-treated at one of two stages during their development. A previous study on these experimental families reported positive effects of egg carotenoids on embryo growth and resistance against the infection. Here, we quantified carotenoid consumption, i.e. the active metabolization of carotenoids into compounds that are not other carotenoid types, in these infected and sham-infected maternal sib groups. We found that carotenoid contents mostly decreased during embryogenesis. However, these decreases were neither linked to the virulence induced by the pathogen nor dependent on the time point of infection. We conclude that egg carotenoids are not significantly used up by the embryos' immune defence.
Data from: Investigating genomic and phenotypic parallelism between piscivorous and planktivorous lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) ecotypes by means of RADseq and morphometrics analyses
Repeated adaptive ecological diversification has commonly been reported in fish and has often been associated with trophic niche diversity. The main goal of this study was to investigate the extent of parallelism in the genomic and phenotypic divergence between piscivorous and planktivorous lake trout ecotypes from Laurentian Shield lakes, Canada. This was achieved by documenting the extent of morphological differentiation using geometric morphometrics and linear measurements as well as the pattern of genomic divergence by means of RADseq genotyping (3925 filtered SNPs) in 12 lakes. Our results indicate that the two ecotypes evolved distinct body shape and several linear measurements in parallel. Neutral genetic differentiation was pronounced between all isolated populations (Mean FST = 0.433), indicating no or very limited migration and pronounced genetic drift. Significant genetic differentiation also suggested partial reproductive isolation between ecotypes in the two lakes where they are found in sympatry. Combining different outlier detection methods, we identified 48 SNPs putatively under divergent selection between ecotypes, among which 10 could be annotated and related to functions such as developmental processes and ionic regulation. Finally, our results indicate that parallel morphological divergence is accompanied by both parallel and nonparallel genomic divergence, which is associated with the use of different trophic niches between ecotypes. The results are also discussed in the context of management and conservation of this highly exploited species throughout northern North America.
Data from: Sixty years of anthropogenic pressure: a spatio-temporal genetic analysis of brown trout populations subject to stocking and population declines
Analyses of historical samples can provide invaluable information on changes to the genetic composition of natural populations resulting from human activities. Here, we analyze 21 microsatellite loci in historical (archived scales from 1927-1956) and contemporary samples of brown trout (Salmo trutta) from six neighbouring rivers in Denmark, to compare the genetic structure of wild populations before and after population declines and stocking with non-local strains of hatchery trout. We show that all populations have been strongly affected by stocking, with admixture proportions ranging from 14 to 64%. Historical population genetic structure was characterized by isolation-by-distance and by positive correlations between historical effective population sizes and habitat area within river systems. Contemporary population genetic structure still showed isolation-by-distance, but also reflected differences among populations in hatchery trout admixture proportions. Despite significant changes to the genetic composition within populations over time, dispersal rates among populations were roughly similar before and after stocking. We also assessed whether population declines or introgression by hatchery strain trout should be the most significant conservation concern in this system. Based on theoretical considerations, we argue that population declines have had limited negative effects for the persistence of adaptive variation, but admixture with hatchery trout may have resulted in reduced local adaptation. Collectively, our study demonstrates the usefulness of analyzing historical samples for identifying the most important consequences of human activities on the genetic structure of wild populations.
GPR84 and GPR119 in the central regulation of food intake in rainbow trout
<p>We evaluated the role of GPR84 and GPR119 in food intake regulation in fish using rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) as a model. In a first experiment, we assessed the effects on food intake of intracerebroventricular treatment with agonists of these receptors. In a second experiment, we assessed in hypothalamus and hindbrain the impact of the same treatments on mRNA abundance of neuropeptides involved in the metabolic control of food intake (<i>npy, agrp1</i>, <i>pomca1</i>, and <i>cartpt</i>) as well as in changes in parameters related to signaling pathways and transcription factors involved in the integrative response leading to neuropeptide production. Treatment with both agonists elicited an anorectic response in rainbow trout attributable to changes observed in the mRNA abundance of the four neuropeptides. Changes in neuropeptides relate to changes observed in mRNA abundance and phosphorylation status of the transcription factor Foxo1. These changes occurred in parallel with changes in phosphorylation status of Ampkα and Akt, mRNA abundance of mTOR as well as in signaling pathways related to PLCβ and IP3. These results allow us to suggest that 1) at least part of the capacity of fish brain to sense MCFA like octanoate depends on the function of GPR84, and 2) the capacity of fish brain to sense NAE or triglyceride-derived molecules through binding of these ligands to GPR119</p>
Mating systems and predictors of relative reproductive success in a Cutthroat Trout subspecies of conservation concern
<p>Mating systems and patterns of reproductive success in fishes play an important role in ecology and evolution. While information on the reproductive ecology of many anadromous salmonids (<i>Oncorhynchus</i> spp.) is well-detailed, there is less information for non-anadromous species including the Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout (<i>O. clarkii bouvieri</i>), a subspecies of recreational angling importance and conservation concern. Using data from a parentage-based tagging study, we described the genetic mating system of a migratory population of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout, tested for evidence of sexual selection, and identified predictors of mating and reproductive success. The standardized variance in mating success (i.e., opportunity for sexual selection) was significantly greater for males relative to females, and while the relationship between mating success and reproductive success (i.e., Bateman gradient) was significantly positive for both sexes, a greater proportion of reproductive success was explained by mating success for males (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.80) than females (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.59). Overall, the population displayed a polygynandrous mating system, whereby both sexes experienced variation in mating success due to multiple mating, and sexual selection was variable across sexes. Tests for evidence of sexual selection indicated the interaction between mating success and total length best predicted relative reproductive success. We failed to detect a signal of inbreeding avoidance among breeding adults, but the group of parents that produced progeny were on average slightly less related than adults that did not produce progeny. Lastly, we estimated the effective number of breeders (N<sub>b</sub>) and effective population size (N<sub>e</sub>) and identified while Nb was lower than Ne, both are sufficiently high to suggest Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout in Burns Creek represent a genetically stable and diverse population.</p>
Higher growth variability and stronger responses to temperature changes in wild than hatchery-reared sea trout (Salmo trutta L.)
<p>Each year, millions of hatchery-reared sea-run brown trout <i>Salmo trutta</i> L. (the sea trout) juveniles are released into the natural environment in the Atlantic region. The aim of this work was to investigate the growth responses of sea trout to changing temperature conditions and to compare the growth plasticity between wild and hatchery-reared fish. Scales were collected from sea trout in a selected river flowing into the southern Baltic Sea. We analyzed the scale increment widths as a proxy of somatic growth and investigated the interannual variabilities and differences in growth between fish groups (wild and hatchery-reared). We used mixed-effects Bayesian modeling and ascribed the variances in growth to different sources. Furthermore, we developed indices of interannual (2003–2015) growth variation in the marine and freshwater phases of the life cycle of the fish and analyzed the relationships between trout growth and temperature. Temperature positively affects fish growth, regardless of the origin of the fish. We observed stronger relationships between fish growth and temperature conditions in the marine phase than in the freshwater phase. Additionally, wild sea trout are characterized by stronger responses to temperature variability and higher phenotypic plasticity of growth than those of the hatchery-reared individuals. Therefore, wild sea trout might be better suited to changing environmental conditions than hatchery-reared sea trout. This knowledge identifies possible threats in management actions for sea trout with an emphasis on ongoing climate change.</p>
Growth performance, bioavailability of toxic and essential elements and nutrients, and biofortification of iodine of rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) fed blends with sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima)
<p>Data from the publication Granby et al 2020 Growth performance, bioavailability of toxic and essential elements and nutrients, and biofortification of iodine of rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) fed blends with sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima). Food Chemical Toxicology 141, 111387, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111387</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Introduced beaver improve growth of non–native trout in Tierra del Fuego, South America
<p>Species introductions threaten ecosystem function worldwide and interactions among introduced species may amplify their impacts. Effects of multiple invasions are still poorly studied and often the mechanisms underlying potential interactions among invaders are unknown. Despite being a remote and well–conserved area, the southern portion of South America has been greatly impacted by invasions of both the American Beaver (Castor canadensis) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario). Here, we compared growth, condition, diet, and stable isotopes of sulfur δ34S, nitrogen δ15N, and carbon δ13C for stream-living Brown Trout from streams with (n = 6) and without (n = 6) beaver in Tierra del Fuego, Chile. We show that beaver may facilitate the success of trout by positively influencing fish growth. Beaver indirectly provide greater food subsidies (i.e., macroinvertebrate abundances) by modifying the local aquatic environment through active dam and lodge building suggesting a one–way positive interaction. Trout in beaver-influenced streams occupied a slightly higher trophic level with more depleted sulfur and carbon isotopic ratios suggesting that food web pathways rely on secondary production from autochthonous origin. Trout in beaver-influenced streams have a wider dietary breadth with diptera and amphipoda as the prey items providing most of the energy whereas in streams without beaver, trichoptera were the main source of energy for trout. Although these two invaders have never co-occurred naturally, their ecosystem function and the beneficial influences of coexisting life histories reported in their native ranges are similar to our findings from invaded systems.</p>
Contemporary genetic structure affects genetic stock identification of steelhead trout in the Snake River basin
<p>Genetic stock identification is a widely applied tool for the mixed-stock management of salmonid species throughout the North Pacific Rim. The effectiveness of genetic stock identification is dependent on the level of differentiation among stocks which is often high due to the life history of these species that involves high homing fidelity to their natal streams. However, the utility of this tool can be reduced when natural genetic structuring has been altered by hatchery translocation and/or supplementation. We examined the genetic population structure of ESA-listed steelhead in the Snake River basin of the United States. We analyzed 9,613 natural-origin adult steelhead returning to Passive Integrated Transponder detection sites throughout the basin from 2010 through 2017. Individuals were genotyped at 180 single nucleotide polymorphic genetic markers and grouped into 20 populations based on their return location. While we expected to observe a common pattern of hierarchical genetic structuring due to isolation by distance, we observed low genetic differentiation between populations in the upper Salmon River basin compared to geographically distant populations in the lower Snake River basin. These results were consistent with lower genetic stock assignment probabilities observed for populations in this upper basin. We attribute these patterns of reduced genetic structure to the translocation of lower basin steelhead stocks and ongoing hatchery programs in the upper Salmon River basin. We discuss the implications of these findings on the utility of genetic stock identification in the basin and discuss opportunities for increasing assignment probabilities in the face of low genetic structure.</p>
Repeated elevational clines of early life-history traits and their proximate mechanisms in brown trout
<p><span>1. Climate warming imposes a severe threat to freshwater ecosystems, which are dominated by ectotherms such as fish and aquatic insects. To better predict the effects of climate warming on thermally sensitive ecosystems, information on how temperature affects individual traits </span><span>within populations</span><span> is fundamental.</span></p> <p><span>2. Patterns of intraspecific variation in thermal reaction norms along geographic thermal gradients provide valuable information. </span><span>Immediate</span><span> temperature effects on individual traits can be inferred from the shape of the thermal reaction norm. </span><span>The way that</span><span> temperature and associated environmental conditions </span><span>(</span><span>to which populations have been exposed over generations</span><span>)</span><span> affect individual traits through </span><span>transgenerational plasticity in</span><span>,</span><span> and/or </span><span>natural selection on</span><span>,</span><span> </span><span>these</span><span> traits can also be inferred from patterns of trait variation along </span><span>a</span><span> geographic thermal gradient. </span></p> <p><span>3. Many studies have documented patterns of intraspecific variation in thermal reaction norms along geographic thermal gradients. However, most previous studies cannot exclude the possibility that the observed geographic patterns are solely explained by random processes, such as isolation by distance, due to the lack of </span><span>replication of</span><span> geographic gradients. Here, we show consistent patterns in intraspecific trait variation along geographic thermal gradients using <em>Salmo</em> <em>trutta</em> </span><span>(</span><span>brown trout</span><span>)</span><span>, which is an ecologically and economically important fish in alpine streams. </span></p> <p><span>4. We kept trout embryos collected from 52 families from 14 populations along wide and replicated elevational gradients from three Alpine drainages (Danube, Po, and Rhine) in two temperature treatments (3.2 and 6.2 °C). Timing and body size at emergence from the nest, which are key early life-history traits of trout affecting their early growth and survival, were measured. </span></p> <p><span>5. </span><span>Besides faster embryonic development at warmer temperatures, we found that offspring from low-elevation parents took</span><span> very</span><span> slightly more days to </span><span>reach</span><span> emergence </span><span>from fertilisation</span><span> and were larger than offspring from high-elevation parents. Importantly, this was evident for all three drainages. Further analyses found that the higher number of days until- and larger body length at- emergence of low-elevation trout were mainly due to the larger eggs laid by low-elevation females, which </span><span>had</span><span> larger body size than high-elevation females. </span></p> <p><span>6.</span><span> Trout female body size, which is positively correlated with egg size, is susceptible to temperatures and associated environmental conditions. </span><span>Consequently</span><span>, climate warming </span><span>may</span><span> not only </span><span>immediately</span><span> accelerate development rate but also shift timing and size at emergence through egg-size-mediated maternal effects within a relatively short time scale.</span></p>
FIGURE 7 in Molecular Systematics of Redband Trout from Genome-Wide DNA Sequencing Substantiates the Description of a New Taxon (Salmonidae: Oncorhynchus mykiss calisulat) from the McCloud River
FIGURE 7. Phylogenetic network of individuals examined in this study produced by the neighbor net algorithm. Tips are labeled by individual codes described in Table 1. Each subspecies of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is indicated. McCloud River Redband Trout (O. m. calisulat, ssp. nov.) and Sacramento River Redband Trout (O. m. stonei) are show in bold. The outgroup species, Lahontan Cutthroat Trout (O. clarkii henshawi) is indicated.
FIGURE 3 in Molecular Systematics of Redband Trout from Genome-Wide DNA Sequencing Substantiates the Description of a New Taxon (Salmonidae: Oncorhynchus mykiss calisulat) from the McCloud River
FIGURE 3. Admixture plots from the population genetics data set. Number of genetic clusters (K) presented for K = 2–6 from all samples (n = 318) analyzed in a population genetics framework. Admixture analysis was conducted in NGSAdmix with an optimal K = 3. Labeling of x-axis is according to Group as in Table 1: CAGT, California Golden Trout; KRRT, Kern River Rainbow Trout; LKGT, Little Kern Golden Trout; CRT, Coastal Rainbow Trout; EGLK, Eagle Lake Rainbow Trout; HRNB, Hatchery Rainbow Trout; MRRB, McCloud River Redband Trout; REDB, all other Redband Trout.
FIGURE 6 in Molecular Systematics of Redband Trout from Genome-Wide DNA Sequencing Substantiates the Description of a New Taxon (Salmonidae: Oncorhynchus mykiss calisulat) from the McCloud River
FIGURE 6. Species tree produced by SVDQuartets. The species tree branch lengths are equal and bootstrap support was maximal for all nodes and not shown. Each subspecies of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is indicated with McCloud River Redband Trout (O. m. calisulat, ssp. nov.) and Sacramento Redband Trout (O. m. stonei) in bold text. For Rainbow Trout subspecies, sampling locations are labeled with a four-letter code corresponding to Figure 1 and Table 1. The two samples of Lahontan Cutthroat Trout (O. clarkii henshawi) are labeled as LCT.
FIGURE 2 in Molecular Systematics of Redband Trout from Genome-Wide DNA Sequencing Substantiates the Description of a New Taxon (Salmonidae: Oncorhynchus mykiss calisulat) from the McCloud River
FIGURE 2. Principal Component Analyses. The first two Principal Components (PCs) are presented for all samples (n = 318) in the population genetics analysis in A and Redband Trout samples (n = 204) in B. Genotype likelihoods were generated separately for the PCs presented in each panel. In A points are color coded by Group corresponding broadly to lineage, and further condensed into a Major Group by consolidating the California Golden Trout Complex and represented by shape (Table 1). In B, points are colored by watershed and the same shape applied to the Major Group (MRRB and REDB). Abbreviations for Major Group are explained in the text.
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