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1,705 results for “Vector”
Contrasting impacts of a novel specialist vector on multi-host viral pathogen epidemiology in wild and managed bees
<p>Typically pathogens infect multiple host species. Such multi-host pathogens can show considerable variation in their degree of infection and transmission specificity, which has important implications for potential disease emergence. Transmission of multi-host pathogens can be driven by key host species and changes in such transmission networks can lead to disease emergence. We study two viruses that show contrasting patterns of prevalence and specificity in managed honeybees and wild bumblebees, black queen cell virus (BQCV) and slow bee paralysis virus (SBPV), in the context of the novel transmission route provided by the virus-vectoring <i>Varroa destructor</i>. Our key result is that viral communities and RNA virus genetic variation are structured by location, not host species or <i>V. destructor</i> presence. Interspecific transmission is pervasive with the same viral variants circulating between pollinator hosts in each location; yet, we find virus-specific host differences in prevalence and viral load. Importantly, <i>V. destructor </i>presence increases the prevalence in honeybees and, indirectly, in wild bumblebees, but in contrast to its impact on deformed wing virus (DWV), BQCV and SBPV viral loads are not increased by <i>Varroa </i>presence, and do not show genetic evidence of recent emergence. Effective control of <i>Varroa</i> in managed honeybee colonies is necessary to mitigate further disease emergence, and alleviate disease pressure on our vital wild bee populations. More generally, our results highlight the over-riding importance of geographical location to the epidemiological outcome despite the complexity of multi-host-parasite interactions.</p>
Data from: Positional cloning of rp2 QTL associates the P450 genes CYP6Z1, CYP6Z3 and CYP6M7 with pyrethroid resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus
Pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles funestus is threatening malaria control in Africa. Elucidation of underlying resistance mechanisms is crucial to improve the success of future control programs. A positional cloning approach was used to identify genes conferring resistance in the uncharacterised rp2 QTL previously detected in this vector using F6 Advanced Intercross Lines (AIL). A 113 kb BAC clone spanning rp2 was identified and sequenced revealing a cluster of fifteen P450 genes and one salivary protein gene (SG7-2). Contrary to An. gambiae, AfCYP6M1 is triplicated in An. funestus while AgCYP6Z2 ortholog is absent. 565 new SNPs were identified for genetic mapping from rp2 P450s and other genes revealing high genetic polymorphisms with 1 SNP every 36bp. A significant genotype/phenotype association was detected for rp2 P450s but not for a cluster of cuticular protein genes previously associated with resistance in An. gambiae. QTL mapping using F6 AIL confirms the rp2 QTL with an increase logarithm of odds (LOD) score of 5. Multiplex gene expression profiling of 15 P450s and other genes around rp2 followed by individual validation using qRT-PCR indicated a significant over-expression in the resistant FUMOZ-R strain of the P450s AfCYP6Z1, AfCYP6Z3, AfCYP6M7 and the glutathione-s-transferase GSTe2 with respective fold-change of 11.2, 6.3, 5.5 and 2.8. Polymorphisms analysis of AfCYP6Z1 and AfCYP6Z3 identified amino acid changes potentially associated with resistance further indicating that these genes are controlling the pyrethroid resistance explained by the rp2 QTL. The characterisation of this rp2 QTL significantly improves our understanding of resistance mechanisms in An. funestus.
Data from: Environmentally dependent host-pathogen and vector-pathogen interactions in the barley yellow dwarf virus pathosystem
1. Understanding environmentally dependent variation in interspecific interactions is needed for evaluating how agroecosystems respond to abiotic stressors, including climate change. Both biotic and abiotic conditions shape crop responses to stress events, but interactions between environmental conditions and insect borne plant pathogens remain poorly understood. 2. We tested the hypothesis that drought stress, as applied by experimental water deprivation, drives conditional outcomes in host–pathogen and host–vector interactions using a cereal–aphid–virus association and greenhouse experiments. 3. Under conditions of ample water supply, infection of wheat plants with Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) resulted in reduced above-ground growth, seed set, seed yields and seed germination compared with plants exposed only to non-infected (non-viruliferous) aphids or control plants not subjected to aphid infestation. However, when water was chronically limiting, infection with Barley yellow dwarf virus did not significantly affect plant performance. 4. When wheat was subjected to acute drought stress, plants infected with Barley yellow dwarf virus surpassed both control plants and plants exposed to non-infected aphids in all measured performance traits. 5. Feeding experiments with aphid vectors (Rhopalosiphum padi) and subsequent life table analysis revealed that aphid fecundity improved by 47% when feeding on Barley yellow dwarf virus-infected plants when water inputs were chronically low. However, when plants received ample water, aphid fecundity was enhanced by only 23% from feeding on BYDV-infected plants. 6. Synthesis and applications. Collectively, our experiments suggest that wheat– Barley yellow dwarf virus interactions shift along gradients of water stress severity and duration. When Barley yellow dwarf virus infection preceded water deprivation, plant performance was not reduced from virus infection, and infected plants recovered from severe stress events more readily than non-infected plants. However, vector–pathogen mutualism resulting in enhanced reproduction of aphids on virus-infected plants is likely to amplify direct plant injury from herbivory in the field. Our findings indicate that during periods of drought, management of Barley yellow dwarf virus infection may not be needed and infection could benefit wheat under conditions of acute water stress.
Data from: How a haemosporidian parasite of bats gets around: the genetic structure of a parasite, vector and host compared
Parasite population structure is often thought to be largely shaped by that of its host. In the case of a parasite with a complex life cycle, two host species, each with their own patterns of demography and migration, spread the parasite. However, the population structure of the parasite is predicted to resemble only that of the most vagile host species. In this study we tested this prediction in the context of a vector-transmitted parasite. We sampled the haemosporidian parasite Polychromophilus melanipherus across its European range, together with its bat fly vector Nycteribia schmidlii and its host, the bent-winged bat Miniopterus schreibersii. Based on microsatellite analyses, the wingless vector, and not the bat host, was identified as the least structured population and should therefore be considered the most vagile host. Genetic distance matrices were compared for all three species based on a mitochondrial DNA fragment. Both host and vector populations followed an isolation-by-distance pattern across the Mediterranean, but not the parasite. Mantel tests found no correlation between the parasite and either the host or vector populations. We therefore found no support for our hypothesis; the parasite population structure matched neither vector nor host. Instead, we propose a model where the parasite's gene flow is represented by the added effects of host and vector dispersal patterns.
Data from: Population genetic data of a model symbiotic cnidarian system reveal remarkable symbiotic specificity and vectored introductions across ocean basins
The Aiptasia-Symbiodinium symbiosis is a promising model for experimental studies of cnidarian-dinoflagellate associations, yet relatively little is known regarding the genetic diversity of either symbiotic partner. To address this we collected Aiptasia from 17 localities throughout the world and examined the genetic diversity of both anemones and their endosymbionts. Based on newly-developed SCAR markers, Aiptasia consisted of two genetically-distinct populations, one Aiptasia lineage from Florida and a second network of Aiptasia genotypes found at other localities. These populations did not conform to the distributions of described Aiptasia species, suggesting that taxonomic re-evaluation is needed in light of molecular genetics. Associations with Symbiodinium further demonstrated the distinctions among Aiptasia populations. According to 18S-RFLP, ITS2-DGGE, and microsatellite flanker region sequencing, Florida anemones engaged in diverse symbioses predominantly with members of Symbiodinium Clades A and B, but also C, whereas anemones from elsewhere harboured only S. minutum within Clade B. Symbiodinium minutum apparently does not form a stable symbiosis with other hosts, which implies a highly-specific symbiosis. Fine-scale differences among S. minutum populations were quantified using six microsatellite loci. Populations of S. minutum had low genotypic diversity and high clonality (R=0.14). Furthermore, minimal population structure was observed among regions and ocean basins, due to allele and genotype sharing. The lack of genetic structure and low genotypic diversity suggest recent vectoring of Aiptasia and S. minutum across localities. This first ever molecular-genetic study of a globally-distributed cnidarian and its Symbiodinium assemblages reveals host-symbiont specificity and widely-distributed populations in an important model system.
Data from: The genetic signature of range expansion in a disease vector - the black-legged tick
Monitoring and predicting the spread of emerging infectious diseases requires that we understand the mechanisms of range expansion by its vectors. Here, we examined spatial and temporal variation of genetic structure among 13 populations of the Lyme disease vector, the black-legged tick, in southern Quebec, where this tick species is currently expanding and Lyme disease is emerging. Our objective was to identify the primary mode of tick movement into Canada based on observed spatial and temporal genetic patterns. Upon genotyping ten microsatellite loci from 613 tick specimens, we found multiple genetic signatures of frequent long-distance dispersal events, supporting the hypothesis that migratory birds are the primary carriers of black-legged ticks into southern Quebec. When we compared results from analyses of pairwise differences among ticks collected from eight different sites at different years between 2011 and 2014, we found that genetic variation observed among tick individuals appeared to be better explained by collection year than sampling locality. This suggests that while cohorts of black-legged ticks can rapidly invade large areas across southern Quebec, they also appear to be undergoing frequent turnover. Finally, the amount of genetic variation in tick populations across our study area appeared to be related to their degree of establishment, with established populations displaying a lower amount of temporal genetic variation than adventitious ones. Given that Lyme disease infection risk in a region can be influenced by the relative presence of established and/or adventitious tick populations, our results are useful for understanding both the seasonality and spatial variation of Lyme disease.
Data from: Microbiome changes through ontogeny of a tick pathogen vector
Blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) are one of the most important pathogen vectors in the United States, responsible for transmitting Lyme disease and other tick-borne diseases. The structure of a host's microbial community has the potential to affect the ecology and evolution of the host. We employed high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 hypervariable regions in the first study to investigate the tick microbiome across all developmental stages (larvae, nymphs, adults). In addition to field-collected life stages, newly hatched laboratory-reared larvae were studied to determine the baseline microbial community structure and to assess transovarial transmission. We also targeted midguts and salivary glands due to their importance in pathogen maintenance and transmission. Over 100 000 sequences were produced per life stage replicate. Rickettsia was the most abundant bacterial genus across all sample types matching mostly the Ixodes rickettsial endosymbionts, and its proportion decreased as developmental stage progressed, with the exception of adult females that harboured a mean relative abundance of 97.9%. Laboratory-reared larvae displayed the lowest bacterial diversity, containing almost exclusively Rickettsia. Many of the remaining bacteria included genera associated with soil, water and plants, suggesting environmental acquisition while off-host. Female organs exhibited significantly different β-diversity than the whole tick from which they were derived. Our results demonstrate clear differences in both α- and β-diversity among tick developmental stages and between tick organs and the tick as a whole. Furthermore, field-acquired bacteria appear to be very important to the overall internal bacterial community of this tick species, with influence from the host bloodmeal appearing limited.
Data from: Disentangling the drivers of invasion spread in a vector-borne tree disease
1. Pine wilt disease (PWD) invaded southern Japan in the early 1900's and has gradually expanded its range to northern Honshu (Japanese mainland). The disease is caused by a pathogenic North American nematode, which is transmitted by native pine sawyer beetles. Recently the disease has invaded other portions of East Asia and Europe where extensive mortality of host pines is anticipated to resemble historical patterns seen in Japan. 2. There is a critical need to identify the main drivers of PWD invasion spread so as to predict future spread and evaluate containment strategies in newly invaded world regions. But the coupling of pathogen and vector population dynamics introduces considerable complexity that is important for understanding this and other plant disease invasions. 3. In this study, we analysed historical (1980-2011) records of PWD infection and vector abundance, which were spatially extensive but recorded at coarse categorical levels (none, low and high) across 403 municipalities in northern Honshu. We employed a multistate occupancy model that accounted both for demographic stochasticity and observation errors in categorical data. 4. Analysis revealed that sparse sawyer populations had lower probabilities of transition to high abundance than did more abundant populations even when regional abundance stayed the same, suggesting the existence of positive density dependence, i.e. an Allee effect, in sawyer dynamics. Climatic conditions (average accumulated degree days) substantially limited invasion spread in northern regions, but this climatic influence on sawyer dynamics was generally weaker than the Allee effect. 5. Our results suggest that tactics (e.g., sanitation logging of infected pines) which strengthen Allee effects in sawyer dynamics may be effective strategies for slowing the spread of PWD.
Data from: Detection of invasive mosquito vectors using environmental DNA (eDNA) from water samples
Repeated introductions and spread of invasive mosquito species (IMS) have been recorded on a large scale these last decades worldwide. In this context, members of the mosquito genus Aedes can present serious risks to public health as they have or may develop vector competence for various viral diseases. While the Tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) is a well-known vector for e.g. dengue and chikungunya viruses, the Asian bush mosquito (Ae. j. japonicus) and Ae. koreicus have shown vector competence in the field and the laboratory for a number of viruses including dengue, West Nile fever and Japanese encephalitis. Early detection and identification is therefore crucial for successful eradication or control strategies. Traditional specific identification and monitoring of different and/or cryptic life stages of the invasive Aedes species based on morphological grounds may lead to misidentifications, and are problematic when extensive surveillance is needed. In this study, we developed, tested and applied an environmental DNA (eDNA) approach for the detection of three IMS, based on water samples collected in the field in several European countries. We compared real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays specific for these three species and an eDNA metabarcoding approach with traditional sampling, and discussed the advantages and limitations of these methods. Detection probabilities for eDNA-based approaches were in most of the specific comparisons higher than for traditional survey and the results were congruent between both molecular methods, confirming the reliability and efficiency of alternative eDNA-based techniques for the early and unambiguous detection and surveillance of invasive mosquito vectors. The ease of water sampling procedures in the eDNA approach tested here allows the development of large-scale monitoring and surveillance programs of IMS, especially using citizen science projects.
Cloud motion vectors for irradiance forecasts
<p>This file contains the x and y components of the estimated cloud velocity for the period of 2014-04-05 to 2014-06-30 over Tucson, AZ. The data was extracted from a numerical weather model run at the University of Arizona using the vertical layer with the highest relative humidity. The data was used to make irradiance forecasts via cloud advection and an irradiance monitoring network.</p>
Irradiance monitoring network data and wind motion vectors
<p>The data.tar.gz archive contains data from an irradiance monitoring network in Tucson, Arizona for the period 2014-04-05 to 2014-06-30. It includes a sensor metadata csv, csv files for the measurements on each day, csv files for the clearsky-profiles for each sensor on each day, and a time-series of the expected wind motion vectors obtained from a numerical weather model. This data was used to make short-term forecasts of solar irradiance.</p>
How Bit-Vector Logic Can Help Improve the Verification of First-Order LTL Specifications
<p>Experimental evaluation for the encoding presented in the paper "How Bit-Vector Logic Can Help Improve the Verification of First-Order LTL Specifications".</p> <p>The encoding is implemented as a zot plugin entitled ae2bvzot.</p>
Hacker News lda2vec model word vectors
<p>See also: https://zenodo.org/record/45901 and https://zenodo.org/record/49899</p>
FIGURE 4 in Use of DNA barcoding to distinguish the malaria vector An opheles neivai in Colombia
FIGURE 4. Dendrogram (K2P) for An. neivai specimens from Colombia, Panama, with other Kerteszia and Nyssorhynchus species (based on a 535 bp COI alignment. Branch support was provided by bootstrap resampling (10000 replicates).
FIGURE 5 in Use of DNA barcoding to distinguish the malaria vector An opheles neivai in Colombia
FIGURE 5. Haplotype network for An. neivai collected in Colombia and Panama (based on a 535 bp COI alignment).
FIGURE 2 in Use of DNA barcoding to distinguish the malaria vector An opheles neivai in Colombia
FIGURE 2. Genetic differences (K2P) among An. neivai collected specimens (A) and against other species from Kerteszia (B) and Nyssorhynchus from NCBI (C).
FIGURE 3 in Anopheles (Kerteszia) lepidotus (Diptera: Culicidae), not the malaria vector we thought it was: Revised male and female morphology; larva, pupa, and male genitalia characters; and molecular verification
FIGURE 3. Anopheles (Kerteszia) lepidotus Zavortink, female habitus: A, wing; B, thorax, dorsal view; C, head, lateral view; D, thorax, lateral view; E, abdomen, dorsal and ventral views; F, (left to right) foreleg, anterior view; midleg, anterior view; hindleg, anterior view; hindleg, dorsal view.
FIGURE 1. The ITS2 in Anopheles (Kerteszia) lepidotus (Diptera: Culicidae), not the malaria vector we thought it was: Revised male and female morphology; larva, pupa, and male genitalia characters; and molecular verification
FIGURE 1. The ITS2 (rDNA) sequence alignments of Anopheles (Kerteszia) pholidotus (n = 3, Venezuela) and An. lepidotus (n = 5, Ecuador), using MAFFT (Katoh et al., 2002). A total of 343 nucleotides were identical; 45 transversions, 39 transitions, and 89 gaps were observed. Underlined bases show the ITS2 primers.
FIGURE 2 in Anopheles (Kerteszia) lepidotus (Diptera: Culicidae), not the malaria vector we thought it was: Revised male and female morphology; larva, pupa, and male genitalia characters; and molecular verification
FIGURE 2. Bootstrap NJ-K2P tree of COI sequences belonging to Anopheles (Kerteszia) lepidotus and An. pholidotus from Ecuador (EC) and Venezuela (VZ). Bootstrap values below 70 % are not shown. Outgroup: An. (Ker.) homunculus Komp.
FIGURE 4 in Anopheles (Kerteszia) lepidotus (Diptera: Culicidae), not the malaria vector we thought it was: Revised male and female morphology; larva, pupa, and male genitalia characters; and molecular verification
FIGURE 4. Anopheles (Kerteszia) lepidotus. A, male genitalia (from Zavortink, 1973); B, An. lepidotus pupal trumpet, pinna (Pi) long, about 0.5 trumpet length; C, pupal paddle showing lateral margin exceptionally thick, lateral margin without long filamentous spicules and relatively straight apical margin at 1-Pa; D, seta 3-C very thick and short; E, seta 6-VI stout, long, with median length aciculae on basal 0.33 and shorter aciculae more distal, without strong basal branches.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.