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Woody plant subregions of the Amazon forest
<ol> <li>The Amazon forest covers 7.5 million Km<sup>2</sup> in nine countries, hosts 25% of the global biodiversity and is a major contributor to the biogeochemical and climatic functioning of the Earth system. Despite its global importance, a regionalization of the Amazon tree flora is still lacking. Clear and data-driven delimitation of subregions is important for macroecological studies, to the identification of metacommunities, and is a requisite for conservation planning.</li> <li>We aimed at identifying and mapping plant species subregions and investigated their relationships with environmental, historical, and human correlates. We provide the first woody plant regionalization of the entire Amazon forest using a data-driven approach based on assemblage composition patterns.</li> <li>We compiled data on woody species composition from 301 assemblages based on species occurrences. We then used unconstrained ordination, interpolation and clustering techniques to identify and map discrete woody subregions. Hierarchical clustering analysis was conducted in order to investigate the relationships between the identified subregions. We used multinomial logistic regression model and deviance partitioning to investigate the influence of environmental, historical, and human factors on subregions distribution.</li> <li>We identified 13 woody subregions in the entire Amazon forest. The hierarchical subregion classification showed a broad Andean-Cratonic east-west division. Variation in subregions were explained jointly by human factors and spatial structure followed by environmental factors and spatial structure combined.</li> <li> <i>Synthesis.</i> Our woody plant subregions differed from WWF ecoregions and physiognomic-based maps, highlighting the importance of basing regionalizations on taxon-specific groups and confirming that vegetation maps should not be used as proxies to plant diversity subregions. Our findings also confirm the need for multiple and extensive protected areas in the Amazon forest. The relevance of current climate factors in our study alerts to a profound impact that climate change could have on the spatial organization of the Amazon flora. </li> </ol>
Top-down and bottom-up controls limit woody encroachment into persistent temperate rainforest meadows
<p><span>These data describe soils, woody plant seedlings, and ungulate herbivory in and around temperate montane meadows in the Oregon Coast Range, USA. Meadows such as these are a global study system for the accelerating phenomenon of woody encroachment, but study this phenomenon into meadows in western Oregon has been conducted almost entirely in the western and High Cascades, with only two extant observational studies of grassy balds in the Coast Range. These data describe factors limiting woody encroachment into meadows in the Oregon Coast Range, including bottom-up control by soil properties, plant-plant interactions, and top-down control by large herbivores.<b> </b>I measured chemical and physical properties of soils (depth of organic layer; bulk density of top 3 cm of mineral soil; and mineral soil profiles: particle size distribution, pH, % total C, % total N) to a depth of 50 cm in meadow and forest. I recorded community, density, and proportion browsed for shrubs, conifers, and deciduous trees ≤2 m tall along transects from meadow into forest. I experimentally planted 20 <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> (Douglas-fir) seedlings in each of five meadows (<em>n </em>= 100) and factorially manipulated aboveground neighboring plant presence and ungulate herbivore access. I found that m</span><span>eadow soils were lower in C and C:N; slightly lower in N, and similar in plant-available water (derived from particle size distribution) and pH relative to forest soils. Shrubs were most dense, but experienced the lowest browse pressure, near the meadow edge; while trees were sparse and varied by site—although at one site, browse pressure was heavier in meadow than forest. Seedling survival and growth varied by site, herbivory reduced growth, and total soil N best explained residual variation in seedling growth among sites.</span><span><b> </b>My findings indicate that ungulate herbivores exert top-down control on woody encroachment into temperate montane meadows, perhaps in concert with local N-limitation.</span></p>
Ecosystem sulfur accumulation following woody encroachment drives a more open S-cycle in a subtropical savanna
<p>Globally widespread woody encroachment into grass-dominated ecosystems has substantial consequences for carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycles. Despite its significance as an essential macronutrient, however, little is known regarding potential changes in the sulfur (S) cycle. We quantified S concentrations, stoichiometric relationships, and δ<sup>34</sup>S values in the plant-soil environment to investigate landscape-scale changes in the S cycle following grassland-to-woodland transitions in a subtropical savanna. Plant tissues of woody species had significantly higher S concentrations and δ<sup>34</sup>S values than those of herbaceous species, resulting in a landscape-scale correspondence between spatial patterns of S and δ<sup>34</sup>S in surface soils and vegetation distribution, with higher S and δ<sup>34</sup>S in soils beneath woody patches. These patterns were more subtle at soil depths > 5 cm. Woody plants had higher N:S ratios but comparable P:S ratios relative to herbaceous species, which contributed to contrasting spatial patterns between N:S and P:S ratios in surface soils. Sulfur in surface soils increased proportionally less relative to N, but proportionally more compared to P. Our findings indicate that grassland-to-woodland transitions amplify landscape-scale S dynamics, especially in surface soils, and create a S-enriched environment that enables woody plants to acquire sufficient S relative to demand to support their continued productivity and proliferation.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Chusquea yungasensis (Bambusoideae, Poaceae): a new species of woody bamboo from South America and the first record of subgenus Rettbergia in Bolivia
FIGURE 2. Upper Montane Cloud Forest, Cotapata National Park, sendero Sillutinkara, La Paz. A. Overview of the habitat of Chusquea yungasensis. B. Node at mid-culm with one dome-shaped central bud subtended by smaller subsidiary. C. Central bud and subsidiary branches. D. Geniculate subsidiary branches. E. Habit, branching and foliage leaves. F. Synflorescence. (Photos I. Jiménez).
FIGURE 1. Chusquea yungasensis. A. Culm leaf. B. Central bud and subsidiary branches. C. Branching and foliage leaves. D in Chusquea yungasensis (Bambusoideae, Poaceae): a new species of woody bamboo from South America and the first record of subgenus Rettbergia in Bolivia
FIGURE 1. Chusquea yungasensis. A. Culm leaf. B. Central bud and subsidiary branches. C. Branching and foliage leaves. D. Detail of the foliage leaf sheath, pseudopetiole and abaxial base of the foliage leaf blade. E. Fertile branch. F. Detail of the synflorescence. G. Spikelet. (A, E–G: Jiménez 5848; B–D: Jiménez 5694.) (Illustration by Lucas Marinho)
Interactive effects of tree species mixture and climate on foliar and woody trait variation in a widely distributed deciduous tree
<p><span>Despite increasing reports of severe drought and heat impacts on forest ecosystems, c</span>ommunity-level processes, which could potentially modulate tree responses to climatic stress, are rarely accounted for. While numerous studies<span> indicate a positive effect of species diversity on a wide range of ecosystem functions and services, little is known about how species interactions influence tree responses to climatic variability. We quantified the intraspecific variation in 16 leaf and wood physiological, morphological, and anatomical traits in mature beech trees (<i>Fagus sylvatica</i> L.) at six sites located along a climatic gradient in the French Alps. At each site, we studied pure beech and mixed stands with silver fir (<i>Abies alba </i>Mill.) or downy oak (<i>Quercus pubescens </i>Willd.). We tested how functional traits differed between the two species mixtures (pure <i>vs</i>. mixed stands) within each site and along the climatic gradient. We found significant changes in many traits along the climatic gradient </span>as conditions progressively got drier and warmer<span>. Independent of the mixture, reduced leaf-level CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation, stomatal size, and thicker leaf cuticles, consistent with a more conservative resource use strategy, were found. At the drier sites, higher foliar stable carbon isotopic composition (</span><span>d</span><sup><span>13</span></sup><span>C), thicker mesophyll tissues, and lower specific leaf area (SLA) in pure stands suggests that beech had more acquisitive traits there compared to mixed stands. At the wetter sites, trees in beech-silver fir mixtures had higher chlorophyll concentration, lower </span><span>d</span><sup><span>13</span></sup><span>C, larger xylem vessels, and higher SLA, suggesting a more acquisitive resource use strategy in mixed stands than in pure stands. </span>Our work revealed that species interactions are significant modulators of functional traits, and that they can be just as important drivers of intraspecific trait variation as climatic conditions. <span>We show that downy oak mixtures lead to an adaptive drought response by common beech in dry environments. In contrast, in milder climates, interactions with silver fir seem to increase beech' resource acquisition and productivity. These findings highlight a strong context-dependency and imply that incorporating local interspecific interactions in research on climate impacts could improve our understanding and predictions of forest dynamics.</span></p>
Figure 3 in Action of the saproxylic scarab larva Cetonia aurataeformis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Cetoniidae) on woody substrates
Figure 3. FTIR spectra of litter (L), Betula alba wood (BW) and Quercus pyrenaica wood (QW), normalized with the band about 1028 cm−1.
Figure 2 in Action of the saproxylic scarab larva Cetonia aurataeformis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Cetoniidae) on woody substrates
Figure 2. Thermal curves of (A) Betula alba wood (BW) and frass (BF), (B) Quercus pyrenaica wood (QW) and frass (QF), (C) litter (L) and frass (LF). Y-axis shows the mass change in respect to temperature (dm/dt: derivation of mass in respect to temperature).
Facilitation by isolated trees triggers woody encroachment and a biome shift at the savanna-forest transition
<p>1. Woody encroachment into grassy biomes is a global phenomenon, often resulting in a nearly complete turnover of species, with savanna specialists being replaced by forest-adapted species. Understanding the mechanisms involved in this change is important for devising strategies for managing savannas.</p> <p>2. We examined how isolated trees favor woody encroachment and species turnover by overcoming dispersal limitation and environmental filtering. In a savanna released from fire in southeastern Brazil (Cerrado) we sampled woody plants establishing under 40 tree canopies and in paired treeless plots. These trees comprised eight species selected for habitat preference (savanna or forest) and dispersal syndrome (bird-dispersed or not). We recorded dimensions of each tree, dispersal syndrome and habitat preference of recruits, and quantified the physical environment within each plot, aiming at a mechanistic understanding of woody encroachment.</p> <p>3. We found clear evidence that isolated trees cause nucleation and drive changes in functional composition of savanna. Effectiveness as nucleator differed among species, but was unrelated to their functional guilds (habitat preference or dispersal syndrome). Density of saplings in nuclei was partially explained by soil moisture (+), daily temperature amplitude (-), and sum of bases (-).</p> <p>4. Our results indicate that isolated trees act first as perches, strongly favoring bird-dispersed species. They then act as nurse trees, considerably changing the environment in favor of forest-adapted recruits. In the long term, as the nuclei expand and merge, savanna specialists tend to disappear and the savanna turns into a low-diversity forest.</p> <p>5. Synthesis and applications: Fire suppression has allowed the nucleation process and consequently the woody encroachment and fast replacement of savanna specialists by forest species in the Cerrado. By elucidating the mechanisms behind woody encroachment, we recommend using prescribed fires to burn forest seedlings and to reduce tree canopy size wherever the management goal is to maintain the typical savanna structure and composition.</p>
Fig. 1 in Season of Fine Woody Debris Death Affects Colonization of Saproxylic Coleoptera
Fig. 1. General timeline: tree death (ax), inoculation time (∼∼∼), and emergence time (O---O) for A: Ferro et al.
FIGURE 3 in Additions to Karst Fungi 5: Sardiniella guizhouensis sp. nov. (Botryosphaeriaceae) associated with woody hosts in Guizhou province, China
FIGURE 3. Sardiniella guizhouensis (GZAAS 19-1935, sexual morph) a, b. Appearance of ascostromata on decaying aerial stem. c. Peridium. d. Vertical section of ascostromata. e. Mature and immature asci. f. Immature ascus. g–i. Mature asci. j–l. Mature brown 1-celled ascospores. m, n. Mature brown 1-septate ascospores. o. 5d old culture on PDA from above. p. 5d old culture on PDA from reverse. Scale bars: c=50μm, d=100μm, e=20μm, f–n=10μm.
FIGURE 1 in Additions to Karst Fungi 5: Sardiniella guizhouensis sp. nov. (Botryosphaeriaceae) associated with woody hosts in Guizhou province, China
FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood (ML) majority rule consensus tree for the analyzed Botryosphaeriaceae genera based on combined LSU, ITS and tef1 sequence data. RAxML bootstrap support values (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) are given at the nodes (ML/MP). Branches are in bold indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities> 0.95. Isolate numbers of ex-types and reference strains are in bold. Species isolated in this study are in ted. The tree was rooted to Melanops tulasnei (CBS 116805).
FIGURE 2 in Additions to Karst Fungi 5: Sardiniella guizhouensis sp. nov. (Botryosphaeriaceae) associated with woody hosts in Guizhou province, China
FIGURE 2. Sardiniella guizhouensis (HKAS 113023, holotype). a, b. Conidiomata on host surface. c, d. Vertical section of multiloculate conidiomata. e–h. Conidiogenous cells and developing conidia. i–l. Immature, hyaline conidia. m, n. Mature, brown 1-septate conidia. Scale bars: c=50 μm, d=10 μm, e=50 μm, f=20 μm, g–n=10 μm.
FIGURE 2 in Morpho-phylogenetic evidence reveals Lasiodiplodia chiangraiensis sp. nov. (Botryosphaeriaceae) associated with woody hosts in northern Thailand
FIGURE 2. Lasiodiplodia chiangraiensis (MFLU 21-0003, holotype). a–c. Conidiomata on host surface. d. Section through conidiomata. e. Peridium. f. Ostiolar region with periphyses. g. Paraphyses. h–k. Conidia developing on conidiogenous cells. l–o. Hyaline, aseptate conidia. p. Germinating conidium. q, r. Colonies after 7 days on PDA (q from above, r from below). Scale bars: b = 500 μm, c = 200 μm, d–e = 10 μm, f = 20 μm, g–p = 10 μm.
FIGURE 1 in Morpho-phylogenetic evidence reveals Lasiodiplodia chiangraiensis sp. nov. (Botryosphaeriaceae) associated with woody hosts in northern Thailand
FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree generated from maximum parsimony (MP) analysis based on combined ITS, tef and tub2 sequence data of Lasiodiplodia. Bootstrap values for maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) equal to or greater than 75% are placed above and below the branches, respectively. Branches with Bayesian posterior probabilities (BYPP) equal or greater than 0.95 are thickened. The new isolates are indicated in red and ex-type strains are in bold. The tree is rooted to Diplodia mutila (CMW 7060) and D. seriata (CBS 112555). The scale bar shows 20 changes.
FIGURE 6. Pseudoxytenanthera stocksii. a in Pseudoxytenanthera madhavii (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), a new species of woody bamboo from the northern Western Ghats, India
FIGURE 6. Pseudoxytenanthera stocksii. a. culm with culm sheath (scale 2 cm), b. transverse section of three year old culm at breast height showing semisolid feature (scale 2 cm), c. culm sheath outer side (scale 2 cm), d. leaves (scale 5 cm), e. base of the leaf (scale 2 cm), f. young culm shoot, g. spikelet (scale 2 mm), h. stamens with staminal tube (scale 2 mm), i. carpel (scale 2 mm), j. culm sheath inner side (scale 5 cm), k. stamen and carpel (scale 2 mm), l. single stamen (scale 2 mm), m. upper palea (scale 2 mm), n. upper lemma (scale 2 mm), o. lower glume (scale 2 mm).
FIGURE 4. Pseudoxytenanthera stocksii. a & b. inflorescence, c. spikelet, d. lower glume, e. upper glume, f. lower lemma, g. upper lemma, h. lower palea, i. upper palea, j. stamens with staminal tube, k in Pseudoxytenanthera madhavii (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), a new species of woody bamboo from the northern Western Ghats, India
FIGURE 4. Pseudoxytenanthera stocksii. a & b. inflorescence, c. spikelet, d. lower glume, e. upper glume, f. lower lemma, g. upper lemma, h. lower palea, i. upper palea, j. stamens with staminal tube, k. stamens & carpel, l. caryopsis.
FIGURE 3. Pseudoxytenanthera stocksii. a. clump, b. culm, c in Pseudoxytenanthera madhavii (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), a new species of woody bamboo from the northern Western Ghats, India
FIGURE 3. Pseudoxytenanthera stocksii. a. clump, b. culm, c. culm and culm sheath, d. culm showing greyish tomentum and culm sheath showing reddish brown hairs, e. young culm shoot, f. three years old culm, g. leaves, h. outer side of culm sheath, i. inner side of culm sheath, j. transverse section of three year old culm at breast height showing semisolid feature.
FIGURE 1. Pseudoxytenanthera madhavii. a. clump, b. young shoots, c. leaves, d in Pseudoxytenanthera madhavii (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), a new species of woody bamboo from the northern Western Ghats, India
FIGURE 1. Pseudoxytenanthera madhavii. a. clump, b. young shoots, c. leaves, d. tip of the growing shoot showing culm sheath with wavy blade, e. culm sheath prominently showing blackish-brown hairs, f. three year old culms, g. culm sheath, h. transverse section of culms at breast height (1.3 m) showing large cavity and thin culm walls.
FIGURE 2. Pseudoxytenanthera madhavii. a. flowering culm, b. flowering branch, c. inflorescence, d. pollen collector solitary bee, e. spikelet, f. lower glume, g. upper glume, h. upper lemma, i. lower lemma, j. upper palea, k. lower palea, l. apiculate stamens, m. staminal tube, n in Pseudoxytenanthera madhavii (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), a new species of woody bamboo from the northern Western Ghats, India
FIGURE 2. Pseudoxytenanthera madhavii. a. flowering culm, b. flowering branch, c. inflorescence, d. pollen collector solitary bee, e. spikelet, f. lower glume, g. upper glume, h. upper lemma, i. lower lemma, j. upper palea, k. lower palea, l. apiculate stamens, m. staminal tube, n. gynoecium with hairy style and purple stigma.
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