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2,731 results for “barriers”
Data from: Barrier Behavior Analysis (BaBA) reveals extensive effects of fencing on wide-ranging ungulates
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Data from: Knowledge, provision of information and barriers to high quality medication abortion provision by pharmacists in Uttar Pradesh, India
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Width of back-barrier salt marshes on the coast of Virginia 2010
Backbarrier marsh widths observed from remote sensing of satellite imagery for each of the following islands: Smith, Myrtle, Ship Shoal, Wreck, Cobb, Hog, Paramore, Cedar, Metompkin, and Assawoman Islands. Backbarrier marsh is defined for the purposes of this dataset as those marshes that are connected in a straight line to the barrier island without being interrupted by open water (Open water does not include channels of widths less than 50m). ASTER satellite imagery used for this analysis was acquired from the USGS Global Visualization Viewer web portal (http://glovis.usgs.gov/) (Scene L1B_00305152004155804_2010120215, 2010). Measurements are made every 15m along shore-perpendicular transects. No measurements are made within 1,000m of island "tips" to avoid tidal inlet effects.
Model-derived backbarrier marsh width from GEOMBEST+ simulations of barrier island-marsh coupled evolution for a range of environmental conditions.
Model-derived backbarrier marsh width from GEOMBEST+ simulations of barrier island-marsh coupled evolution for a range of environmental conditions. The input parameters were varied for a range of 10 different values for each of the flux of overwash (.2-2 m^3/yr), the rate of sea level rise (1-10mm/yr), and the flux of bay sediment (2-20 m^3/yr) Each simulation was for a one meter change in sea level, starting from one of three initial conditions, an empty backbarrier basin, starting with a narrow (400m wide) backbarrier marsh, and starting with a marsh-filled (2000m wide) backbarrier basin. With 10 variants of each parameter input and 3 initial conditions, this results in 3,000 total simulations run. Each row in the spreadsheet contains the input and output values for an individual simulation. The outputs reported are the final backbarrier marsh width, defined as the distance from the backside of the barrier island to the landward most marsh cell, the change in marsh width, and the rate of change in marsh width.
Marsh widths from GEOMBEST++Seagrass simulations of barrier-marsh-bay evolution
Model-derived back-barrier widths from GEOMBEST++Seagrass simulations across a range of input conditions. Simulations are varied by relative sea-level rise (2-7 mm/yr), bay sediment flux (10-80 m^3/m/yr), and export flux (0-25%). All simulations ran until a total of 1 m of sea-level rise was reached. Each row in the spreadsheet represents a single unique set of model conditions, each of which was simulated both with and without the presence of seagrass. The outputs recorded are the final back-barrier marsh widths of simulations with seagrass and without, as well as the difference in marsh width between each corresponding seagrass and no seagrass run.
FIGURE 4. Pegomya disticha Griffiths, adults. A. Male. B. Female. C. Male head, frontal view. D in Pegomya disticha Griffiths and P. cedrica Huckett (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) - first documented case of insects trespassing the silica barrier of Common scouringrush, Equisetum hyemale L.
FIGURE 4. Pegomya disticha Griffiths, adults. A. Male. B. Female. C. Male head, frontal view. D. Female head, latero-dorsal view.
FIGURE 3. Pegomya cedrica Huckett. A. Isolated live 3 in Pegomya disticha Griffiths and P. cedrica Huckett (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) - first documented case of insects trespassing the silica barrier of Common scouringrush, Equisetum hyemale L.
FIGURE 3. Pegomya cedrica Huckett. A. Isolated live 3rd instar larva with dark gut contents showing through. B. Isolated live puparium. C. Stem with external signs of larval attack. D. Opened stem showing larval tunnel through two successive internodes and larva at base. E. Transect showing larval mine inside the wall. F, G. Basal remains of attacked shoot by early spring exposing a hibernating puparium. Scales in millimetres.
FIGURE 1. Pegomya disticha Griffiths. A in Pegomya disticha Griffiths and P. cedrica Huckett (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) - first documented case of insects trespassing the silica barrier of Common scouringrush, Equisetum hyemale L.
FIGURE 1. Pegomya disticha Griffiths. A. Study site with patch of Common scouring-rush, Equisetum hyemale L.. B. Eclosed egg inside nodal sheath. C.1st instar larva at base of internodal chamber. D. 2nd instar larvae at base of two successive internodes. E. 3rd instar larva at base of internode with feeding canal through parenchymal "gall tissue". F. Isolated live 3rd instar larva.
FIGURE 8. Distal ovipositor, flat mounted. A. Pegomya disticha Griffiths. B. P in Pegomya disticha Griffiths and P. cedrica Huckett (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) - first documented case of insects trespassing the silica barrier of Common scouringrush, Equisetum hyemale L.
FIGURE 8. Distal ovipositor, flat mounted. A. Pegomya disticha Griffiths. B. P. cedrica Huckett. Abbreviations: Ce = cerci, Hy = hypoproct, Tg = tergite, Stg = sternite. Same scale.
FIGURE 2. Pegomya disticha Griffiths. A in Pegomya disticha Griffiths and P. cedrica Huckett (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) - first documented case of insects trespassing the silica barrier of Common scouringrush, Equisetum hyemale L.
FIGURE 2. Pegomya disticha Griffiths. A. Intact stem with escape window (arrow). B. Opened stem showing chamber with puparium at base and larval frass. C. Transects of occupied and healthy internode. D. Two stems with the exit windows sliced open by presumed avian predator. Scale bar in millimetres.
FIGURE 6. Pegomya disticha Griffiths, male terminalia. A. Tergo-sternite VI‒VIII. B. Sternite V. C. Hypopygium, caudal view. D. Same, left lateral view. E in Pegomya disticha Griffiths and P. cedrica Huckett (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) - first documented case of insects trespassing the silica barrier of Common scouringrush, Equisetum hyemale L.
FIGURE 6. Pegomya disticha Griffiths, male terminalia. A. Tergo-sternite VI‒VIII. B. Sternite V. C. Hypopygium, caudal view. D. Same, left lateral view. E. Pregonite and postgonite, left lateral view. F. Phallus and ejaculatory pump, left lateral view. Abbreviation: Tg = tergite. Same scale.
FIGURE 9. Cephaloskeleton, 3 in Pegomya disticha Griffiths and P. cedrica Huckett (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) - first documented case of insects trespassing the silica barrier of Common scouringrush, Equisetum hyemale L.
FIGURE 9. Cephaloskeleton, 3rd instar larva. A. Pegomya disticha Griffiths, left lateral view. B. Same, dorsal view. C. P. cedrica Huckett, left lateral view. D. Same, dorsal view. Same scale.
FIGURE 10. Spiracles, 3 in Pegomya disticha Griffiths and P. cedrica Huckett (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) - first documented case of insects trespassing the silica barrier of Common scouringrush, Equisetum hyemale L.
FIGURE 10. Spiracles, 3rd instar larva. A. Pegomya disticha Griffiths, anterior spiracle. B. P. cedrica Huckett, anterior spiracle. C. P. disticha Griffiths, posterior spiracles. D. P. cedrica Huckett, posterior spiracles. Same scale.
FIGURE 4. Stylodrilus tofaceus n in New species of aquatic oligochaetes (Annelida: Clitellata) from tufa barriers in Croatia
FIGURE 4. Stylodrilus tofaceus n. sp. (A–H), S. sulci (Hrabě, 1932) (I) and S. lemani (Grube, 1879) (J, K). S. tofaceus n. sp.: A. Ectal ends of ventral chaetae in segments II and III. B. Dorsal chaeta in XI. C. Posterior chaeta. D. Spermathecal pores in IX in the transversal plane of ventral chaetae in IX. E. Male pores in X. F. Ental part of atrial ampulla, covered by small clusters of prostatic cells. G. Atrial duct and penis. H. Spermathecal duct. I. Spermathecal duct in S. sulci (Hrabě), from Hrabě's original series, section on slide, Museum of Natural History of Prague. J, K. Spermathecal duct in S. lemani (Grube), specimens from northern Spain, personal collection of P. Rodriguez. Arrows in H, J and K point to the muscular layer of the spermathecal ducts for comparative purposes.
FIGURE 6 in New species of aquatic oligochaetes (Annelida: Clitellata) from tufa barriers in Croatia
FIGURE 6. Eclipidrilus sp. A. Chaeta. B. Atrium showing prostate glands forming clusters of cells, and inner and outer layers of muscular fibers. C. Male pore. D. Ental part of spermathecal ampulla. E. Ental part of spermathecal duct showing high lining cells. F. Ectal part of spermathecal duct showing small glandular cells (arrow) near the pore.
FIGURE 2. Aberrantidrilus mihaljevici n in New species of aquatic oligochaetes (Annelida: Clitellata) from tufa barriers in Croatia
FIGURE 2. Aberrantidrilus mihaljevici n. sp. A. Anterior part of the body. B. Bifid chaetae in segment V. C. Simple-pointed chaetae in postclitellar segment. D. Male duct and ovary in segment XI. E. Porophore and penis extruded in segment XI. F. Penial chaeta and distal part of atrium in segment XI, spermatheca in front of segment XII. G, H. Penial chaeta showing frayed, spatulate (G) and grooved distal tip (H). I. Spermatheca in XII, within the square the short spermathecal duct as photographed on a slightly different focus plane of the same spermatheca. J. Nephridial ducts in segment VII.
Opportunities and barriers to increase in the use of wood in the construction sector
<p>The presented data are results of the survey conducted as a part of the Basajaun Project on the possibilities and barriers in the development of wooden construction. The first stage of the analysis was to create a list of opportunities and barriers. In the second step, two surveys were drawn up based on the proposed opportunities and barriers: one for the entities directly related to the wood construction sector (producers, representatives of public administration and experts in the field of wood construction from academia/research institutions) and one for end-users (consumers). The first survey, addressed to the entities related to the construction sector, included questions with the help of which respondents had to assess the importance of opportunities for and barriers to the increase in the use of wood in construction. The second survey, addressed to society, concerned issues such as the associations of customers with a wooden house, their opinion on wooden construction, and the most important aspects encouraging people to live permanently in a wooden house.</p>
Data from: Exposure effects beyond the epithelial barrier: trans-epithelial induction of oxidative stress by diesel exhaust particulates in lung fibroblasts in an organotypic human airway model
<p><i>In vitro</i> bronchial epithelial monoculture models have been pivotal in defining the adverse effects of inhaled toxicant exposures; however, they are only representative of one cellular compartment and may not accurately reflect the effects of exposures on other cell types. Lung fibroblasts exist immediately beneath the bronchial epithelial barrier and play a central role in lung structure and function, as well as disease development and progression. We tested the hypothesis that <i>in vitro</i> exposure of a human bronchial epithelial cell barrier to the model oxidant diesel exhaust particulates caused trans-epithelial oxidative stress in the underlying lung fibroblasts using a human bronchial epithelial cell and lung fibroblast co-culture model. We observed that diesel exhaust particulates caused trans-epithelial oxidative stress in underlying lung fibroblasts as indicated by intracellular accumulation of the reactive oxygen species hydrogen peroxide, oxidation of the cellular antioxidant glutathione, activation of NRF2, and induction of oxidative stress responsive genes. Further, targeted antioxidant treatment of lung fibroblasts partially mitigated the oxidative stress response gene expression in adjacent human bronchial epithelial cells during diesel exhaust particulate exposure. This indicates that exposure induced oxidative stress in the airway extends beyond the bronchial epithelial barrier and that lung fibroblasts are both a target and a mediator of the adverse effects of inhaled chemical exposures despite a lack of direct exposure to the inhaled material. These findings illustrate the value of co-culture models and suggest that trans-epithelial exposure effects should be considered in inhalation toxicology research and testing.</p>
Data from: Recombination rate variation shapes barriers to introgression across butterfly genomes
Hybridisation and introgression can dramatically alter the relationships among groups of species, leading to phylogenetic discordance across the genome and between populations. Introgression can also erode species differences over time, but selection against introgression at certain loci acts to maintain post-mating species barriers. Theory predicts that species barriers made up of many loci throughout the genome should lead to a broad correlation between introgression and recombination rate, which determines the extent to which selection on deleterious foreign alleles will affect neutral alleles at physically linked loci. Here we describe the variation in genealogical relationships across the genome among three species of Heliconius butterflies: H. melpomene, H. cydno and H. timareta, using whole genomes of 92 individuals, and ask whether this variation can be explained by heterogeneous barriers to introgression. We find that species relationships vary predictably at the chromosomal scale. By quantifying recombination rate and admixture proportions, we then show that rates of introgression are predicted by variation in recombination rate. This implies that species barriers are highly polygenic, with selection acting against introgressed alleles across most of the genome. In addition, long chromosomes, which have lower recombination rates, produce stronger barriers on average than short chromosomes. Finally, we find a consistent difference between two species pairs on either side of the Andes, which suggests differences in the architecture of the species barriers. Our findings illustrate how the combined effects of hybridisation, recombination and natural selection, acting at multitudes of loci over long periods, can dramatically sculpt the phylogenetic relationships among species.
Data from: Predominant east to west colonisations across major oceanic barriers: insights into the phylogeographic history of the hydroid superfamily Plumularioidea, suggested by a mitochondrial DNA barcoding marker
We provide preliminary insights into the global phylogeographic and evolutionary patterns across species of the hydrozoan superfamily Plumularioidea (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). We analysed 1114 16S sequences of 198 putative species of Plumularioidea collected worldwide. We investigated genetic connections and divergence in relation to present-day and ancient biogeographic barriers, climate changes and oceanic circulation. Geographical distributions of most species are generally more constrained than previously assumed. Some species able to raft are dispersed widely. Human-mediated dispersal explains some wide geographical ranges. Trans-Atlantic genetic connections are presently unlikely for most of the tropical-temperate species, but were probably more frequent until the Miocene-Pliocene transition, before restriction of the Tethys Sea and the Central American Seaway. Trans-Atlantic colonisations were predominantly directed westwards through (sub)tropical waters. The Azores were colonized multiple times and through different routes, mainly from the east Atlantic, at least since the Pliocene. Extant geminate clades separated by the Isthmus of Panama have predominantly Atlantic origin. Various ancient colonisations mainly directed from the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic, occurred through the Tethys Sea and around South Africa in periods of lower intensity of the Benguela upwelling. Thermal tolerance, population sizes, dispersal strategies, oceanic currents, substrate preference and land barriers are important factors for dispersal and speciation of marine hydroids.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.