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685 results for “biotic”
Biota-mediated carbon cycling – a synthesis of biotic-interaction controls on blue carbon
<p><span>Research on biotic interactions has been a core theme of ecology for over a century. However, despite the obvious role that biota play in the global carbon cycle, effects of biotic interactions on carbon pools and fluxes are poorly understood. Here we develop a conceptual framework that illustrates the importance of biotic interactions in regulating carbon cycling based on a literature review and quantitative synthesis by means of meta-analysis. Our study focuses on blue carbon ecosystems, vegetated coastal ecosystems that function as the most effective long-term CO<sub>2</sub> sinks of the biosphere. We demonstrate that a multitude of mutualistic, competitive and consumer-resource interactions between plants, animals and microbiota exert strong effects on carbon cycling across various spatial scales ranging from the rhizosphere to the landscape scale. Climate-change sensitive abiotic factors modulate the strength of biotic-interaction effects on carbon fluxes, suggesting that the importance of biota-mediated carbon cycling will change under future climatic conditions Strong effects of biotic interactions on carbon cycling imply that biosphere-climate feedbacks may not be sufficiently represented in current Earth system models. Inclusion of new functional groups in these models, and new approaches to simplify species interactions, may thus improve predictions of biotic effects on the global climate.</span></p>
Global quantitative synthesis of effects of biotic and abiotic factors on stemflow production in woody ecosystems
<p><span><b>Aim: </b>Stemflow has been increasingly recognized as an indispensable component in water and nutrient budgets within vegetated ecosystems. Here we aim to quantify the stemflow percentage (St, %) of incident precipitation (i.e., stemflow production) at a global scale, and to provide a systematic evaluation on how biotic and abiotic factors affect St.</span></p> <p><span><b>Location: </b>Global</span></p> <p><span><b>Time period: </b>1970 – 2019</span></p> <p><span><b>Major taxa studied: </b>Woody plants (trees and shrubs)</span></p> <p><span><b>Methods: </b>We compiled a global stemflow dataset from 234 peer-reviewed papers, which included 488 observations of St and the related biotic (stand characteristics) and abiotic factors (climate variables) at 283 sites within terrestrial woody plant ecosystems. We explored the global pattern of St and performed a machine learning method (boosted regression trees) to model the effects of biotic and abiotic variables on St.</span></p> <p><span><b>Results: </b>Globally, the median (interquartile range, IQR) St was 2.7 % (1.0 – 6.3 %). We found that St in arid zones (type B in Köppen-Geiger climate classification) was significant higher (<i>P</i> < 0.01) than in other climate types, and we also detected a significant difference (<i>P</i> < 0.01) in St between trees (median: 2.4 %; IQR: 1.0 – 5.3 %) and shrubs (median: 7.2 %; IQR: 5.2 – 11.9 %). Predictor variables that substantially accounted for the explained deviance of the final model included vegetation height (27.0 %), mean annual precipitation (16.1 %), mean annual temperature (14.4 %), stand density (10.8 %), stand age (8.9 %), and bark type (5.5 %). In contrast, leaf area index, diameter at breast height, basal area, phenology type, life form, and leaf type were classified as low importance.</span></p> <p><span><b>Main conclusions: </b>Our synthesis provides a cross-site comparison of St, and gives a holistic view on how climate variables and stand characteristics contribute to and affect global stemflow production.</span></p>
FIGURE 4. Gonolobus caamalii Carnevali & R. Duno. A in Twice lost, twice found: A new species of Gonolobus (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) with a reappraisal of the genus in the Yucatan Peninsula Biotic Province
FIGURE 4. Gonolobus caamalii Carnevali & R. Duno. A. Frontal view of the flower in anthesis. B. Posterior view of the flower featuring the reflexed calyx. C. Close up of the center of the flower with the gynostemium. Note the dark rim of the gynostemium head, the dark wine color of the anther appendages and the margins of the bright yellow green corona. Also, note the line of trichomes along the right margin of each corolla lobe as well as the reddish-brown band around the corona at the base of the corolla lobes. D. ¾ view of the center of the flower featuring the corona lobes. E. Flowering plant at the type locality. All based upon the type collection (G. Carnevali, R. Duno & M.A. Caamal Dzul 8573, CICY, GH, MEXU, MO).
FIGURE 3 in Twice lost, twice found: A new species of Gonolobus (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) with a reappraisal of the genus in the Yucatan Peninsula Biotic Province
FIGURE 3. Gonolobus species of the YPBP. A. Gonolobus barbatus (based upon G. Carnevali 8584, CICY). B. G. cteniophorus (based upon G. Carnevali 7547, CICY). C. G. fraternus (based upon L. Ibarra-González s.n. (unvouchered)). D. Gonolobus leianthus (B.K. Holst s.n, SEL). E-F. Gonolobus stenanthus subsp. stenanthus (based upon L. Ibarra-González 603, CICY). G-I Gonolobus stenanthus subsp. yucatanensis (G based on Diana Beas s.n., unvouchered. H. based upon M.A. Caamal 01, CICY; I. (Based upon G. Carnevali et al. 8377, CICY, GH, MO). Photographs: A-B and I, G. Carnevali. C and E-F, León Ibarra González. D, Bruce K. Holst, downloaded from https:// www.naturalista.mx/observations/35867653) G, Diana Beas, downloaded from https://www.naturalista.mx/observations/54694745; H, Miguel Ángel Caamal.
FIGURE 2. Gonolobus barbatus and G. glaberrimus. A in Twice lost, twice found: A new species of Gonolobus (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) with a reappraisal of the genus in the Yucatan Peninsula Biotic Province
FIGURE 2. Gonolobus barbatus and G. glaberrimus. A. Gonolobus barbatus. Original plate in the protologue of the species (Kunth in Humb., Bonpl. Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (quarto e.) 3: t. 239 (1819). B. G. barbatus, Lectotype, Humboldt & Bonpland s.n. (P-P00670906). C-D. G. glaberrimus, type collection, C. MO-078253 isotype (downloaded from http://legacy.tropicos.org/Image/27408), D. US-00111087, isotype (downloaded from https://ids.si.edu/ids/media_view?id=ark:/65665/m3b941b8915300447c9420f9259ef2d963&defaultView=im age_dynamic).
FIGURE 5. Gonolobus caamalii Carnevali & R. Duno. A in Twice lost, twice found: A new species of Gonolobus (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) with a reappraisal of the genus in the Yucatan Peninsula Biotic Province
FIGURE 5. Gonolobus caamalii Carnevali & R. Duno. A. Habit of a flowering plant with flower buds. B. Frontal view of the flower. C. Abaxial view of the corolla, calyx removed. D. Abaxial view of the calyx. E. Abaxial view of the calix. F. Gynostemium detached from the corolla. G. Abaxial view of the corona, with sectioned bilocular ovary. H. Corona, adaxial view. I–J. Abaxial (I) and adaxial (J) views of detached anthers, without appendages. K. Pollinarium, upside down. Based upon G. Carnevali 8579 (CICY, spirits).
FIGURE 1 in Twice lost, twice found: A new species of Gonolobus (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) with a reappraisal of the genus in the Yucatan Peninsula Biotic Province
FIGURE 1. Distribution of Gonolobus species in the Yucatan Peninsula Biotic Province (YPBP). A. Southern Megamexico, including the YPBP, and Central America. The green line is the border of the YPBP. B. Distribution of Gonolobus barbatus, G. caamalii, and G. cteniophorus. C. Distribution of G. fraternus, G. glaberrimus, and G. leianthus. D. Distribution of G. stenanthus and its subspecies. Empty circles with a black dot inside represent collections that we have been unable to refer unambiguously to subspecies because specimens are sterile or fruiting. Maps drawn and edited by Claudia J. Ramírez and William Cetzal-Ix.
Data from: Spatial variation in the biotic and abiotic filters of oyster recruitment: Implications for restoration
<p>Attempts to restore marine ecosystems are increasing, but the success of projects remains variable. For marine invertebrates, the establishment of self-sustaining populations requires a larval supply as well as conditions that permit recruitment.</p> <p>Abiotic and biotic conditions that determine recruitment can vary across environmental gradients and have opposing or reinforcing effects. We assessed how predation and tidal inundation influence recruitment of the reef-forming oyster, Saccostrea glomerata, at 15 sites, 5 estuaries and 8 degrees of latitude in eastern Australia.</p> <p>Oysters recruited to all 15 sites, but their density displayed spatially variable effects of tidal inundation and caging. Effects of tidal inundation and caging were weakest at the two lower-latitude estuaries where recruitment was low overall, average temperature and turbidity were high and dissolved oxygen low.</p> <p>At higher-latitude estuaries, where abiotic conditions were more favourable for recruitment, recruit density displayed tidal elevation gradients that were dependent on caging and time. Initially, recruit density decreased with tidal inundation (and exposure to finfish predators), in the uncaged but not the caged treatment. However, over time the elevation gradient disappeared, and recruitment and survival of oysters was greater in caged than uncaged treatments irrespective of elevation.</p> <p>Synthesis and applications: Our results suggest that both abiotic (i.e. temperature, turbidity and dissolved oxygen) and biotic (i.e. predation) factors can negatively influence oyster recruitment and, hence, restoration success. Consequently, oyster reef restoration projects should be planned to prioritise sites with low turbidity, high dissolved oxygen and low predation unless these stressors can be mitigated. Restoration projects that are designed with knowledge of local stressors are more likely to be successful.</p>
Disentangling biotic and abiotic drivers of intraspecific trait variation in woody plant seedlings at forest edges
<p>In fragmented forests, edge effects can drive intraspecific variation in seedling performance that influences forest regeneration and plant composition. However, few studies have attempted to disentangle the relative biotic and abiotic drivers of intraspecific variation in seedling performance. In this study, we carried out a seedling transplant experiment with a factorial experimental design on three land-bridge islands in the Thousand Island Lake, China, using four common native woody plant species. At different distances from the forest edge (2, 8, 32, 128 m), we transplanted four seedlings of each species into each of three cages: full-cage, for herbivore-exclusion; half-cage, that allowed herbivore access but controlled for caging artefacts; and no-cage control. In the 576 cages, we recorded branch architecture, leaf traits and seedling survival for each seedling before and after the experimental treatment. Overall, after one full growing season, edge-induced abiotic drivers and varied herbivory pressure led to intraspecific variation in seedling performance, including trade-offs in seedling architecture and resource-use strategies. However, responses varied across species with different life-history strategies and depended on the driver in question, such that the abiotic and biotic effects were additive across species, rather than interactive. Edge-induced abiotic variation modified seedling architecture of a shade-tolerant species, leading to more vertical rather than lateral growth at edges. Meanwhile, increased herbivory pressure resulted in a shift toward lower dry matter investment in leaves of a light-demanding species. Our results suggest that edge effects can drive rapid directional shifts in the performance and intraspecific traits of some woody plants from early ontogenetic stages, but most species in this study showed negligible phenotypic responses to edge effects. Moreover, species-specific responses suggest the importance of interspecific differences modulating the degree of trait plasticity, implying the need to incorporate individual-level responses when understanding the impact of forest fragmentation on plant communities.</p>
Temporal dynamics in biotic and functional recovery following mining
<p>1. Human-induced disturbance has substantially influenced the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems globally. However, the extent to which multiple ecosystem functions (multifunctionality) recover following anthropogenic disturbance (ecosystem recovery) remains poorly understood.</p> <p>2. We report on the first study examining the temporal dynamics in recovery of multifunctionality from 3 to 12 years after the commencement of rehabilitation following mining-induced disturbance, and related this information to changes in biota. We examined changes in 57 biotic (plants, microbial) and functional (soil) attributes associated with biodiversity and ecosystem services at four open-cut coal mines in eastern Australia. </p> <p>3. Increasing time since commencement of rehabilitation was associated with increases in overall multifunctionality, soil microbial abundance, plant productivity, plant structure and soil stability, but not nutrient cycling, soil carbon sequestration nor soil nutrients. However, the temporal responses of individual ecosystem properties varied widely, from strongly positive (e.g., litter cover, fine and coarse frass, seed biomass, microbial and fungal biomass) to strongly negative (groundstorey foliage cover). We also show that sites with more developed biota tended to have greater ecosystem multifunctionality. Moreover, recovery of plant litter was closely associated with recovery of most microbial components, soil integrity and soil respiration. Overall, however, rehabilitated sites still differed from reference ecosystems a decade after commencement of rehabilitation.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and applications. The dominant role of plant and soil biota and litter cover in relation to functions associated with soil respiration, microbial function, soil integrity and C and N pools suggests that recovering biodiversity is a critically important priority in rehabilitation programs. Nonetheless, the slow recovery of most functions after a decade indicates that rehabilitation after open-cut mining is likely to protracted.</p>
Multitrophic diversity and biotic associations influence subalpine forest ecosystem multifunctionality
<p>Biodiversity across multiple trophic levels is required to maintain multiple ecosystem functions. Yet, it remains unclear how multitrophic diversity and species interactions regulate ecosystem multifunctionality. Here, combining data from nine different trophic groups (including trees, shrubs, herbs, leaf mites, small mammals, bacteria, pathogenic fungi, saprophytic fungi and symbiotic fungi) and 13 ecosystem functions related to supporting, provisioning and regulating services, we used a multitrophic perspective to evaluate the effects of elevation, diversity and network complexity on scale-dependent subalpine forest multifunctionality. Our results demonstrate that elevation and soil pH significantly modified species composition and richness across multitrophic groups and influenced multiple functions simultaneously. We provide evidence that species richness across multiple trophic groups had stronger effects on multifunctionality than species richness at any single trophic level. Moreover, biotic associations, indicating the complexity of trophic networks, were positively associated with multifunctionality. The relative effects of diversity on multifunctionality increased at the scale of the larger community compared to a scale accounting for neighbouring interactions. Our results highlight the paramount importance of scale- and context- dependent multitrophic diversity and interactions for a better understanding of mountain ecosystem multifunctionality in a changing world.</p>
Global analysis of floral longevity reveals latitudinal gradients and biotic and abiotic correlates
<p><span>The length of time a flower remains open and functional – floral longevity – governs important reproductive processes influencing pollination and mating and varies considerably among angiosperm species. However, little is known about large-scale biogeographic patterns and the correlates of floral longevity. </span></p> <p><span>Using published data on floral longevity from 818 angiosperm species in 134 families and 472 locations worldwide, we present the first global quantification of the latitudinal pattern of floral longevity and the relationships between floral longevity and a range of biotic and abiotic factors. </span><span>Floral longevity exhibited a significant phylogenetic signal,</span><span> and</span><span> was longer at higher latitudes in both northern and southern hemispheres, even after accounting for elevation. This latitudinal variation was associated with several biotic and abiotic variables. The mean temperature of the flowering season had the highest predictive power for floral longevity, followed by pollen number per flower. Surprisingly, compatibility status, flower size, pollination mode, and growth form had no significant effects on flower longevity.</span></p> <p><span>Our results suggest that physiological processes associated with floral maintenance play a key role in explaining latitudinal variation in floral longevity across global ecosystems, with potential implications for floral longevity under global climate change and species distributions.</span></p>
Disentangling the role of environmental filtering and biotic resistance on alien invasions in a reservoir area
<p>Data from: Disentangling the role of environmental filtering and biotic resistance on alien invasions in a reservoir area</p>
Using semiochemicals to predict biotic resistance and facilitation of invading phytophagous insects
<p>Invasive species are leading causes of biodiversity loss and economic damage. Allocating limited resources towards prevention and management of invasions requires risk assessments based on ecological knowledge for species of potential concern. Interactions of potentially invasive species with heterospecifics in a novel community will contribute to biotic resistance and facilitation experienced by the invader, and thus the likelihood of establishment. To experimentally predict heterospecific interactions, we conducted field experiments using synthetic aggregation-pheromone lures to measure the response of ecologically relevant species (possible predators, competitors, and facilitators) to the simulated presence of two potentially invasive spruce bark beetles, the North American <em>Dendroctonus rufipennis</em> (tested in Norway) and the European <em>Ips typographus</em> (tested in eastern Canada). The Canadian beetle community responded strongly to <em>I. typographus</em> lures, suggesting potential for considerable biotic resistance, whereas <em>D. rufipennis</em> lures prompted little response by the Norwegian beetle community. <em>D. rufipennis</em> was attracted to <em>I. typographus </em>lures, suggesting potential facilitation between these species through cooperative mass attack on trees. Our findings will inform invasive-species risk assessments for <em>I. typographus</em> and <em>D. rufipennis</em> and highlight useful methods for assessing interactions among other taxa that rely heavily on semiochemical communication.</p>
Supplementary material 4 from: Connolly BM, Powers J, Mack RN (2017) Biotic constraints on the establishment and performance of native, naturalized, and invasive plants in Pacific Northwest (USA) steppe and forest. NeoBiota 34: 21-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.34.10820
Table S4–S7 : Explanation note: MANOVA GLM results for seedling establishment and performance measures.
Supplementary material 3 from: Connolly BM, Powers J, Mack RN (2017) Biotic constraints on the establishment and performance of native, naturalized, and invasive plants in Pacific Northwest (USA) steppe and forest. NeoBiota 34: 21-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.34.10820
Table S2–S3, Figures S2–S3 : Explanation note: Generalized mixed model output and summary graphs using species, rather than plant immigration class, as a fixed factor in models assessing plant establishment counts and individual plant growth.
Supplementary material 2 from: Connolly BM, Powers J, Mack RN (2017) Biotic constraints on the establishment and performance of native, naturalized, and invasive plants in Pacific Northwest (USA) steppe and forest. NeoBiota 34: 21-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.34.10820
Methods S1 and Figure S1 : Explanation note: Protocol and results figure summarizing light transmittance in disturbed vs. undisturbed plots in PNW steppe and forest.
Data and code for Rowan et al. "Long-term biotic homogenization in the East African Rift System over the last 6 Myr of hominin evolution"
<p>Data and code for Rowan et al. "Long-term biotic homogenization in the East African Rift System over the last 6 Myr of hominin evolution" published in <em>Nature Ecology and Evolution</em>.</p>
PRISMA Checklist for for systematic review: Use of CRISPR technology in gene editing for tolerance to biotic factors in plants: A systematic review.
<p>PRISMA Checklist for for systematic review: Use of CRISPR technology in gene editing for tolerance to biotic factors in plants: A systematic review.</p>
PRISMA Checklist for systematic review: Use of CRISPR technology in gene editing for tolerance to biotic factors in plants: A systematic review.
<p>PRISMA Checklist for systematic review: Use of CRISPR technology in gene editing for tolerance to biotic factors in plants: A systematic review.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.