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FIGURE 17. Philobrya sublaevis. A, P in The Genus Philobrya J.G. Cooper, 1867 (Bivalvia: Philobryidae) In Patagonia And Adjacent Antarctic Waters

FIGURE 17. Philobrya sublaevis. A, P: original figures of P. sublaevis by Pelseneer (1903: pl. 7, figs. 93, 94), B‒E, I‒O, Q‒W: specimens from South Sandwich (MLP-Ma 16133), F: specimen from South Orkney (MLP-Ma 16134), G, H: Neotype (MACN-In 44476). A‒G, I, Q: outer views right valve (A‒D, I, Q: without periostracum, E‒G: with periostracum), H, L‒P: inner views right valve, J: outer view left valve (without periostracum), R: detail of prodissoconch (slightly tilt), S, V, W: hinge plates right valve (S: specimen of 6.6 mm L, V: specimen of 6.6 mm L, W: specimen of 4.6 mm L), T, U: hinge plates left valve (T: specimen of 6.6 mm L, U: specimen of 4.6 mm L). Scale bars A‒ Q: 1 mm; R: 100 µm; S‒W: 500 µm.

FIGURE 10. Philobrya delli n in The Genus Philobrya J.G. Cooper, 1867 (Bivalvia: Philobryidae) In Patagonia And Adjacent Antarctic Waters

FIGURE 10. Philobrya delli n. sp. A, B: holotype (MACN-In 44440), C‒K: specimens from Burdwood Bank (C, D, G, H: NHMUK 1962868, E, F, I‒K: MACN-In 44442). A, C: outer views right valve (without periostracum), B, D, E: outer views left valve (without periostracum), F, H: inner views left valve, G: inner view right valve, I: detail of prodissoconch, J: hinge plate right valve (specimen of 6.9 mm L), K: hinge plate left valve (specimen of 8.5 mm L). Scale bars A‒H: 1 mm; I: 100 µm; J, K: 500 µm.

FIGURE 7. Philobrya spp. A‒D in The Genus Philobrya J.G. Cooper, 1867 (Bivalvia: Philobryidae) In Patagonia And Adjacent Antarctic Waters

FIGURE 7. Philobrya spp. A‒D: syntype of Mytilus kerguelensis (NHMUK 1887.2.9.3156-7), E, F: paralectotype of Philobrya tumida (ZMB-Moll 63095b), G‒L: syntypes of Philippiella orbiculata (G, H: AM C.4651, I‒L: AM C.46522). A, E, G, I: outer views right valve (with periostracum), B, H, J, L: outer views left valve (with periostracum), C, K: inner views left valve, D, F: inner view right valve. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIGURE 9. Philobrya capillata. A, B in The Genus Philobrya J.G. Cooper, 1867 (Bivalvia: Philobryidae) In Patagonia And Adjacent Antarctic Waters

FIGURE 9. Philobrya capillata. A, B: holotype (NHMUK 1962867), C‒F: specimens from South Georgia (MACN-In 44439). A, C: outer views right valve (with periostracum), B: inner view right valve, D: detail of prodissoconch, E: hinge plate left valve (specimen of 4.5 mm L), F: hinge plate right valve (specimen of 4.4 mm L). Scale bars A‒C: 1 mm; D: 100 µm; E, F: 500 µm.

FIGURE 6. Philobrya blakeana. A, I in The Genus Philobrya J.G. Cooper, 1867 (Bivalvia: Philobryidae) In Patagonia And Adjacent Antarctic Waters

FIGURE 6. Philobrya blakeana. A, I: lectotype of Brachidontes (Hormomya) blakeanus (MMUM EE 7674), B, J‒L, O, P: specimens from Tierra del Fuego (B: MACN-In 44420, J, K, O, P: MLP-Ma 16106, L: MLP-Ma 16108), C‒H, M, N: specimens from Burdwood Bank (MACN-In 44422). A‒C, E‒H: outer views right valve (A, B: with periostracum, C, E‒H: without periostracum), D: outer view left valve (without periostracum), I, J: inner views right valve, K: inner view left valve, L: brooded embryo removed from the demibranch of an adult specimen, M‒O: hinge plates right valve (M: specimen of 7.7 mm L, N: specimen of 5.2 mm L, O: specimen of 3.5 mm L), P: hinge plate left valve (specimen of 3.5 mm L). Scale bars A‒K: 1 mm; L: 100 µm; M‒P: 500 µm.

FIGURE 5 in The Genus Philobrya J.G. Cooper, 1867 (Bivalvia: Philobryidae) In Patagonia And Adjacent Antarctic Waters

FIGURE 5. Philobrya hamiltoni and Philobrya cf. barbata. A: syntype of P. hamiltoni (AM C.46560), B‒U: Philobrya cf. barbata, specimens from Burdwood Bank (MACN-In 44416). A, D: outer views left valve (A: with periostracum, D: without periostracum), B, C, E‒H, O: outer views right valve (B: with periostracum, C, E‒H, O: without periostracum), I‒L, N: inner views right valve, M: inner view left valve, P: detail of prodissoconch, Q‒S: hinge plates left valve (Q: specimen of 4.7 mm L, R: specimen of 5.5 mm L, S: specimen of 1.7 mm L), T, U: hinge plates right valve (T: specimen of 1.7 mm L, U: specimen of 5.5 mm L). Scale bars A‒N: 1mm; O, Q‒U: 500 µm; P: 100 µm.

FIGURE 3. Philobrya alata. A‒C, H, I, L, M in The Genus Philobrya J.G. Cooper, 1867 (Bivalvia: Philobryidae) In Patagonia And Adjacent Antarctic Waters

FIGURE 3. Philobrya alata. A‒C, H, I, L, M: holotype (MLP-Ma 15117), D‒G, K: specimens from Isla de los Estados (D‒G: MACN-In 43530, K: MACN-In 43529), J: paratype (MACN-In 43525). A, B, D‒G: outer views right valve (A: with periostracum, B, D‒G: without periostracum), C: outer view left valve (without periostracum), H: inner view left valve, I: inner view right valve, J: brooded embryo removed from the demibranch of an adult specimen, K, L: hinge plates right valve (K: specimen of 2.5 mm L, L: specimen of 2.9 mm L), M: hinge plate left valve (specimen of 2.9 mm L). Scale bars A‒I: 1 mm; J: 100 µm; K‒M: 500 µm. (Figures 3A‒C, H‒M are reproduced from Urcola & Zelaya (2021)).

FIGURE 2 in The Genus Philobrya J.G. Cooper, 1867 (Bivalvia: Philobryidae) In Patagonia And Adjacent Antarctic Waters

FIGURE 2. Orientation, measurements, and morphological and anatomical characters of Philobrya species. A: inner view left valve, B: antero-dorsal view, C: detail of the hinge plate, D: prodissoconch, E, F: periostracal projections, G‒I: gross anatomy of specimens in which the right valve was removed (G: P. quadrata, H: P. magellanica, I: P. limoides). Abbreviations: ada, antero-dorsal area; antG1b, anterior series of G1b teeth; ca, central area; G1ba, angle between anterior and posterior series of G1b teeth; H, shell height; L, shell length; Lp, prodissoconch length; p, prodissoconch; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pda, postero-dorsal area; pe periostracum; postG1b, posterior series of G1b teeth; re, resilifer; ri, rim; s, setae; ua, umbonal angle; W, shell width.

FIGURE 12. Philobrya magellanica. A, K in The Genus Philobrya J.G. Cooper, 1867 (Bivalvia: Philobryidae) In Patagonia And Adjacent Antarctic Waters

FIGURE 12. Philobrya magellanica. A, K: syntype (ZMB-Moll 51991), B: specimen from Tierra del Fuego (MACN-In 44454), C‒J, L‒S: specimens from Burdwood Bank (C, J: MACN-In 44460, D, E, G, I: MACN-In 44463, F, H, R, S: MACN-In 44457, L, M, P, Q: MACN-In 44462, N: MACN-In 44459, O: MACN-In 44465). A‒E: outer views right valve (A, B: with periostracum, C‒E: without periostracum), F‒K, M: inner views right valve, L: inner view left valve, N: detail of prodissoconch (slightly tilt), O, Q, R: hinge plates right valve (O: specimen of 4.6 mm L, Q: specimen of 1.7 mm L, R: specimen of 4.3 mm L), P, S: hinge plates left valve (P: specimen of 1.7 mm L, S: specimen of 4.3 mm L). Scale bars A‒M: 1 mm; N: 100 µm; O‒S: 500 µm.

FIGURE 8. Philobrya brattstromi. A‒C, H, I, L‒N in The Genus Philobrya J.G. Cooper, 1867 (Bivalvia: Philobryidae) In Patagonia And Adjacent Antarctic Waters

FIGURE 8. Philobrya brattstromi. A‒C, H, I, L‒N: specimens from Burdwood Bank (A, B, L: MACN-In 44438, C, H, I, M, N: MACN-In 44435), D, F, G, J, K: specimens from Tierra del Fuego (D: MACN-In 44432, F, G: MACN-In 44431, J, K: MLP-Ma 16114), E: holotype (NRM 3894). A‒D, F, J: outer views right valve (A: with periostracum, B‒D, F, J: without periostracum), E, G: outer views left valve (E: with periostracum, G: without periostracum), H: inner view left valve, I: inner view right valve, K: detail of prodissoconch, L, M: hinge plates left valve (L: specimen of 4.9 mm L, M: specimen of 3.3 mm L), N: hinge plate right valve (specimen of 3.2 mm L). Scale bars A‒I: 1 mm; J: 200 µm; K: 100 µm; L‒N: 500 µm.

FIGURE 4. Philobrya atlantica. A in The Genus Philobrya J.G. Cooper, 1867 (Bivalvia: Philobryidae) In Patagonia And Adjacent Antarctic Waters

FIGURE 4. Philobrya atlantica. A: syntype (USNM 97057), B‒K: specimens from Santa Cruz Province (B‒F: MACN-In 44414, G‒K: MACN-In 44415). A‒E: outer views right valve (A‒D: with periostracum, E: without periostracum), F: outer view left valve (without periostracum), G: inner view left valve, H: inner view right valve, I: brooded embryo removed from the demibranch of an adult specimen, J, K: hinge plate of a 4.2 mm L specimen (J: left valve, K: right valve). Scale bars A‒H: 1 mm; I: 100 µm; J‒K: 500 µm.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Foraging networks and social tolerance in a cooperatively breeding primate (Callithrix jacchus)

Within-group competition over food resources can be a major cost of social living. In the wild, foragers are confronted with social (e.g. hierarchical rank) and ecological (e.g. food availability and distribution) challenges that affect their foraging decisions and feeding success. Exhibiting prosocial behaviors, such as tolerance at feeding sites, can benefit group members by developing affiliative social relationships, enhancing access to resources and maximizing fitness. We examined social tolerance at feeding sites in Callithrix jacchus, a cooperatively breeding primate species. We investigated the set of social (rank, age, sex) and ecological (food availability) factors that influence the structure and dynamics of within-group foraging association networks. We designed and conducted an experimental field study of four wild groups of common marmosets in which we controlled food distribution (concentrated or scattered) and productivity (high, medium, or low food rewards). Then, we used social network analyses to assess the number and strength of foraging associations among group members, their effects on individual food consumption, and whether recent experiences with conspecifics during foraging affected subsequent associations. Overall, common marmoset foraging association networks were cohesive, as group members jointly occupied feeding sites. The number and strength of associations varied depending on the ecological context. Associations were stronger during conditions in which food was concentrated at a single site. Individuals obtained greater access to food resources when sharing a feeding site with conspecifics, but once a food item was obtained, the forager moved to a nearby tree and consumed it away from others. Additionally, the strength of previous foraging associations and subsequent levels of social tolerance at feeding sites were positively related, a relationship compatible with the ability of memorizing associations over time and recalling the information in future decision-making. In sum, marmosets adjusted their partner choices and the strength of foraging associations in response to food availability. They exhibited increased social tolerance at feeding sites during conditions in which opportunities for contest competition were expected to be greatest. These cooperative breeding primates appear to mutually benefit by maintaining cohesive and strong affiliative relationships, and by increasing opportunities for coordinated behavior and offspring survival.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2021View details →

Research Data supporting "Cooperative Supramolecular Block Copolymerization for the Synthesis of Functional Axial Organic Heterostructures"

Raw research data supporting the article A. Sarkar, T. Behera, R. Sasmal, R. Capelli, C. Empereur-mot, J. Mahato, S. S. Agasti, G. M. Pavan, A. Chowdhury, S. J. George "Cooperative Supramolecular Block Copolymerization for the Synthesis of Functional Axial Organic Heterostructures".

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Materials for "Shifts between cooperation and antagonism driven by individual variation: A systematic synthesis review"

This contains a permanent record of dataset and analysis code for the study: Moran, N.P., Caspers, B.A., Chakarov, N., Ernst, U.R., Fricke, C., Kurtz, J., Lilie, N.D., Lo, L.K., Müller, C., Takola, E. and Trimmer, P.C., 2021. Shifts between cooperation and antagonism driven by individual variation: A systematic synthesis review. Oikos. Full data analysis records are available on: https://osf.io/9kfpc/ This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 836937 (NPM). The Centre for Ocean Life is a VKR center of excellence supported by the Villum foundation. This research was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) as part of the SFB TRR 212 (NC3; project no. – 316099922, 396777092, 396777467, 396777869, 396779914, 396780003, 396780988, 396782445, 396782288, 396782608).

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

Prenatal environmental conditions underlie alternative reproductive tactics that drive the formation of a mixed-kin cooperative society

Although animal societies often evolve due to limited natal dispersal that results in kin clustering and facilitates cooperation among relatives, many species form cooperative groups with low kin structure. Such groups often comprise residents and immigrants of the same sex that compete for breeding opportunities. To understand how such mixed-kin societies form, we investigated the causes and fitness consequences of dispersal decisions in male cooperatively breeding superb starlings (Lamprotornis superbus) inhabiting a climatically unpredictable environment. We show that the two alternative reproductive tactics—natal dispersal or philopatry—exhibit reproductive tradeoffs resulting in equal lifetime inclusive fitness. Surprisingly, an individual's tactic is determined by the prenatal environment its parents experience prior to laying rather than the environment it experiences as a juvenile. Individuals that adopt the tactic not predicted by prenatal environmental conditions have lower fitness. Ultimately, climate-driven oscillating selection appears to stabilize mixed-kin societies despite the potential for social conflict.

opencc-zeroJan 2022View details →

Datafiles and code for Covas et al: The oxidative cost of helping and its minimisation in a cooperative breeder

Cooperative actions are beneficial to the group, but presumably costly to the individual co-operators. In cooperatively breeding species, helping to raise young is thought to involve important energetic costs, which could lead to elevated exposure to reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative stress. However, identifying such costs can be difficult if individuals adjust their investment in helping in relation to environmental conditions or their own physiological condition. Experimental approaches are therefore required to quantify the costs of helping but, to date, these have been infrequent. Here, we combined correlational and experimental data to investigate the oxidative cost of helping-at-the-nest and how this affects helping decisions in wild sociable weavers Philetairus socius, a colonial cooperatively breeding bird. At the correlational level, we found that the probability of helping was influenced by the interaction of an individual's oxidative state and age: compared to younger birds, older individuals were more likely to help when they had higher oxidative damage, and the opposite trend was found for younger individuals. After experimentally increasing the energetic cost of flight, manipulated helpers in breeding colonies decreased nestling feeding rates and incurred an increase in oxidative damage, which was not present in manipulated helpers in non-breeding colonies. This indicates that individuals decreased their helping behaviour to minimise the associated costs. These results suggest that oxidative stress can influence helping decisions and underlie a trade-off between cooperation and self-maintenance, which is central to understanding when helping might take place in this and other species.

opennotspecifiedOct 2019View details →

Subspecies and Distribution. C. t. townsendii Cooper, 1837 — broadly distributed from SW Canada (British Columbia including Vancouver I) S along Pacific coast of USA to coastal regions of Sonoran Desert in Mexico, and E to Colorado Plateau and Black Hills. C. t. australis Handley, 1955 — SC USA (W Texas) S across mountains of N & C Mexico and Chihuahuan Desert to Oaxaca. C. t. ingens Handley, 1955 — S Missouri, E Oklahoma, and NW Arkansas (C USA). C. t. pallescens G. S. Miller, 1897 — S Wyoming or N Colorado S to New Mexico (USA). C. t. virgitnianus Handley, 1955 — C Appalachian Highlands in E Kentucky, W Virginia, and West Virginia (E USA). in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. C. t. townsendii Cooper, 1837 — broadly distributed from SW Canada (British Columbia including Vancouver I) S along Pacific coast of USA to coastal regions of Sonoran Desert in Mexico, and E to Colorado Plateau and Black Hills. C. t. australis Handley, 1955 — SC USA (W Texas) S across mountains of N & C Mexico and Chihuahuan Desert to Oaxaca. C. t. ingens Handley, 1955 — S Missouri, E Oklahoma, and NW Arkansas (C USA). C. t. pallescens G. S. Miller, 1897 — S Wyoming or N Colorado S to New Mexico (USA). C. t. virgitnianus Handley, 1955 — C Appalachian Highlands in E Kentucky, W Virginia, and West Virginia (E USA).

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

Data from: Factors influencing dispersal initiation and timing in a facultative cooperative breeder

Natal dispersal is a high-risk endeavor where decisions on whether and when to disperse have long-term consequences. Among facultative cooperative breeders, juveniles often forego dispersal and remain philopatric for one or more breeding seasons. This decision is key to the formation of cooperative breeding groups and could have significant effects on reproductive success. We investigated the probability and initiation of dispersal in the cooperatively breeding Brown-headed Nuthatch (Sitta pusilla) to determine the influence that social environments had on dispersal. This study was concurrent with another study where manipulation of population sex ratios increased the prevalence and size of cooperative groups. The concurrent manipulations enabled us to evaluate social effects on dispersal as a plausible mechanism driving the relationship between adult sex ratios and cooperation. We evaluated which factors best predicted whether males dispersed, and the timing of dispersal for both sexes. We considered variables related to the immediate nesting environment as well as characteristics of the local population. Social environments were related to dispersal for both males and females. Juvenile males dispersed earlier when a helper was present in the natal group. Females dispersed earlier in settings with more adult neighbors and when a lower proportion of those neighbors were males. Females with shorter tarsi relative to their siblings dispersed earlier, suggesting that size-based competitive interactions may also affect dispersal decisions. Our results suggest juveniles disperse more readily when they fledge in constrained social environments, and that competition with conspecifics is a major driver of dispersal in the Brown-headed Nuthatch.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Individual variation explains aging patterns in a cooperatively breeding bird, the long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus)

1. Alloparental care in cooperatively-breeding species may alter breeder age-specific survival and reproduction, and subsequently senescence. The helping behaviour itself might also undergo age-related change, and decisions to help in facultative cooperative breeders are likely to be affected by the individual condition. 2. Helpers in long-tailed tits (Aegithalos caudatus) assist relatives after failing to raise their own brood, with offspring from helped nests being more likely to recruit into the breeding population. 3. Using data collected over 25 years, we examined the age-trajectories of survival and reproduction in adult long-tailed tits to determine how these were affected by the presence or absence of helpers, and how helper behaviour changed with age. 4. There was evidence for increased reproductive performance with breeder age, but no effect of age on the probability of survival. We found no evidence of significant senescent decline in survival or reproductive performance, although individuals accrued less inclusive fitness in their last year of life. Lifetime reproductive success was positively related to both reproductive lifespan and body mass. Within a season, breeders that were assisted by helpers enjoyed greater reproductive success through enhanced offspring recruitment in the following year. We found no evidence that age affected an individual's propensity to help, or the amount of indirect fitness accrued through helping. 5. We found a positive correlation between lifespan and multiple components of reproductive success, suggesting that individual variation in quality underpins age-related variation in fitness in this species. Helping decisions are driven by condition, and the lifetime inclusive fitness of immigrants was predicted by body mass. These findings further support individual heterogeneity in quality being a major driver for fitness gains across the life course of long-tailed tits.