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1,138 results for “cryptic diversity”
FIGURE 21 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
FIGURE 21. Male genital structures of S. histrio: morphotype 3 (A–C), morphotype 4 (D–F), and morphotype 5 (G–I); and S. occidentalis sp.n. holotype (J–l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1mm).
FIGURE 20 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
FIGURE 20. External morphology of S. histrio: morphotype 2 m (A and C) and f (B and D), morphotype 3 m (E) and f (F), morphotype 4 m (G) and f (H), and morphotype 5 m (I) and f (J); S. occidentalis sp.n. holotype m (K) and paratypes m #2 (M), f #3 (L) and f #4 (N); S. totonacum sp.n. holotype m (O) and paratype f #1 (P); S. adelinae sp.n. holotype m (Q) and paratype f #1 (R); S. miztecum sp.n. holotype m (S) and paratype f #1 (T) (Scale bars = 1cm).
FIGURE 19 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
FIGURE 19. Male genital structures of S. mexicanum: morphotype 1 (A–C) and morphotype 2 (D–F); S. histrio: morphotype 1 (G–I) and morphotype 2 (J–l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1mm).
FIGURE 18 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
FIGURE 18. Type specimens of S. bolivari: lectotype m (A) and paralectotype m (B); S. histrio holotype m (C) and S. carinatum holotype m (D) (Scale bars = 1cm).
FIGURE 17 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
FIGURE 17. Type specimens of S. variabile: allotype f (A); S. mexicanum lectotype f (B) and paralectotype m (C); O. crassipes holotype m (D); S. ictericum: lectotype m (E) and paralectotype f (F); S. marginatum lectotype m (G) and paralectotype f (H) (Scale bars = 1cm).
FIGURE 16 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
FIGURE 16. Male genital structures of S. crypticum sp.n. holotype (A–C); S. borrei (D–F); S. variabile: morphotype 1 paratype #234 (G–I) and morphotype 2 (J–l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1mm).
FIGURE 15 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
FIGURE 15. External morphology of S. rugosum: morphotype 2 m (A) and f (B), morphotype 3 m (C) and f (D); S. crypticum sp.n. holotype m (E) and paratype f #45 (F); S. borrei m (G) and f (H); S. variabile: morphotype 1 paratype m #134 (I) and f (J), and morphotype 2 m (K) and f (L); S. mexicanum: morphotype 1 m (M) and f (N), and morphotype 2 m (O) and f (P); S. histrio: morphotype 1 m (Q and S) and f (R and T) (Scale bars = 1cm).
FIGURE 13 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
FIGURE 13. Male genital structures of S. infernalis sp.n. holotype (A–C); S. rugosum: morphotype 1 (D–F), morphotype 2 (G–I) and morphotype 3 (J–l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1mm).
FIGURE 12 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
FIGURE 12. Male genital structures of S. tarascum sp.n. holotype (A–C); S. planum (D–F); S. macrophallicum paratype #234 (G–I); and S. minimum (J–L). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1mm).
FIGURE 14 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
FIGURE 14. Type specimens of S. rugosum: lectotype m (A) and paralectotype f (B); S. barrettii: lectotype m (C); S. borrei: lectotype m (D) and paralectotype f (E); S. bruneri lectotype m (F) and paralectotype f (G); S. variabile: holotype m (H) (Scale bars = 1cm).
FIGURE 2 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
FIGURE 2. Bayesian phylogeny of Sphenarium based on a concatenated analysis of 2527 nucleotide positions from five loci and 145 terminals (129 ingroup and 16 outgroup terminals). Higher-level phylogenetic relationships are shown on left-top box and ingroup relationships are magnified outside. Voucher and locality identifier numbers of the analysed specimens are indicated in bold characters in terminals names, except for those cases in which genetic information was retrieved from the GenBank. Different branch colours highlight the three mayor clades within the genus (brown, Clade 1; red, Clade 2; and purple, Clade 3). Different colours of the Sphenarium terminals represent the 17 taxa identified during the morphologic analysis. Black circles behind the nodes indicate PP values ± 95%. For some important nodes we also showed the PP values in bold numbers. Black bottom bars in all cases are equal to 0.03 substitutions per site.
FIGURE 10 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
FIGURE 10. Male genital structures of S. purpurascens: morphotype 1 (A–C), morphotype 2 (D–F), morphotype 3 (G–I); and S. zapotecum sp.n. holotype (J–l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1mm).
FIGURE 4 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
FIGURE 4. External morphologic characters of Sphenarium and Prosphena: antennae filiform (A) or weakly ensiform (B); head subtriangular-compresed (C), subtriangular-elongated (D) or conical (E, F); tegmina spatula-like (G), strap-like (H) or tongue-like (I); subgenital plate of males tapered (J) or rounded moderately (K) or notably (L) developed posteriorly; dorsal ovipositor valves rounded (M), moderately lanceolate (N) or notably elongated (O).
FIGURE 7 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
FIGURE 7. Geographic distribution of Sphenarium species. Numbers within parenthesis in front of taxa names indicate the number of identified morphotype within the species. White surrounded areas and upper case abbreviations denote the Mexican biogeographic provinces. AC, Altos de Chiapas; AL, Altiplano Sur; BRB, Balsas River Basin; GMC, Gulf of Mexico Coast; MVB, Mexican Volcanic Belt; PC, Pacific Coast; SMOC, Sierra Madre Occidental; SMOR, Sierra Madre Oriental; SMS, Sierra Madre Sur; SO, Soconusco; and SOX, Sierra de Oaxaca.
FIGURE 11 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
FIGURE 11. Bayesian phylogeny of Sphenarium species based on CO1 sequences of Pedraza-Lara et al. (2015) and this study. The analysis was conducted using the substitution model estimated previously and under the same conditions above specified for the concatenated phylogenetic analysis in methods section. Terminals of different colours represent the 17 recognized species in this study. Black dots behind the nodes indicate PP values greater than 95%. Black bottom bars are equal to 0.04 substitutions per site.
FIGURE 3 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
FIGURE 3. Species phylogeny and approximate divergence times between Sphenarium lineages. The consensus tree is shown in dark grey; whereas other possible trees are denoted in light grey. Numbers behind the nodes indicate their PP values (left numbers in bold) and mean divergence time (Ma) (right numbers in italics). Empty bars in the middle of the nodes indicate the 95% HDP interval values for the divergence time estimations.
FIGURE 9 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
FIGURE 9. External morphology of S. purpurascens: morphotype 1 m (A) and f (B), morphotype 2 m (C) and f (D), and morphotype 3 m (E) and f (F); S. zapotecum sp.n. holotype m (G) and paratype f #23 (H); S. tarascum sp.n. holotype m (I) and paratype f #2 (J,); S. planum m (K) and f (L); S. macrophallicum paratype m #230 (M) and f (N); S. minimum m (O) and f (P); S. infernalis sp.n. holotype m (Q) and paratype f #2 (R); S. rugosum morphotype 1 m (S) and f (T) (Scale bars = 1cm).
FIGURE 1 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
FIGURE 1. Sampled localities (bold numbers in map) for the genetic analysis and geographic distribution of the identified morphologic taxa in Sphenarium (different symbols) in Mexico. Numbers within parenthesis in front of taxon names indicate the different morphotypes identified within the respective taxa. White surrounded areas and upper case abbreviations denote the Mexican biogeographic provinces. AC, Altos de Chiapas; AL, Altiplano Sur; BRB, Balsas River Basin; GMC, Gulf of Mexico Coast; MVB, Mexican Volcanic Belt; PC, Pacific Coast; SMOC, Sierra Madre Occidental; SMOR, Sierra Madre Oriental; SMS, Sierra Madre Sur; SO, Soconusco; and SOX, Sierra de Oaxaca.
FIGURE 6 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
FIGURE 6. General colour traits of Sphenarium grasshoppers: T1, fastigium; T2, lateral postocular bands; T3, longitudinal lines of eyes; T4, dorsomedial line; T5, dorsal shades; T6, lateral shades: T7, lateral bands of blotches; T8, lateral light blotches of the 1st abdominal segment; T9 ventral bands of pronotum; T10, lateral carinas of pronotum; T11, mesonotum; T12, lateral segments of mesonotum and metanotum; T13, upper medial area of hind femora hind femora; T14, lower medial area of hind femora hind femora; T15, lower marginal area of hind femora hind femora; T16, knees of hind femora; and T17 hind tibia.
FIGURE 5 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
FIGURE 5. Male genitalia of Sphenarium: epiphallus in dorsal view (A); ectophallus in dorsal (B), lateral (C) and posterior (D) view; and endophallus in lateral (E) and dorsal (F) view. A, appendix of epiphallus; AC, apodemal plate of cingulum; AP, anterior projection of epiphallus; AS, aedeagal sclerites; ASA, apical spine of aedeagus; AV, aedeagal valve; B, bridge of epiphallus; BAS, base of aedeagal sclerites; BC, basal thickening of cingulum; BE, basal emargination of cingulum; CM, central membrane; CV, cingulum valve; DI, dorsal inflection of endophallic apodeme; EA, endophallic apodeme; ISR, inflection of supraramus; L, lophus of epiphallus; LBR, lateral borders of ramus of cingulum; LP, lateral plate of epiphallus; PZ, pseudoarch of ectophallus; RC, ramus of cingulum; S, sheath of ectophallus; SS, spermatophore sac; SZ, suprazygomal plate of cingulum; VC, ventral cleft of cingulum; VI, ventral inflection of endophallic apodeme; VMA, ventral margins of aedeagal valves; VP, ventral process of cingulum; VTC, ventral transverse thickening of cingulum; Z, zygoma of cingulum; I, length of bridge of epiphallus; II, length of lateral plate of epiphallus; III, interspace between apodemal plates of cingulum; IV, width of base of aedeagal sclerites; V, length of dorsal inflections of endophallus; VI, length of aedeagal sclerites and valves together (from the tip of aedeagus to the base of aedeagal sclerites).
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