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Fig. 8. Overgrowth type 3 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 8. Overgrowth type 3 (arrows in A, B) on the distal articular surface of the left manual phalanx IV-1 of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA; in anterior/dorsal (A) and distal (B) views, and CT scan of frontal slice (C), note the probable healed fracture (arrows). Photos taken by Rosemarie Roth (University of Zurich, Switzerland).

Fig. 3. Overgrowth type 1 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 3. Overgrowth type 1 (arrows) in right pedal unguals I (A) and III (B) of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA. Overgrowth projects proximally from the proximal articular surface. Note the medial to mediodorsal position of the overgrowths on the proximal articular surfaces. Unguals shown in dorsal (A1, B1), medial (A2, B2), proximal (A3, B3), and lateral (A4, B4) views. Photos taken by Esther Premru (Mönchaltorf, Switzerland) and modified from Tschopp et al. (2015).

Fig. 2. Overgrowth type 1 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 2. Overgrowth type 1 (arrow) in left pedal ungual I of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, HoweStephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA; in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and proximodorsal (C) views. Note the dorsal position of the overgrowth on the proximal articular surface, and how it fits in the notch in the distal articular surface of php I-1 (C, slightly displaced taphonomically). Abbreviations: mt, metatarsal; php, pedal phalanx. Not to scale, the proximodistal length of php I-1 is 45 mm.

Fig. 4. A, B. Trackway S3 in Sauropodomorph dinosaur trackways from the Fleming Fjord Formation of East Greenland: Evidence for Late Triassic sauropods

Fig. 4. A, B. Trackway S3 (Evazoum sp.). This bipedal trackway can possibly be attributed to a non-sauropod sauropodomorph trackmaker. Two smaller tridactyl trackways can be identified in close association with trackway S3. C, D. Detail of the best preserved pes impression RP1 (total depth represented by the color scale is 58 mm). Photogrammetric orthophoto (A), depth-color images (B, C), interpretative drawing (D).

Fig. 3. Trackway S2 in Sauropodomorph dinosaur trackways from the Fleming Fjord Formation of East Greenland: Evidence for Late Triassic sauropods

Fig. 3. Trackway S2 (Eosauropus sp.), which probably represents the same trackmaker species, or even the same individual, as trackway S1; trackmaker is moving towards the southwest. A. Photogrammetric orthophoto. B. Depth-color image. C. Interpretative drawing. Abbreviations: LM, left manus; LP, left pes; RM, right manus; RP, right pes.

Fig. 9. Overgrowth type 4 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 9. Overgrowth type 4 (arrow) on the laterodistal corner of the left pedal phalanx IV-1 of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA; in anterior/dorsal view. Abbreviation: php, phalanx of pedal digit.

Fig. 2. A–C. Trackway S1 in Sauropodomorph dinosaur trackways from the Fleming Fjord Formation of East Greenland: Evidence for Late Triassic sauropods

Fig. 2. A–C. Trackway S1 (Eosauropus sp.), here attributed to a sauropod trackmaker based on pedal synapomorphies; trackmaker is moving towards the south-west. Two consequtive pes impressions of a tridactyl Grallator trackway can be seen left to the S1 trackway. D, E. Detail of representative pes-manus set RP1/RM1. F, G. Detail of representative pes-manus set RP2/RM2. Photogrammetric orthophoto (A), depth-color images (B, D, F), interpretative drawings (C, E, G). Abbreviations: LM, left manus; LP, left pes; RM, right manus; RP, right pes.

Fig. 1. A in Sauropodomorph dinosaur trackways from the Fleming Fjord Formation of East Greenland: Evidence for Late Triassic sauropods

Fig. 1. A. Location of the "Track Mountain" locality (star) on a ridge on the northeastern slope of Wood Bjerg in the Late Triassic sediments at the west side of Carsberg Fjord. B. Location of Jameson Land (A) in central East Greenland. C. Photograph of the "Track Mountain" locality showing the approximate location of trackways S1, S2, and S3 (view towards the east).

Fig. 1 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 1. Schematic drawing of the left and right manual (A) and pedal (B) phalanges of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002, marking the elements affected by pathologies described herein. Rectangles are normal phalanges, triangles are unguals. Dashed lines indicate lacking elements. Numbers correspond to the overgrowth types as defined in the text; e, possible eburnation; p, deep pit.

Fig. 11 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 11. Comparison of the normal development of articular surfaces of phalanges of diplodocid sauropod SMA 0087 (php II-1, A) with the pathological elements of camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 (php III-1, B); both from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe Ranch, Wyoming, USA. Note the considerable extension of the lateral spurs in SMA 0002.

Fig. 10 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 10. Deep pit (arrow) in the proximal articular surface of the left pedal phalanx II-1 of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA; in anteroproximal view. The proximal width of the phalanx is 72 mm. Abbreviation: mt, metatarsal.

Fig. 7 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 7. Smoothened area (a possible case of eburnation) on the distal articular surface of the left manual phalanx I-1 of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA. The distal dorsopalmar height is 55 mm.

Fig. 6. Overgrowth type 2 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 6. Overgrowth type 2 exemplified in a drawing (A, modified from Tschopp et al. 2015) and CT scan (B) of the left manual phalanx II-1 of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA. CT scan shows variable bone densities in the osteophyte, indicated by the different gray scales. Abbreviations: phm, phalanx of manual digit; mc, metacarpal.

Fig. 5 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 5. Thin section of the overgrowth type 1 from the right pedal ungual I of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA (A). Detail (B), showing coarse-grained structure bone in mainly avascular bone (arrowheads).

Fig. 7 in Osteology of the dorsal vertebrae of the giant titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Dreadnoughtus schrani from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina

Fig. 7. Partial neural arch of titanosaurian sauropod Dreadnoughtus schrani Lacovara, Lamanna, Ibiricu, Poole, Schroeter, Ullmann, Voegele, Boles, Carter, Fowler, Egerton, Moyer, Coughenour, Schein, Harris, Martínez, and Novas, 2014 (MPM-PV 1156?-7), from Santa Cruz Province, Argentina; middle–late Campanian to early Maastrichtian; in left lateral (A) and posterior (B) views.

Fig. 3 in Osteology of the dorsal vertebrae of the giant titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Dreadnoughtus schrani from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina

Fig. 3. Nearly complete dorsal vertebrae of titanosaurian sauropod Dreadnoughtus schrani Lacovara, Lamanna, Ibiricu, Poole, Schroeter, Ullmann, Voegele, Boles, Carter, Fowler, Egerton, Moyer, Coughenour, Schein, Harris, Martínez, and Novas, 2014, from Santa Cruz Province, Argentina; middle–late Campanian to early Maastrichtian; in posterior view. A. MPM-PV 1156?-4, estimated as the ~4th dorsal vertebra. B. MPM-PV 1156?-5, ~5th. C. MPM-PV 1156-6, ~6th. D. MPM-PV 1156?-8, ~7th. E. MPM-PV 1156?-9, ~8th. F. MPM-PV 1156?-10, ~9th. G. MPM-PV 1156-11, ~10th. Dashed lines indicate fractured neural arch laminae. Colours indicate neural arch fossae.

Fig. 2 in Osteology of the dorsal vertebrae of the giant titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Dreadnoughtus schrani from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina

Fig. 2. Nearly complete dorsal vertebrae of titanosaurian sauropod Dreadnoughtus schrani Lacovara, Lamanna, Ibiricu, Poole, Schroeter, Ullmann, Voegele, Boles, Carter, Fowler, Egerton, Moyer, Coughenour, Schein, Harris, Martínez, and Novas, 2014, from Santa Cruz Province, Argentina; middle–late Campanian to early Maastrichtian; in anterior view. A. MPM-PV 1156?-4, estimated as the ~4th dorsal vertebra. B. MPM-PV 1156?-5, ~5th. C. MPM-PV 1156-6, ~6th. D. MPM-PV 1156?-8, ~7th. E. MPM-PV 1156?-9, ~8th. F. MPM-PV 1156?-10, ~9th. G. MPM-PV 1156-11, ~10th. Colours indicate neural arch fossae.

Fig. 1 in Osteology of the dorsal vertebrae of the giant titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Dreadnoughtus schrani from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina

Fig. 1. Nearly complete dorsal vertebrae of titanosaurian sauropod Dreadnoughtus schrani Lacovara, Lamanna, Ibiricu, Poole, Schroeter, Ullmann, Voegele, Boles, Carter, Fowler, Egerton, Moyer, Coughenour, Schein, Harris, Martínez, and Novas, 2014, from Santa Cruz Province, Argentina; middle–late Campanian to early Maastrichtian; in left lateral view. A. MPM-PV 1156?-4, estimated as the ~4th dorsal vertebra. B. MPM-PV 1156?-5, ~5th. C. MPM-PV 1156-6, ~6th. D. MPM-PV 1156?-8, ~7th. E. MPM-PV 1156?-9, ~8th. F. MPM-PV 1156?-10, ~9th. G. MPM-PV 1156-11, ~10th. Dashed lines indicate fractured neural arch laminae. Colours indicate neural arch fossae.

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Fig. 4 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 4. Detail of the right transverse process of a middle or posterior dorsal vertebra (UNPSJB-PV 1007/5) of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. Computed tomography (CT)-based reconstruction of the transverse process and diapophysis in posterior view, with black rectangle indicating location of axial CT "slice" shown in B. B. Axial CT "slice" showing intradiapophyseal chamber, with black and white arrowheads indicating cortical and trabecular tissues, respectively. Reconstruction of the transverse process and diapophysis in medial (C) and posterior (D) views. Black rectangle indicates location of sagittal CT "slice" shown in E. E. Sagittal CT "slice" through intradiapophyseal chamber.