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FIGURE 1 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 1. Karyotype of laboratory hybrid of A. i. arizonae (♀) × A. t. marmorata (♂), AMNH R-153158, adult-sized intersex individual that superficially resembled a female. Upper row represents the haploid complement of A. t. marmorata (with 3 large Set I metacentric and submetacentric macrochromosomes including the X + 8 biarmed Set II macrochromosomes + 12 Set III microchromosomes). Lower row represents the haploid complement of A. i. arizonae (with 1 Set I macrochromosome including its characteristic NOR and satellite [arrow] + 12 subtelocentric Set II macrochromosomes + 10 Set III microchromosomes). Line represents 10 microns.

FIGURE 6 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 6. Pattern of morphological variation expressed by the distribution of scores on the first two principal components extracted from a correlation matrix of seven meristic characters of three hybrids, 18 specimens of A. i. arizonae (including the maternal parent of the hybrids), 18 specimens of A. t. marmorata (including the paternal parent of the hybrids), and 11 specimens of the unisexual A. neomexicana. All samples represent populations in the vicinities of those from which the parents of the hybrids were collected. Note that the three hybrids are intermediate to their individual parents and that A. neomexicana most closely resembles its maternal progenitor species, A. t. marmorata on PC1.

FIGURE 11 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 11. The small tissue sample from the adult-sized, apparently female (but intersex) laboratory hybrid (AMNH R-153158). A. Mesonephros and adrenal gland (AMNH R-153158B, slide 6, row 2, section 1). B. Adrenal gland (AMNH R-153158B, slide 3, row 1, section 10). C. Mesonephros and adrenal gland (AMNH R-153158B, slide 5, row 1, section 6). D. Mesonephros and adrenal gland (AMNH R-153158B, slide 6, row 2, section 1). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 8. Gross morphology of the adult-sized, apparently female (but intersex) laboratory hybrid (AMNH R-153158) of A. i. arizonae × A. t. marmorata. A. Ventral view of the viscera through the opened body wall; the organs have not been disturbed. The arrows indicate a boundary between the left adrenal gland and the left ovary. B. The left kidney and dorsal body wall visible with the adrenal/ovary mass displaced to the right. C. Adrenal/ovary mass displaced to the left. D. Remaining viscera after removal of the adrenal/ovary mass and a suspected testis. Scale bars: 5 mm. Abbreviations in figures 8–17 are explained in Materials and Methods.

FIGURE 13 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 13. The large tissue sample from the adult-sized, apparently female (but intersex) laboratory hybrid (AMNH R-153158). A. An entire section (AMNH R-153158A, slide 23, section 1; scale bar: 1 mm). Rectangles identify enlarged views in B–I. B–C. Adrenal gland (AMNH R-153158A, slide 23, section 1). D–E. Adrenal gland and ovary (AMNH R-153158A, slide 23, section 1). F–I. Ovary (AMNH R-153158A, slide 23, section 1). H. An enlargement from slide 23, section 2 showing an atretic follicle in the ovary. I. An enlargement from slide 23, section 2, showing yolk granules. Scale bars for B–I: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 7. Pattern of morphological distinctiveness expressed by the distribution of canonical variate scores derived from a canonical variate analysis of seven meristic characters of three a priori groups: 18 specimens of A. i. arizonae (including the maternal parent of the laboratory hybrids), 18 specimens of A. t. marmorata (including the paternal parent of the hybrids), and 11 specimens of A. neomexicana. All samples represent populations in the vicinities of those from which the parents of the hybrids were collected. The three laboratory hybrids were included in the CVA as unassigned, for classification to the a priori group that each most closely resembled. Note the position of the hybrid group intermediate to A. i. arizonae, A. t. marmorata, and A. neomexicana clusters. This suggested that the hybrid group itself is distinctive, which was verified by a followup CVA (not illustrated, but see text).

Fig. 14 in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 14. Atretic and normal follicles and corpora lutea of C. tesselatus. A. Developing oocyte during vitellogenesis (right) and atretic follicle (left; AMNH R145143, slide 19, row 1, section 1). B. Atretic follicle with disorganized cytoplasm but intact nucleus (AMNH R145143, slide 19, row 1, section 1). C. Atretic follicle after vitellogenesis had begun; notice the glassy membrane (AMNH R146620, slide 4, row 2, section 5). D. Atretic follicle (left) and normal follicle (right), both before vitellogenesis (AMNH R146621, slide 4, row 1, section 2). E. A normal follicle showing the structure of the follicle wall and discharging pyriform cells (AMNH R145142, slide 106, row 1, section 3). F. Detail of the tunica interna showing discharging pyriform cells prior to the formation of yolk granules (AMNH R 146637, slide 41, row 1, section 4). G. Detail of a follicle during vitellogenesis, showing a welldeveloped zona radiata, vascularization, and the tunica granulosa (AMNH R145143, slide 28, row 1 section 2). H. Near the end of vitellogenesis the tunica interna is reduced to the tunica granulosa (AMNH R145142, slide 49, row 1, section 2). I. Older corpora lutea showing the triangular shape and absence

Fig. 11 in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 11. Electrophoretic phenotypes of GPI, a dimeric enzyme, from erythrocytes of 12 lizards. Letters below gel identify allozymes based on alleles present (table 5). Lanes for individual lizards are labeled beside the gel (with genotype) as follows: TESE, C. tesselatus pattern class E; SEP, C. gularis septemvittatus; MAR, C. tigris marmoratus; and HYB, C. tesselatus X C. tigris marmoratus hybrid. Although the SEP and MAR are identical on this gel (bb), the aallele occurs in other individuals of MAR. All specimens except the SEP are from the hybridization site near Roswell. Anode is to the right; arrow indicates position of sample applications.

Fig. 10 in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 10. Pattern of morphological variation expressed by the distribution of scores on the first two principal components extracted from a correlation matrix of 11 meristic characters. Symbols depict scores of nine karyotyped hybrids collected in the vicinity of Arroyo del Macho, Chaves Co., New Mexico: •, 8 hybrids of 2n = 46; -, one hybrid of 2n = 47 (fissioned Xchromosome). The ellipse defines the 95% confidence limits for the eight hybrids with intact Xchromosomes.

Fig. 8 in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 8. Pattern of morphological distinctiveness expressed by the distribution of canonical variate scores derived from a quadratic canonical variate analysis of eight meristic characters. Symbols depict 84 individuals collected in the vicinity of Arroyo del Macho, Chaves Co., New Mexico: O, 38 C. tesselatus; Z, 26 C. tigris marmoratus; ·, 20 hybrids. Ellipses define the 95% confidence limits of each group.

Fig. 7 in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 7. Pattern of morphological variation expressed by the distribution of scores on the first two principal components extracted from a correlation matrix of eight meristic characters. Symbols depict scores of 84 individuals collected in the vicinity of Arroyo del Macho, Chaves Co., New Mexico: O, 38 C. tesselatus; Z, 26 C. tigris marmoratus; ·, 20 hybrids. Ellipses define the 95% confidence limits of each group.

Fig. 4 in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 4. Representatives of Cnemidophorus tesselatus from the Arroyo del Macho hybridization site. A. AMNH R146615 (91 mm SVL); B. AMNH R146618 (83 mm SVL); C. AMNH R146619 (85 mm SVL); D. AMNH R146623 (86 mm SVL); E. AMNH R146627 (89 mm SVL); F. AMNH R 146626 (90 mm SVL).

Fig. 2 in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 2. Dorsolateral views of three representative whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorus) from Arroyo del Macho. A. Diploid unisexual C. tesselatus, AMNH R146638, body length 97 mm. B. Triploid C. tesselatus X C. tigris marmoratus hybrid male, AMNH R146693, body length 100 mm. C. Diploid bisexual C. tigris marmoratus male, AMNH R146653, body length 94 mm. All photographed June 19, 1998.

Fig. 9 in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 9. Karyotypes of two whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorus) from Arroyo del Macho. A. Diploid unisexual C. tesselatus, AMNH R146638 (2n = 46). This unisexual taxon is a clone with its ultimate ancestor being an F1 hybrid between C. tigris marmoratus (haploid complement of chromosomes in the upper two rows) X C. gularis septemvittatus (haploid complement in the lower two rows). Large arrow points to the centromere of the Xchromosome ultimately inherited from C. tigris marmoratus; this chromosome apparently had undergone centric fission into two telocentric chromosomes in the other karyotypic clone of C. tesselatus found at the same locality (2n = 47). B. Triploid hybrid between C. tesselatus X C. tigris marmoratus (male), AMNH R146690 (3n = 69). The four rows of chromosomes above the scale bar represent the two haploid complements inherited from C. tigris marmoratus, whereas the lower two rows represent the single haploid complement from C. gularis septemvittatus. The Ychromosome was inherited from the most recent backcross hybridization between C. tesselatus and C. tigris marmoratus. Bar represents 10 µm. Small arrows in both A and B illustrate distinctive secondary constrictions (nucleolar organizer regions) from C. gularis septemvittatus.

Fig. 1. A. A in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 1. A. A view to the east showing the principal gypsum outcrop and southfacing slope at the hybridization locality north of Roswell, Chaves County, New Mexico. Scattered dark shrubs in the center of the figure are mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) in a desert grassland; C. exsanguis and C. inornatus were

Fig. 17 in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 17. Oviduct structure of hybrid females (A–D) and C. tesselatus females (E–H). A. Distal oviduct showing thin mucosa and absence of folds (AMNH R145147, slide 8, row 1, section 1). B. Middle oviduct with alveolar glands (AMNH R145147, slide 8, row 1, section 1). C. Middle oviduct showing poorly developed alveolar glands (AMNH R145146, slide 11, row 2, section 2). D. Middle oviduct (AMNH R146691, slide 9, row 2, section 6, MT). E. Distal oviduct showing mucosa and variation in fold development (AMNH R145143, slide 5, row 2, section 6). F. Distal and middle oviducts; note the swollen (active) posterior part of the distal oviduct and the distinctive appearance of the middle oviduct. The proximal oviduct is not visible (AMNH R145142, slide 136, row 1, section 2). G. Middle oviduct with mucosa and welldeveloped alveolar glands (AMNH R145142, slide 80, row 1, section 2). H. Middle oviduct showing serosa, mucosa, and organization of the alveolar glands (AMNH R145142, slide 85, row 1, section 4). Scale bar, 0.01 mm, except F, which is 1 mm, and H, which is 0.1 mm.

Fig. 21. A in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 21. A monthly comparison of size distributions and reproductive status of individuals of Cnemidophorus tesselatus collected at the Arroyo del Macho hybridization site in 1996–1999.

Fig. 19 in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 19. Testes of hybrid males (A–C, G, H) and C. tigris males (D–F). Note that G and H are out of sequence because of size. A. Testis with sperm (AMNH R145145, slide 5, row 2, section 3). B. Testis with debris and few sperm (AMNH R146683, slide 10, row 1, section 4). C. Seminiferous tubules

Fig. 23 in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 23. Generations of Cnemidophorus tesselatus X C. tigris marmoratus hybrids and of C. tesselatus inferred from snout–vent length data (mm) in samples collected at Arroyo del Macho in 1996– 1999. For each year depicted, the May–October activity period is included, and each horizontal line representing a lizard extends from the estimated year and month of hatching to the year and month of collection. Sex of each hybrid (M or F) is indicated.

Fig. 16 in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives

Fig. 16. Ovary structure of hybrid females (A–D) and C. tesselatus females (E–H). A. Ovary with abnormal follicle (AMNH R145146, slide 5, row 1, section 4). B. Ovary with empty follicle and abnormal follicular epithelia (AMNH R145147, slide 16, row 1, section 1). C. Detail of follicle wall of empty follicle (AMNH R145147, slide 16, row 1, section 1). D. Empty follicle with blood supply (AMNH R146681, slide 4, row 1, section 2). E. Ovary with oogonia and several sizes of developing