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FIGURE 1 in Ciliate symbionts of bivalves with notes on their worldwide geographic distribution
FIGURE 1. Worldwide distribution of ciliate species as symbionts of bivalve hosts.
Figure 3 in New host detection of the parasitic mite, Erythraeus pistacicus (Trombidiformes: Erythraeidae) from Iran and indication of possible infection with bacterial symbionts
Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree based on wsp sequences of Wolbachia, constructed by a neighbor-joining procedure. Wolbachia strains are depicted by the host name. The accession numbers are shown after the host name. Numbers on the nodes indicate bootstrap percent confidence values.
Figure 9 from: Conradi M, Bandera E, Mudrova SV, Ivanenko VN (2018) Five new coexisting species of copepod crustaceans of the genus Spaniomolgus (Poecilostomatoida: Rhynchomolgidae), symbionts of the stony coral Stylophora pistillata (Scleractinia). ZooKeys 791: 71-95. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.791.28775
Figure 9 Spaniomolgus, females. aS.crassus (Humes & Ho, 1968), confocal photo. S.stylophorus sp. n., SEMb Habitus ventral c Rostral area d Labrum.
Figure 6 from: Conradi M, Bandera E, Mudrova SV, Ivanenko VN (2018) Five new coexisting species of copepod crustaceans of the genus Spaniomolgus (Poecilostomatoida: Rhynchomolgidae), symbionts of the stony coral Stylophora pistillata (Scleractinia). ZooKeys 791: 71-95. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.791.28775
Figure 6 Spaniomolgusmaculatus sp. n., female. a Habitus dorsal b Urosome dorsal c Antenna d Maxilliped e Leg 4 f Genital area. Scale bars: 300 µm (a); 100 µm (b); 50 µm (c–f).
Figure 3 from: Conradi M, Bandera E, Mudrova SV, Ivanenko VN (2018) Five new coexisting species of copepod crustaceans of the genus Spaniomolgus (Poecilostomatoida: Rhynchomolgidae), symbionts of the stony coral Stylophora pistillata (Scleractinia). ZooKeys 791: 71-95. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.791.28775
Figure 3 Spaniomolgusglobus sp. n., female. a Habitus lateral b Urosome dorsal c Antenna d Antennule e Maxillule f Maxilla g Mandible h Maxilliped. Scale bars: 300 µm (a); 100 µm (b); 50 µm (c–h).
Figure 2 from: Conradi M, Bandera E, Mudrova SV, Ivanenko VN (2018) Five new coexisting species of copepod crustaceans of the genus Spaniomolgus (Poecilostomatoida: Rhynchomolgidae), symbionts of the stony coral Stylophora pistillata (Scleractinia). ZooKeys 791: 71-95. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.791.28775
Figure 2 Stylophorapistillata, coral skeletons and corallite structures (SEM). a, b Specimen SA13-12 c, d Morphotype subseriata, specimen SA13-25 e, f Morphotype danae SA13-31 g, h Morphotype mordax, specimen SA13-61. Scale bars: 20 mm (a, c, e, g); 0.5 mm (b, d, f, h).
Figure 1 from: Conradi M, Bandera E, Mudrova SV, Ivanenko VN (2018) Five new coexisting species of copepod crustaceans of the genus Spaniomolgus (Poecilostomatoida: Rhynchomolgidae), symbionts of the stony coral Stylophora pistillata (Scleractinia). ZooKeys 791: 71-95. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.791.28775
Figure 1 a–c Sampling localities and study area in the Red Sea (Saudi Arabia). The red circles indicate sampling localities of the indicated samples of Stylophorapistillata (see Table 1).
Figure 5 from: Conradi M, Bandera E, Mudrova SV, Ivanenko VN (2018) Five new coexisting species of copepod crustaceans of the genus Spaniomolgus (Poecilostomatoida: Rhynchomolgidae), symbionts of the stony coral Stylophora pistillata (Scleractinia). ZooKeys 791: 71-95. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.791.28775
Figure 5 Spaniomolgusdentatus sp. n., female. a Habitus dorsal b Urosome dorsal (Leg 6 arrowed) c Antenna d Maxilliped e Leg 4. Scale bars: 300 µm (a); 100 µm (b); 50 µm (c–e).
Figure 7 from: Conradi M, Bandera E, Mudrova SV, Ivanenko VN (2018) Five new coexisting species of copepod crustaceans of the genus Spaniomolgus (Poecilostomatoida: Rhynchomolgidae), symbionts of the stony coral Stylophora pistillata (Scleractinia). ZooKeys 791: 71-95. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.791.28775
Figure 7 Spaniomolgusacutus sp. n., female. a Habitus dorsal b Urosome dorsal c Antenna d Maxilliped e Leg 4 f Genital area. Scale bars: 300 µm (a); 100 µm (b); 50 µm (c–f).
Figure 8 from: Conradi M, Bandera E, Mudrova SV, Ivanenko VN (2018) Five new coexisting species of copepod crustaceans of the genus Spaniomolgus (Poecilostomatoida: Rhynchomolgidae), symbionts of the stony coral Stylophora pistillata (Scleractinia). ZooKeys 791: 71-95. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.791.28775
Figure 8 Spaniomolgusstylophorus sp. n., female. a Habitus dorsal b Urosome dorsal c Antenna d Maxilliped e Leg 4. Scale bars: 300 µm (a); 100 µm (b); 50 µm(c–e).
Supplementary Table 9 for "Sulfur-oxidizing symbionts without canonical genes for autotrophic CO2 fixation"
<p>Effect of changing the ratio of reduced:oxidized ferredoxin on the free energy yield for the reductive pyruvate synthase reaction.</p>
Figure 8 in Basic laboratory and field manual for conducting research with the entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, and their bacterial symbionts
Figure 8. Scanning electron microscopy images of Steinernema beitlechemi male. A, B: First generation male. A: Tail with paired genital papillae (numbered), single papilla (s) and post-deirid (arrow), dorso-lateral; B: Spicules with rounded tip, ventro-lateral. C–E: Secondgeneration male. C: Tail with paired genital papillae (numbered), single papilla (s) and postdeirid (arrow), lateral; D: Postdeirid, detail; E: Tail with part of paired genital papillae (numbered), single papilla (s) and mucron (m), ventro-lateral.
Figure 9 in Basic laboratory and field manual for conducting research with the entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, and their bacterial symbionts
Figure 9. Light microscopy (LM) images of infective juvenile, male and female of Steinernema biddulphi. A, C. First generation female. A. Tail region. C. Vulval region. B, D. Second generation female. B. Tail region. D. Vulval region. E. First generation male, tail with spicules and gubernaculum. F. Second generation male, tail with spicules and gubernaculum. G, H. Infective juvenile. G. Anterior portion showing rounded head and excretory pore (arrow). H. Tail with anus and hyaline region.
Evolutionary rates are correlated between cockroach symbiont and mitochondrial genomes
<p>Bacterial endosymbionts evolve under strong host-driven selection. Factors influencing host evolution might affect symbionts in similar ways, potentially leading to correlations between the molecular evolutionary rates of hosts and symbionts. Although there is evidence of rate correlations between mitochondrial and nuclear genes, similar investigations of hosts and symbionts are lacking. Here we demonstrate a correlation in molecular rates between the genomes of an endosymbiont (<i>Blattabacterium cuenoti</i>) and the mitochondrial genomes of their hosts (cockroaches). We used partial genome data for multiple strains of <i>B. cuenoti</i>to compare phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary rates for 55 cockroach/symbiont pairs. The phylogenies inferred for <i>B. cuenoti </i>and the mitochondrial genomes of their hosts were largely congruent, as expected from their identical maternal and cytoplasmic mode of inheritance. We found a correlation between evolutionary rates of the two genomes, based on comparisons of root-to-tip distances and on comparisons of branch lengths of phylogenetically independent species pairs. Our results underscore the profound effects that long-term symbiosis can have on the biology of each symbiotic partner.</p>
Data from: Assessment of a 16S rRNA amplicon Illumina sequencing procedure for studying the microbiome of a symbiont-rich aphid genus
The bacterial communities inhabiting arthropods are generally dominated by a few endosymbionts that play an important role in the ecology of their hosts. Rather than comparing bacterial species richness across samples, ecological studies on arthropod endosymbionts often seek to identify the main bacterial strains associated with each specimen studied. The filtering out of contaminants from the results and the accurate taxonomic assignment of sequences are therefore crucial in arthropod microbiome studies. We aimed here to validate an Illumina 16S rRNA gene sequencing protocol and analytical pipeline for investigating endosymbiotic bacteria associated with aphids. Using replicate DNA samples from 12 species (Aphididae: Lachninae, Cinara) and several controls, we removed individual sequences not meeting a minimum threshold number of reads in each sample and carried out taxonomic assignment for the remaining sequences. With this approach, we show that: i) contaminants accounted for a negligible proportion of the bacteria identified in our samples; ii) the taxonomic composition of our samples and the relative abundance of reads assigned to a taxon were very similar across PCR and DNA replicates for each aphid sample; in particular, bacterial DNA concentration had no impact on the results. Furthermore, by analysing the distribution of unique sequences across samples rather than aggregating them into operational taxonomic units (OTUs), we gained insight into the specificity of endosymbionts for their hosts. Our results confirm that Serratia symbiotica is often present in Cinara species, in addition to the primary symbiont, Buchnera aphidicola. Furthermore, our findings reveal new symbiotic associations with Erwinia and Sodalis-related bacteria. We conclude with suggestions for generating and analysing 16S rRNA gene sequences for arthropod endosymbiont studies.
Data from: Niche differentiation in the dynamics of host-symbiont interactions: symbiont prevalence as a coexistence problem
Heritable symbioses can have important ecological effects and have triggered important evolutionary innovations. Current predictions for long-term symbiont prevalence are based on their fitness benefits and vertical transmission rates but ignore non-linear competitive feedbacks among symbiotic and symbiont-free hosts. We hypothesized that such feedbacks function as stabilizing mechanisms, promoting coexistence of host types and maintaining intermediate symbiont frequency at the population scale. Using a model grass / endophyte symbiosis, we manipulated competition within and between endophyte-symbiotic (E+) and endophyte-free (E-) hosts and fit competition models to experimental data. We show for the first time that symbiont-structured competition can generate stable coexistence of E+ and E- hosts, even under perfect vertical transmission. Niche differentiation was the key to coexistence, causing hosts of each type to limit themselves more strongly than each other. These results establish roles for non-linear competitive dynamics and niche differentiation in the ecology and evolution of heritable symbionts.
Testing assumptions of nitrogen cycling between a temperate, model coral host and its facultative symbiont: symbiotic contributions to dissolved inorganic nitrogen assimilation
<p>Coral symbioses are predicated on the need for mutual nutrient acquisition and translocation between partners. Carbon translocation is well-studied in this classic mutualism, while nitrogen (N) has received comparatively less attention. Quantifying the mechanisms and dynamics of N assimilation is critical to understanding the functional ecology of coral organisms. Given the importance of symbiosis to the coral holobiont, it is important to determine what role photosynthetic symbionts play in N acquisition. We used the facultatively symbiotic temperate coral <em>Astrangia poculata</em> and <sup>15</sup>N labeling to test the effects of symbiotic state and trophic status on N acquisition. We tracked assimilation of 2 forms of isotopically labeled dissolved inorganic N (DIN: ammonium, <sup>15</sup>NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> and nitrate, <sup>15</sup>NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) by fed and starved colonies of both symbiotic and aposymbiotic <em>A. poculata</em>. Coral holobiont tissue was subsequently analyzed for δ<sup>15</sup>N and changes in photosynthetic efficiency. Results suggest that corals acquired the most N from DIN via their symbiont <em>Breviolum psygmophilum</em> and that NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> is more readily assimilated than NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>. Photosynthetic efficiency increased with the addition of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, but only for fed, symbiotic treatments. NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> adversely affected photosynthetic efficiency among starved corals. Our results suggest that symbiosis is advantageous for DIN acquisition, that dysbiosis inhibits corals' mixotrophic strategy of nutrient acquisition, and that either feeding or symbiosis alone does not fully provide the energetic advantage of both. This study lends support to the emerging hypothesis that symbionts are mutualists in optimal conditions but shift to a parasitic paradigm when resources or energy are scarce.</p>
FIGURE 3 in Calyptraeotheres sp. nov. (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pinnotheridae), symbiont of the slipper shell Crepidula striolata Menke, 1851 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Calyptraeidae) from the Gulf of California, Mexico
FIGURE 3. Calyptraeotheres camposi sp. nov. Paratype female (EMU-10362). Scale bar = 2 mm.
Figures 17-23 from: Kanao T, Maruyama M (2012) Two new genera and species of the termite symbiont lineage Termitohospitini (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae) from Bolivia and peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 254: 67-87. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.254.4043
Figures 17-23 - Neotermitosocius bolivianus, abdominal sclerites and genitalia. 17 tergite VIII 18 sternite VIII 19 tergites IX–X 20 median lobe of aedeagus, aparameral view 21 median lobe of aedeagus, lateral view 22 paramere, external view 23 spermatheca.
Figures 30-35 from: Kanao T, Maruyama M (2012) Two new genera and species of the termite symbiont lineage Termitohospitini (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae) from Bolivia and peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 254: 67-87. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.254.4043
Figures 30-35 - Coptotermocola clavicornis, mouthparts. 30 labrum, left side = labrum, right side = epipharynx 31 left mandible, dorsal view 32 right mandible, dorsal view 33 maxilla, ventral view 34 mentum, ventral view 35 labium, ventral view.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.