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394 results for “urban forest”
Data from: The traits that predict the magnitude and spatial scale of forest bird responses to urbanization intensity
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Data from: Urban forest fragments as unexpected sanctuaries for the rare endemic ghost butterfly from the Atlantic forest.
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Data from: Urban versus forest ecotypes are not explained by divergent reproductive selection
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The future urban forest: a survey of tree planting programs in the Northeastern United States
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Data from: Impacts of habitat on butterfly dispersal in tropical forests, parks and grassland patches embedded in an urban landscape
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FIGURE 2 in Description of larva and pupa of Phylloicus cressae Prather 2003 (Trichoptera Calamoceratidae) from a montane forest stream in the peri-urban area of Caracas Venezuela
FIGURE 2: Phylloicus cressae, larva, mandibles. 2A, lateral view; 2B, ventral view.
FIGURE 6 in Description of larva and pupa of Phylloicus cressae Prather 2003 (Trichoptera Calamoceratidae) from a montane forest stream in the peri-urban area of Caracas Venezuela
FIGURE 6: Phylloicus cressae, pupa. 6A, mandibles, ventral; 6B, pupa body, dorsal.
Abundance of trees and seedlings, climatic, and soil variables in 36 20x20 m permanent plots in peri-urban Andean forests of Colombia
<p>The study was conducted on the Eastern Andean Cordillera of Colombia, in remnant forests occurring in the high-plain where Bogotá lies, one of the largest cities in Latin America. The high-plain covers an area of about 185,000 ha at an average altitude of 2600 meters above sea level (m a.s.l.). We selected six study sites, distributed in the Eastern and Western slopes of the mountain range that surrounds the high-plain, which exhibit different climatic and edaphic characteristics. Five of the sites were located in the suburban municipalities of Soacha (So), San Francisco (Sf), Guasca (Gu), Tabio (Ta), and the last one, Torca (To), located in a large forest fragment at the periphery of Bogotá. Sites were selected so that they encompassed both early- and late-successional or old-growth forest patches. <br> Within each site, we established three 20 m x 20 m plots in early-successional forests (E) and three 20 m x 20 m plots in late-successional (L) for a total of 36 permanent plots. Here, we present climatic and soil variables for each plot and also the abundances of all tree, shrub, palm, and tree-fern individuals with DAH> 5 cm included in each plot. For simplicity we refer to these as "trees" (-t). Within each plot, we additionally established four subplots of 2 m x 2 m, where we tagged and measured all seedlings> 5 cm in height and DAH ≤ 1 cm; we also present the abundances of the seedlings (-s).</p> <p>Vouchers were collected for each tree and seedling species or morphospecies and identified with the help of an expert botanist and using the resources of the herbarium of the Bogotá Botanical Garden (JBB). Vouchers specimens were stored at the herbarium of the Alexander von Humboldt Biological Resources Research Institute (FMB). Overall, we recorded Vouchers that were not identified to species were assigned a standardized morphospecies and were all included in the analyzes.</p>
Saproxylic insects and fungi in deciduous forests along a rural–urban gradient
<p>Urbanisation is increasing worldwide and is regarded a major threat to biodiversity in forests. As consequences of intensive human use, the vegetation structure of naturally growing urban forests and their amount of deadwood can be reduced. Deadwood is an essential resource for various saproxylic insects and fungi. We assessed the effects of urbanisation and forest characteristics on saproxylic insects and fungi. We exposed standardized bundles consisting of each three fresh-cut beech and oak branches in 25 forests along a rural–urban gradient in Basel (Switzerland). After an exposure of 8 months, we extracted the saproxylic insects for 10 months using an emergence trap for each bundle. We used drilling chips from each branch to determine fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs). 193,534 insect individuals emerged from the experimental bundles. Our study showed that the abundance of total saproxylic insects, bark beetles, longhorn beetles, total flies, moths and ichneumonid wasps decreased with increasing degree of urbanisation, but not their species richness. However, the taxonomic composition of all insect groups combined was altered by wood moisture of branches and that of saproxylic beetles was influenced by the degree of urbanisation. Unexpectedly, forest size and local forest characteristics had a minor effect on saproxylic insects. ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer of rDNA) analysis with fungal specific primers revealed a total of 97 fungal OTUs on the bundles. The number of total fungal OTUs decreased with increasing degree of urbanisation and was affected by the volume of naturally occurring fine woody debris. The composition of fungal OTUs was altered by the degree of urbanisation and pH of the branch wood. As a consequence of the altered compositions of saproxylics, the association between total saproxylic insects and fungi changed along the rural–urban gradient. Our study shows that urbanisation can negatively impact saproxylic insects and fungi.</p>
Positive long-term impacts of restoration on soils in an experimental urban forest
<p>As urbanization increases worldwide, so too are investments in nature-based solutions that aim to mitigate urban stressors and counter the impacts of global climate change. Tree planting on degraded urban lands—or afforestation—is one form of nature-based solution that has been increasingly implemented in cities around the world. The benefits of afforestation are, however, contingent on the capacity of soils to support the growth of planted trees, which poses a challenge in some urban settings where unfavorable soil conditions limit tree performance. Soil-focused site treatments could help urban areas overcome impediments to afforestation, yet few studies have examined the long-term (> 5 years) effects of site treatments on soils and other management objectives. We analyzed the impacts of compost amendments, interplanting with shrubs, and tree species composition (six species vs. two species) on soil conditions and associated tree growth in 54 experimental afforestation plots in New York City, USA. We compared baseline soil conditions to conditions after six years and examined changes in the treatment effects from one to six years. Site treatments and tree planting increased soil microbial biomass, water holding capacity, and total carbon and nitrogen and reduced soil pH and bulk density relative to baseline conditions. These changes were most pronounced in compost-amended plots, and the effects of the shrub and species composition treatments were minimal. In fact, compost was key to sustaining long-term changes in soil carbon stocks, which increased by 17% in compost-amended plots but declined in unamended plots. Plots amended with compost also had 59% more nitrogen than unamended plots, which was associated with a 20% increase in the basal area of planted trees. Improvements in soil conditions after six years departed from the initial trends observed after one year, highlighting the importance of longer-term studies to quantify restoration success. Altogether, our results show that site treatments and tree planting can have long-lasting impacts on soil conditions and that these changes can support multiple urban land management objectives.</p>
Data from: The preference and costs of sleeping under light at night in forest and urban great tits
Artificial light at night (ALAN) is an increasing phenomenon associated with worldwide urbanisation. In birds, broad-spectrum white ALAN can have disruptive effects on activity patterns, metabolism, stress response and immune function. There has been growing research on whether the use of alternative light spectra can reduce these negative effects, but surprisingly, there has been no study to determine which light spectrum birds prefer. To test such a preference, we gave urban and forest great tits (Parus major) the choice where to roost using pairwise combinations of darkness, white or green dim light at night (1.5 lux). Birds preferred to sleep under artificial light instead of darkness, and green was preferred over white light. In a subsequent experiment, we investigated the consequence of sleeping under a particular light condition, and measured birds' daily activity levels, daily energy expenditure (DEE), oxalic acid as a biomarker for sleep debt, and cognitive abilities. White light affected activity patterns more than green light. Moreover, there was an origin-dependent response to spectral composition: in urban birds the total daily activity and night activity did not differ between white and green light, while forest birds were more active under white than green light. We also found that individuals who slept under white and green light had higher DEE. However, there were no differences in oxalic acid levels or cognitive abilities between light treatments. Thus, we argue that in naïve birds that never encountered light at night, white light might disrupt circadian rhythms more than green light. However, it is possible that negative effects of ALAN on sleep and cognition might be observed only under intensities higher than 1.5 lux. These results suggest that reducing the intensity of light pollution as well as tuning the spectrum towards long wavelengths may considerably reduce its impact.
Fig. 3 in Changes In The Structure Of Nest Complexes Of The Red Wood Ants Formica Rufa And F. Polyctena (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) In Urban Forests
Fig. 3. Dynamics of changes in total volume (3, A) and number of anthills (3, B) in nest complexes by year of observation. 2017 is not included in the graphs due to the low number of nest complexes observed in that year.
Supplementary material 1 from: Branco M, Nunes P, Roques A, Fernandes MR, Orazio C, Jactel H (2019) Urban trees facilitate the establishment of non-native forest insects. NeoBiota 52: 25-46. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.52.36358
: Data type: species data
Figure 8 in Reproductive ecology of the glass frog Espadarana prosoblepon (Anura: Centrolenidae) in an urban forest of the Central Andes of Colombia
Figure 8. Egg clutches of Espadarana prosoblepon at different stages of development.
Supplementary material 2 from: Hornung E, Kásler A, Tóth Z (2018) The role of urban forest patches in maintaining isopod diversity (Oniscidea). In: Hornung E, Taiti S, Szlavecz K (Eds) Isopods in a Changing World. ZooKeys 801: 371-388. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.801.22829
Species occurrence, richness and Average Rarity Index of study sites in Buda, Hungary :
Figure 3 from: Hornung E, Kásler A, Tóth Z (2018) The role of urban forest patches in maintaining isopod diversity (Oniscidea). In: Hornung E, Taiti S, Szlavecz K (Eds) Isopods in a Changing World. ZooKeys 801: 371-388. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.801.22829
Figure 3 Box plots of urbanisation intensity (UI) according to vegetation characteristics. Horizontal line within a box indicates the median.
Figure 2 from: Hornung E, Kásler A, Tóth Z (2018) The role of urban forest patches in maintaining isopod diversity (Oniscidea). In: Hornung E, Taiti S, Szlavecz K (Eds) Isopods in a Changing World. ZooKeys 801: 371-388. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.801.22829
Figure 2 PCA biplot of the sample sites according to the urbanisation variables. Abbreviations: B - mean building density, B2 - number of cells with high building density, S: number of cells with road, V: mean vegetation density, V2: number of cells with high vegetation density. Numbers are sample site (same as in Fig. 1). Symbols indicate rural (▲) and disturbed (●) habitats.
Figure 1 from: Hornung E, Kásler A, Tóth Z (2018) The role of urban forest patches in maintaining isopod diversity (Oniscidea). In: Hornung E, Taiti S, Szlavecz K (Eds) Isopods in a Changing World. ZooKeys 801: 371-388. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.801.22829
Figure 1 The arrangement of sample sites (23) in Buda, the western, hilly side of Budapest. The numbers indicate the sample sites (see Suppl. material 1). Symbols indicate rural (▲) and disturbed (●) habitats.
Figure 5 from: Hornung E, Kásler A, Tóth Z (2018) The role of urban forest patches in maintaining isopod diversity (Oniscidea). In: Hornung E, Taiti S, Szlavecz K (Eds) Isopods in a Changing World. ZooKeys 801: 371-388. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.801.22829
Figure 5 Average Rarity Index (ARI) decreased with higher urbanisation (UI). Higher value of UI means increasing urbanisation. Numbers are habitat identifiers, see Fig. 1 and Suppl. material 1 (▲ – rural, ● – differently disturbed habitats).
Figure 4 from: Hornung E, Kásler A, Tóth Z (2018) The role of urban forest patches in maintaining isopod diversity (Oniscidea). In: Hornung E, Taiti S, Szlavecz K (Eds) Isopods in a Changing World. ZooKeys 801: 371-388. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.801.22829
Figure 4 Hierarchical cluster analysis dendrogram showing two main groups (A and B) based on the species composition of isopod assemblages. Numbers on the top are the numbers (ID-s) of the sample sites (for IDs see Suppl. material 1).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.