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FIGURE 5 in Revision and phylogeny of narrow-mouthed treefrogs (Cophyla) from northern Madagascar: integration of molecular, osteological, and bioacoustic data reveals three new species

FIGURE 5. Maps of northern Madagascar showing all known Cophyla localities verified by molecular data (or bioacoustic evidence: C. phyllodactyla at Benavony). The left map shows elevation whereas the right map shows remaining primary vegetation from the Madagascar vegetation mapping project (http://www.vegmad.org), with green colours symbolizing humid rainforest and montane forest and orange indicating dry forest.

FIGURE 11 in Revision and phylogeny of narrow-mouthed treefrogs (Cophyla) from northern Madagascar: integration of molecular, osteological, and bioacoustic data reveals three new species

FIGURE 11. Specimens of Cophyla maharipeo sp. nov. alive: (a) male holotype (ZSM 3251/2012); (b) calling male (holotype); (c) paratype specimen (assignment to voucher number not possible); (d) juvenile.

FIGURE 4. Majority-rule consensus tree derived from a in Revision and phylogeny of narrow-mouthed treefrogs (Cophyla) from northern Madagascar: integration of molecular, osteological, and bioacoustic data reveals three new species

FIGURE 4. Majority-rule consensus tree derived from a partitioned Bayesian inference analysis of concatenated DNA sequences of the 12S, 16S, COX1, COB, RAG1, KIAA1239, SACS, and TTN genes (6244 bp), showing relationships among species of the Cophylinae. Numbers at nodes are posterior probabilities (first number; values>0.95 bold) and maximum parsimony bootstrap values in percent (second value;>70% bold). The grey box highlights the included species of the genera Cophyla and Platypelis, which form two highly supported and reciprocally monophyletic groups.

FIGURE 2 in Revision and phylogeny of narrow-mouthed treefrogs (Cophyla) from northern Madagascar: integration of molecular, osteological, and bioacoustic data reveals three new species

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree of species and candidate species in the genus Cophyla. Majority-rule consensus tree derived from a partitioned Bayesian inference analysis of concatenated DNA sequences of the 12S, 16S, COX1, COB, and RAG1 genes (2627 bp), showing relationships among species of Cophyla. Numbers at nodes are posterior probabilities (only values>0.9 shown). For the three new species described herein the tree also shows their candidate species names according to Perl et al. (2014).

FIGURE 1 in Revision and phylogeny of narrow-mouthed treefrogs (Cophyla) from northern Madagascar: integration of molecular, osteological, and bioacoustic data reveals three new species

FIGURE 1. The three nominal species of Cophyla known to date: (a) C. phyllodactyla calling male, Nosy Be (voucher number unknown); (b) C. phyllodactyla, Nosy Be (voucher number unknown); (c) C. phyllodactyla, Manongarivo (ZSM 842/2003); (d) C. berara, Berara (holotype, ZSM 410/2000); (e) C. occultans, Nosy Be (voucher number unknown).

FIGURE 7. Majority consensus Bayesian tree generated from partial cytochrome b in Description of a new species of the Miniopterus aelleni group (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae) from upland areas of central and northern Madagascar

FIGURE 7. Majority consensus Bayesian tree generated from partial cytochrome b sequence (725 bp), illustrating phylogenetic position of Miniopterus ambohitrensis sp. nov. Values at nodes represent Bayesian posterior probability followed by maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap support. An asterisk (*) indicates that the node was fully supported in both the Bayesian and ML analyses, i.e., posterior probability 0.95 or greater and a bootstrap support value 85 or greater. The first value at the node is the posterior probability (Bayesian); the second is the bootstrap value derived from the maximum likelihood analysis (ML). The Bayesian analysis was run using MrBayes 3.2 (Huelsenbeck & Ronquist 2001; Ronquist et al. 2012) for 2,000,000 generations. The ML analysis was run using Garli 2.01 (Zwickl 2006) with bootstrap replicates set to 1,000. The nucleotide substitution model HKY was applied. Specimens obtained from type specimens are indicated by bolding and shading.

FIGURE 10 in Revision and phylogeny of narrow-mouthed treefrogs (Cophyla) from northern Madagascar: integration of molecular, osteological, and bioacoustic data reveals three new species

FIGURE 10. Ventral view of shoulder girdle, showing differences in shoulder girdle structure between species and candidate species of Cophyla and Platypelis, based on micro-CT scans. Clavicle (missing in most Cophyla, present in in C. puellarum and as far as known in all Platypelis) coloured in red (all scale bars 1 mm). (a) C. maharipeo sp. nov., ZSM 3252/2012, from Joffreville; (b) C. noromalalae sp. nov., ZSM 3273/2012, from entrance of Montagne d'Ambre National Park; (c) C. puellarum sp. nov., UADBA-A 60237, from Point de Vue du Grand Moulin, Montagne d'Ambre National Park; (d) P. cf. barbouri, NSH 2587, from Manombo Special Reserve; (e) P. pollicaris, NSH 2419, from Ranomafana National Park.

FIGURE 6 in Revision and phylogeny of narrow-mouthed treefrogs (Cophyla) from northern Madagascar: integration of molecular, osteological, and bioacoustic data reveals three new species

FIGURE 6. Comparative call data of partial call series of six species of Cophyla. C. occultans recorded in February 1995, 25˚C; C. berara recorded in February 2000, 23.5˚C; C. phyllodactyla, recorded in February 1992, 26˚C; C. maharipeo sp. nov., UADBA-A 60232, recorded in January 2012, ca 25˚C; C. noromalalae sp. nov., ZSM 3273/2012, recorded in November 2012, ca 20˚C; C. puellarum sp. nov., UADBA-A 60237, recorded in November 2012, ca 17˚C. Recordings of C. berara, C. occultans, and C. phyllodactyla are from Vences et al. (2005). The initial intensity peaks at each call of C. maharipeo and C. puellarum probably represent an artefact of the recording device, or an abnormal sound emission of the recorded specimens.

FIGURE 17 in Revision and phylogeny of narrow-mouthed treefrogs (Cophyla) from northern Madagascar: integration of molecular, osteological, and bioacoustic data reveals three new species

FIGURE 17. Audiospectrogram and oscillogram of two advertisement calls (part of a longer call series) of Cophyla puellarum sp. nov. recorded from paratype specimen UADBA-A 60237, at Point de Vue du Grand Moulin in Montagne d'Ambre National Park, on 10 December 2012, air temperature of ca 17˚C. The sounds above 2500 Hz represent other frogs or insects, and the initial intensity peaks at each call probably represent an artefact of the recording device or an abnormal sound emission of the recorded specimens.

FIGURE 13 in Revision and phylogeny of narrow-mouthed treefrogs (Cophyla) from northern Madagascar: integration of molecular, osteological, and bioacoustic data reveals three new species

FIGURE 13. Audiospectrogram and oscillogram of two advertisement calls (part of a longer call series) of Cophyla maharipeo sp. nov. from paratype UADBA-A 60232, recorded at Joffreville on 17 January 2012, ca 25˚C, number of recording DR089. The sounds above 3000 Hz represent other frogs or insects, and the initial intensity peaks at each call probably represent an artefact of the recording device or an abnormal sound emission of the recorded specimen.

FIGURE 12 in Revision and phylogeny of narrow-mouthed treefrogs (Cophyla) from northern Madagascar: integration of molecular, osteological, and bioacoustic data reveals three new species

FIGURE 12. Ventral sides of the holotypes of the three newly described Cophyla species from Montagne d'Ambre and Joffreville, photographed from living specimens. Inset photos show the same specimens in dorsolateral view. (a) C. maharipeo sp. nov., male holotype ZSM 3251/2012, Joffreville; (b) C. noromalalae sp. nov., male holotype ZSM 3250/2012, park entrance, male; (c) C. puellarum sp. nov., male holotype ZSM 3249/2012, Point de Vue du Grand Moulin.

FIGURE 3. Majority-rule consensus tree derived from a in Revision and phylogeny of narrow-mouthed treefrogs (Cophyla) from northern Madagascar: integration of molecular, osteological, and bioacoustic data reveals three new species

FIGURE 3. Majority-rule consensus tree derived from a partitioned Bayesian inference analysis of DNA sequences of the nuclear RAG1 gene (503 bp), showing relationships among species of Cophyla. Numbers at nodes are posterior probabilities (only values>0.9 shown). The tree was rooted with the same outgroups as in Fig. 2 (removed for better graphical representation).

FIGURE 16 in Revision and phylogeny of narrow-mouthed treefrogs (Cophyla) from northern Madagascar: integration of molecular, osteological, and bioacoustic data reveals three new species

FIGURE 16. Specimens of C. puellarum sp. nov. in life: (a) calling male paratype ZSM 3274/2012; (b) male holotype, ZSM 3249/2012; (c) male UADBA-A 60237; observed calling; (d) juvenile ZSM 0781/2009, (e) ovigerous female ZSM 3275/2012. Specimens in b, c, e from Point de Vue du Grand Moulin in Montagne d'Ambre National Park. Specimen in d from Lac Maudit.

FIGURE 1. Aloe immaculata. A in Aloe immaculata and A. affinis (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae), two endemics from northern and eastern South Africa, are different maculate aloe species

FIGURE 1. Aloe immaculata. A. Plant in habitat at Chuenespoort, Limpopo province, South Africa. B. Plant in habitat south of Polokwane, Limpopo province, South Africa. The flowers of this form are coral red. C. The colour of the immaculate leaves varies from dull green to brownish green. D. The racemes are sub-capitate to conical and round-topped. Photographs: Gideon F. Smith.

FIGURE 3 in Aloe immaculata and A. affinis (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae), two endemics from northern and eastern South Africa, are different maculate aloe species

FIGURE 3. Known natural geographical distribution range of Aloe immaculata (red on the map) and A. affinis (orange on the map).

FIGURE 2. Aloe affinis. A in Aloe immaculata and A. affinis (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae), two endemics from northern and eastern South Africa, are different maculate aloe species

FIGURE 2. Aloe affinis. A. Plant in habitat along Schoemanskloof, Mpumalanga province, South Africa. B. Inflorescences are cylindricalacuminate, i.e., more cylindrical than in A. immaculata, and round-topped. C. Leaves of the species are generally yellowish green. Photographs: Gideon F. Smith.

FIGURE 2 in Two new species of Diderma (Physarales, Didymiaceae) from northern China

FIGURE 2. Habitat and microstructure of D. liaoningensis (HMJAU 60224 Holotype!) A Sporocysts. B–C Outer and inner layer of peridium. D Light yellow columella. E–F Capillitia and some spores. G–H Spores with warts. I–J Spores encircled by a pale line. Scale bars: 2mm (A); 500 μm (B); 200 μm (C, D); 20 μm (E, F); 10 μm (G, H, I, J)

FIGURE 1 in Two new species of Diderma (Physarales, Didymiaceae) from northern China

FIGURE 1. Small subunit (SSU) rRNA tree derived by Maximum Likelihood analysis (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI), which shows the evolutionary relationships of Diderma in myxomycetes and the location of new species. The GenBank accession number is marked after the species name. Branches of the new species are marked with red lines. The two values of internal nodes respectively represent Bayesian posterior probability (BiPAP)/Maximum Likelihood bootstrap (Mbps).

FIGURE 3 in Two new species of Diderma (Physarales, Didymiaceae) from northern China

FIGURE 3. Habitat and microstructure of D. verrucocapillitia (HMJAU 60258 Holotype!) A–C Sporocarps or plasmodiocarps. D–F Capillitia. H–J Spores with verrucose. Scale bars: 5mm (A); 1mm (B); 500 μm (C); 20 μm (D, E, F); 10 μm (G, H, I, J).

FIGURE 3A–F. Wings. A–C in Two new species of Simothraulopsis Demoulin, 1966 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from Roraima State, northern Brazil

FIGURE 3A–F. Wings. A–C) Simothraulopsis pacaraima sp. nov.: A) forewing; B) hind wing (enlarged); C) hind wing. D–F) Simothraulopsis rainori sp. nov.: D) forewing; E) hind wing (enlarged); F) hind wing.