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FIGURE 19. Cradoscrupocellaria osburni n in Cradoscrupocellaria, a new bryozoan genus for Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin) and related species (Cheilostomata, Candidae): taxonomy, biodiversity and distribution

FIGURE 19. Cradoscrupocellaria osburni n. sp. A–F, NHMUK 2010.6.14.3, holotype, Panama. A, Frontal surface of colony. B, Frontal surface of branch bifurcation; note joints passing across the proximal end of the opesia in outer zooids at the bifurcation. C, Close-up of a branch bifurcation; note two diferent sizes of frontal avicularia. D, Close-up of axial zooid; note the presence of six and seven distal spines in proximal zooids. E, Abfrontal surface of colony.

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FIGURE 18. Cradoscrupocellaria normani n in Cradoscrupocellaria, a new bryozoan genus for Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin) and related species (Cheilostomata, Candidae): taxonomy, biodiversity and distribution

FIGURE 18. Cradoscrupocellaria normani n. sp. A–F, NHMUK 1911.10.1.355, holotype, Madeira. A, Frontal surface of colony; note a rhizoid with some well-developed hooks at bottom right. B, Frontal surface of branch bifurcation; note the regularly branched scutum. C, Close-up of a branch bifurcation; note the ovicelled zooids. D, Lateral view of gigantic frontal avicularium; note the rostrum with smooth edges. E, Abfrontal surface of colony. F, Abfrontal surface of branch bifurcation.

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FIGURE 7. Cradoscrupocellaria atlantica n in Cradoscrupocellaria, a new bryozoan genus for Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin) and related species (Cheilostomata, Candidae): taxonomy, biodiversity and distribution

FIGURE 7. Cradoscrupocellaria atlantica n. sp. A–D, MZUSP (uncatalogued specimen), part of holotype, São Paulo, Brazil. E–F, VMNH 10403.0000, Florida. A, Frontal surface of branch bifurcation. B, Close-up of branch bifurcation; note the presence of three distal spines in the axial zooid. C, Close-up of ovicelled zooid; note the small lateral and frontal avicularia. D, Abfrontal surface of branch bifurcation. E, Frontal surface of colony; note ovicelled zooids and the variation in size of the frontal avicularia. F, Abfrontal surface of colony.

Subspecies and Distribution. G. p. pulverulenta Wagner, 1839 — Namibia, South Africa (Western, Eastern and Northern Cape & Free State). G. p. basutica Roberts, 1936 — E Lesotho to South Africa (W KwaZulu-Natal). G. p. rudd: Thomas, 1903 — South Africa (extreme NW portion of the species range). in Herpestidae

Subspecies and Distribution. G. p. pulverulenta Wagner, 1839 — Namibia, South Africa (Western, Eastern and Northern Cape & Free State). G. p. basutica Roberts, 1936 — E Lesotho to South Africa (W KwaZulu-Natal). G. p. rudd: Thomas, 1903 — South Africa (extreme NW portion of the species range).

Distribution. Angola, DR Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zambia. Description. Head-body 46:5-47-8 cm (males), 44-45-5 cm (females), tail 40-43 cm (males), 38-39 cm (females), hindfoot 8:7-9-8 cm (males), 8-9 cm (females), ear 4-7-5-4 cm (males), 5-1-5-8 cm (females); weight 1-3-2 kg. The coat color is pale ocher, with brownish or grayish tones; melanistic individuals are quite common. The throat and chest are blackish, and the ventral pelage varies from creamy white to dirty white. The stripes and spots on the body vary from different hues of brown to black. The nuchal stripes run as two parallel lines from the nape to the shoulders, where they diverge and enlarge towards the elbows; they are not so conspicuously marked as in other genet species. Below them, a pair of thinner stripes and small spots are scattered on the shoulders and sides of the neck. A third pair of thinner, parallel stripes runs down the neck between the nuchal stripes, extending to about one fourth of the mid-dorsal line, where they vanish or diverge as the first row of flank spots. The black mid-dorsal line is continuous and is flanked on each side by four rows of oblong to squared spots, and by a few small-scattered spots below. There is a dorsal erectile crest. The face has a dark mask and a pair of white sub-ocular spots. The tail has seven to nine black rings, alternating with pale rings; the intervening white spaces are pigmented with a brownish tinge on the dorsal midline. The width of the pale rings relative to the dark rings in the middle of the tail is 50-75%; the tip of the tail is dark. The hindlimbs and forelimbs are black; there are white hairs on the metacarpals and metatarsals. [he posterior parts of the feet are dark. There are two pairs of teats. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla is not ventrally inflated and has a continuous curve line on the external side. The ratio between the inter-orbital constriction and frontal width is 1-00 + 0-12. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40. in Viverridae

Distribution. Angola, DR Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zambia. Description. Head-body 46:5-47-8 cm (males), 44-45-5 cm (females), tail 40-43 cm (males), 38-39 cm (females), hindfoot 8:7-9-8 cm (males), 8-9 cm (females), ear 4-7-5-4 cm (males), 5-1-5-8 cm (females); weight 1-3-2 kg. The coat color is pale ocher, with brownish or grayish tones; melanistic individuals are quite common. The throat and chest are blackish, and the ventral pelage varies from creamy white to dirty white. The stripes and spots on the body vary from different hues of brown to black. The nuchal stripes run as two parallel lines from the nape to the shoulders, where they diverge and enlarge towards the elbows; they are not so conspicuously marked as in other genet species. Below them, a pair of thinner stripes and small spots are scattered on the shoulders and sides of the neck. A third pair of thinner, parallel stripes runs down the neck between the nuchal stripes, extending to about one fourth of the mid-dorsal line, where they vanish or diverge as the first row of flank spots. The black mid-dorsal line is continuous and is flanked on each side by four rows of oblong to squared spots, and by a few small-scattered spots below. There is a dorsal erectile crest. The face has a dark mask and a pair of white sub-ocular spots. The tail has seven to nine black rings, alternating with pale rings; the intervening white spaces are pigmented with a brownish tinge on the dorsal midline. The width of the pale rings relative to the dark rings in the middle of the tail is 50-75%; the tip of the tail is dark. The hindlimbs and forelimbs are black; there are white hairs on the metacarpals and metatarsals. [he posterior parts of the feet are dark. There are two pairs of teats. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla is not ventrally inflated and has a continuous curve line on the external side. The ratio between the inter-orbital constriction and frontal width is 1-00 + 0-12. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40.

Distribution. Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. A specimen collected from Oda in Ghana in 1946 has been attributed to this species, but its true origin is in question. in Viverridae

Distribution. Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. A specimen collected from Oda in Ghana in 1946 has been attributed to this species, but its true origin is in question.

Distribution. The species lives in Andean cloud forest above 1500 m in Colombia, Ecuador, and possibly N Peru. in Procyonidae

Distribution. The species lives in Andean cloud forest above 1500 m in Colombia, Ecuador, and possibly N Peru.

Figure 15 in Species boundaries, geographic distribution and evolutionary history of the Western Palaearctic freshwater mussels Unio (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Figure 15. Coalescence-based species tree generated in BEAST. The x-axis scale is in millions of years. Bars indicate 95% high probability density intervals. Asterisks (*) in the tree indicate posterior probabilities pp> 0.9.

Figure 9 in Species boundaries, geographic distribution and evolutionary history of the Western Palaearctic freshwater mussels Unio (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Figure 9. Differing shell shapes of Unio elongatulus. A, Po di Tolle River, Italy. B, Lake Candia, Italy. C, Venice, Italy. D, Lake Cestella, Italy. E, Lake Bačinska, Croatia. F, G, Mirna River, Croatia. H, Zrmanja River, Croatia. I, Lake Scutari, Albania. Scale bar 2 cm.

Figure 6 in Species boundaries, geographic distribution and evolutionary history of the Western Palaearctic freshwater mussels Unio (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Figure 6. Differing shell shapes of Unio tigridis. A, Lake Kinneret, Israel. B, Tersakan River, Southwest Turkey.

Figure 7 in Species boundaries, geographic distribution and evolutionary history of the Western Palaearctic freshwater mussels Unio (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Figure 7. Differing shell shapes of Unio mancus. A, Stabiacciu River, Corsica. B, Liscia River, Sardinia. C, Cedrino River, Corsica. D, River at Banyoles Lake, Spain. E, F, Araxisi River, Sardinia. Scale bar 2 cm.

Figure 4 in Species boundaries, geographic distribution and evolutionary history of the Western Palaearctic freshwater mussels Unio (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Figure 4. Differing shell shapes of Unio foucauldianus. A, Loukos River. B, Oum Er Rbia River. C, Molouya River. D, Mda River. E, Martil River. F, Beth River (Sebou). G, Loukos River. Scale bar 2 cm.

Figure 3 in Species boundaries, geographic distribution and evolutionary history of the Western Palaearctic freshwater mussels Unio (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Figure 3. Differing shell shapes of Unio tumidus. A, Franconian Saale, a tributary of the Main River (Rhine), Germany. B, Fulda River (Weser), Germany. C, Okna River (Danube), Slovakia. D, Danube River, Slovakia. E, Ferma Lake (Rhine), Germany. F, Thames River, UK. G, Fulda River (Weser), Germany. H, Rhine River, Germany. I, Horloff River (Rhine), Germany. Scale bar 2 cm.

Figure 2 in Species boundaries, geographic distribution and evolutionary history of the Western Palaearctic freshwater mussels Unio (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Figure 2. Schematic distribution of the Unio species in the Western Palaearctic. Points indicate the general vicinity of sampled localities. See Supporting Information, Table S1 for details.

Figure 1 in Species boundaries, geographic distribution and evolutionary history of the Western Palaearctic freshwater mussels Unio (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Figure 1. Bayesian tree reconstruction based on the two mitochondrial genes analysed. Values on the branches indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities, ML and MP bootstrap values. Results from the species delimitation analyses are also shown in this figure (green: M-PTP with a Bayesian tree; red: M-PTP with an ML tree; blue: bGMYC analysis). Names for the currently recognized morphospecies are also indicated in the phylogenetic tree.

Figure 12 in Species boundaries, geographic distribution and evolutionary history of the Western Palaearctic freshwater mussels Unio (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Figure 12. Network of Unio crassus haplotypes. A, U. crassus courtillierii and Sweden. B, eastern Greece (Sofaditikos, Aliakmon and Sperchios). C, Central European (Rhine, Danube and Rhône). D, eastern Greece (Lissos River). E, western Turkey.

Figure 11 in Species boundaries, geographic distribution and evolutionary history of the Western Palaearctic freshwater mussels Unio (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Figure 11. Differing shell shapes of Unio pictorum. A, B, Lake Volvi, Greece. C–F, Strymonas River, Greece. Scale bar 2 cm.

Figure 5 in Species boundaries, geographic distribution and evolutionary history of the Western Palaearctic freshwater mussels Unio (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Figure 5. Differing shell shapes of Unio delphinus. A, Guadalmez River (Guadiana). B, Landrinos River (Tagus). C, Ulla River. D, Hozgarganta River. E, Barbate River. F, Deza River (Ulla). G, Guadalporcún River (Guadalete). Scale bar 2 cm.

Figure 14 in Species boundaries, geographic distribution and evolutionary history of the Western Palaearctic freshwater mussels Unio (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Figure 14. Differing shell shapes of Unio crassus. A, B, Sofaditikos River (Pinios), Greece. C, Matzenheim, France. D, Çine Çayi, Mugla, Turkey. E, F, Lissos River, Greece. G, Limagne, France. Scale bar 2 cm.

Figure 8 in Species boundaries, geographic distribution and evolutionary history of the Western Palaearctic freshwater mussels Unio (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Figure 8. Differing shell shapes of Unio mancus. A, Brugent River (Ter), Spain. B, Bourget Lake (Rhône), France. C, Drée River (Loire), France. D, Golo River, Corsica. E, Ebro River, Spain. F, Stabiacciu River, Corsica. G, Orbu River, Corsica. Scale bar 2 cm.