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FIGURE 2A–D in Two new species of Simothraulopsis Demoulin, 1966 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from Roraima State, northern Brazil

FIGURE 2A–D. Habitus of male imago. A, B) Simothraulopsis pacaraima sp. nov.: A) lateral view; B) dorsal view. C, D) Simothraulopsis rainori sp. nov.: C) lateral view; D) dorsal view.

FIGURE 4A–D. Male genitalia. A, B in Two new species of Simothraulopsis Demoulin, 1966 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from Roraima State, northern Brazil

FIGURE 4A–D. Male genitalia. A, B) Simothraulopsis pacaraima sp. nov.: A) ventral view; B) penis (enlarged). C, D) Simothraulopsis rainori sp. nov.: C) ventral view; D) penis (enlarged).

FIGURE 3 in Eight new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Acantholichen, Cyphellostereum and Dictyonema s.str. (Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae) from northern South America

FIGURE 3. Distribution of Dictyonema s.lat. species in Venezuela. 1. Acantholichen dendroideus. 2. Cyphellostereum mucuyense. 3. Dictyonema andinum. 4. D. duidense. 5. D. laurae. 6. D. subinvolutum. 7. D. subsericeum. 8. D. umbricola. A. Andes. B. Cerro Duida.

FIGURE 9. Dictyonema subinvolutum. A in Eight new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Acantholichen, Cyphellostereum and Dictyonema s.str. (Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae) from northern South America

FIGURE 9. Dictyonema subinvolutum. A. Habit of the species, scale = 1 cm. B. Mature thallus with basidiocarp, scale = 0.5 cm. C. Close up showing hymenophore, scale = 0.3 cm. Photos by V. Marcano.

FIGURE 2 in Eight new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Acantholichen, Cyphellostereum and Dictyonema s.str. (Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae) from northern South America

FIGURE 2. Details on the anatomy of Dictyonema s.lat. species from northern South America. Close up showing waxy fungal sheath in D. laurae and D. subinvolutum (scale A = 22 μm, B = 20 μm). Hapteriform hymenophore patches having several shapes and sizes in D. laurae and D. subsericeum (scale = C 300 μm, D = 800 μm). Acantholichen dendroideus showing acanthohyphidia having variable size (scale E = 5 μm, F = 6 μm, G = 4 μm). Photos by V. Marcano.

FIGURE 11. Dictyonema umbricola. A in Eight new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Acantholichen, Cyphellostereum and Dictyonema s.str. (Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae) from northern South America

FIGURE 11. Dictyonema umbricola. A. Habit of the species growing on bryophytes. B–C. Thalli showing irregular, ascendant to erect fibrils, with abundant basidiocarps (B, scale = 1 cm; C, scale = 0.8 cm). D–E. Mature thalli with basidiocarps resembling apothecial discs (D, scale = 1.8 mm; E, scale = 2 mm). Photos by V. Marcano.

FIGURE 5. Cyphellostereum mucuyense. A in Eight new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Acantholichen, Cyphellostereum and Dictyonema s.str. (Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae) from northern South America

FIGURE 5. Cyphellostereum mucuyense. A. Habit of the species growing on soil and bryophytes, scale = 2 cm. B. Mature thallus with resupinate-corticioid basidiocarp, scale = 1 cm. Photos by V. Marcano.

FIGURE 8. Dictyonema laurae. A in Eight new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Acantholichen, Cyphellostereum and Dictyonema s.str. (Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae) from northern South America

FIGURE 8. Dictyonema laurae. A. Habit of the species growing on bryophytes, scale = 2.5 cm. B. Thalli showing irregular, ascendant to erect fibrils, scale = 1 cm. C. Close up showing hymenophore developed on the underside, scale = 0.4 cm. D. Details on aeruginous fibrils of the thallus upper layer, scale = 0.2 cm. Photos by V. Marcano.

FIGURE 4. Acantholichen dendroideus. A in Eight new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Acantholichen, Cyphellostereum and Dictyonema s.str. (Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae) from northern South America

FIGURE 4. Acantholichen dendroideus. A. Habit of the species growing on mosses. B–C. Thallus showing ascendant, densely and dichotomously branched microsquamules; scale in B = 1 cm, scale in C = 0.5 mm. D–E. Close up showing microfruticose, coral-like squamules; scale in D = 0.1 mm, scale in E = 0.2 mm. Photos by V. Marcano.

FIGURE 1 in Eight new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Acantholichen, Cyphellostereum and Dictyonema s.str. (Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae) from northern South America

FIGURE 1. Details on the anatomy of Dictyonema s.lat. species from northern South America. Cyanobacterial cells (Rhizonema) involved in fungal sheath formed by jigsaw puzzle-shaped cells seen in Dictyonema andinum (scale A = 20 μm, B = 22 μm), D. laurae (scale C = 13 μm, D = 14 μm), D. umbricola (scale E = 14 μm, F = 15 μm), D. subsericeum (scale G = 30 μm). In Cyphellostereum mucuyense the cyanobacterial filaments are covered by thin elongated fungal cells, not forming jigsaw-puzzle-shaped cells (scale H = 15 μm). Photos by V. Marcano.

Dictyonema s in Eight new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Acantholichen, Cyphellostereum and Dictyonema s.str. (Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae) from northern South America

Dictyonema s.lat. occurring in the various landmasses that once formed Gondwana correlates with inferred high numbers of species, particularly in northern South America, southern Africa and India (Lücking et al. 2013a,b, Jagadesh-Ram & Singh 2014, Dal Forno 2015, Dal Forno et al. 2016, 2017, Lücking & Timdal 2016). Biogeographic evidence seems to support the hypothesis that the large number of Dictyonema s.lat. species which have a restricted distribution (endemism) in the Neotropics and Paleotropics could have evolved after the breakup of Gondwana (Jörgensen 1983, Stevens 1987, 1991, Audley-Charles & Hallam 1988, Galloway 1988, 1991, Kantvilas 2002, Gibbs 2006, Marcano 2021). However, according to molecular clock studies (Lücking et al. 2013b, 2014b, Dal Forno 2015, Dal Forno et al. 2013, 2017), the divergence of Dictyonema s.lat. could have taken place about 45 Mya during the Eocene, i.e., long after the Gondwana breakup, probably from a non-lichenized ancestor related to Eonema pyriformis (M.P. Christiansen 1960: 108) Redhead, Lücking & Lawrey (Lawrey et al. 2009: 1169) (Lodge et al. 2014). Within the Dictyonema clade, Cyphellostereum diverged rather early, about 35 Mya in the late Eocene, with many species now potentially extinct (Dal Forno 2015, Dal Forno et al. 2013, 2016) while Acantholichen is a recent group of species related to Cora and Corella (Lücking et al. 2013b, 2014b, Dal Forno et al. 2013, 2016).

Species of Acantholichen occurring only in the Neotropics show a high degree of endemism (Dal Forno et al. 2016). Of the seven species now recognized in this genus (Table 2), 71.4% (5) are known only from South America. As with Dictyonema, Acantholichen seem to be specific to substrate type and appears in the Andean small forest occurring on mosses in tree bark inhabiting mostly exposed habitats. Cyphellostereum is also represented by a high number of species restricted to the Neotropics [6 (66.6%)], while one is known only from North America, one from Southeastern United States and Puerto Rico, and another species is known only from Borneo and Fiji (Table 2). It is probably due to their unusual appearance that these lichens are getting confused with free-living cyanobacteria colonies, and that there are still undescribed species in the Neotropics. in Eight new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Acantholichen, Cyphellostereum and Dictyonema s.str. (Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae) from northern South America

Species of Acantholichen occurring only in the Neotropics show a high degree of endemism (Dal Forno et al. 2016). Of the seven species now recognized in this genus (Table 2), 71.4% (5) are known only from South America. As with Dictyonema, Acantholichen seem to be specific to substrate type and appears in the Andean small forest occurring on mosses in tree bark inhabiting mostly exposed habitats. Cyphellostereum is also represented by a high number of species restricted to the Neotropics [6 (66.6%)], while one is known only from North America, one from Southeastern United States and Puerto Rico, and another species is known only from Borneo and Fiji (Table 2). It is probably due to their unusual appearance that these lichens are getting confused with free-living cyanobacteria colonies, and that there are still undescribed species in the Neotropics.

FIGURE 4 in Critical evaluation of two published descriptions of the same species of Ceratozamia (Zamiaceae) from northern Oaxaca, Mexico, and the formal synonymization of C. martinezii under C. aurantiaca

FIGURE 4. Leaflet vein comparison: (A) conspicuous, translucent veins of Ceratozamia zoquorum Pérez-Farr., Vovides & Iglesias (2001: 175); (B) inconspicuous, slightly translucent, light green veins of C. aurantiaca. Both leaflets were taken from old, mature leaves.

FIGURE 2 in Critical evaluation of two published descriptions of the same species of Ceratozamia (Zamiaceae) from northern Oaxaca, Mexico, and the formal synonymization of C. martinezii under C. aurantiaca

FIGURE 2. Leaflet texture comparison: (A) papyraceous leaflet of Ceratozamia miqueliana H.Wendl. (1854: 68) bends easily; (B) coriaceous leaflet of C. aurantiaca cracks upon bending. Both leaflets were taken from old, mature leaves.

FIGURE 1 in Critical evaluation of two published descriptions of the same species of Ceratozamia (Zamiaceae) from northern Oaxaca, Mexico, and the formal synonymization of C. martinezii under C. aurantiaca

FIGURE 1. Ceratozamia aurantiaca at Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden in FL, USA: (A) large adult plant growing in full sun; (B) closeup of characteristic orange emerging leaves.

FIGURE 6 in Perilestes jueni (Zygoptera: Perilestidae), new species from Amazonas State Northern Brazil

FIGURE 6. Male of Perilestes attenuatus Selys, 1886, from Abunã (Porto Velho), Rondônia State (former Matto Grosso), Brazil. This is the male illustrated by Kennedy (1941, fig. 7), and the same of Fig. 2b. Photo by Dr. Dikow Torsten (USNM).

FIGURE 5 in Perilestes jueni (Zygoptera: Perilestidae), new species from Amazonas State Northern Brazil

FIGURE 5. Female holotype of Perilestes attenuatus Selys, 1886, from Santarém, Pará State, Brazil. Photo by Jérôme Constant (IRSNB).

FIGURE 3 in Perilestes jueni (Zygoptera: Perilestidae), new species from Amazonas State Northern Brazil

FIGURE 3. Type location of Perilestes jueni sp. nov. in São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas State, Brazil.

FIGURE 2 in Perilestes jueni (Zygoptera: Perilestidae), new species from Amazonas State Northern Brazil

FIGURE 2. (a) Perilestes jueni sp. nov. male holotype from Amazonas State, Brazil: dorsal view of left cercus; (b) Perilestes attetnuatus Selys, 1886, from Rondônia State, Brazil: dorsal view of cerci.

FIGURE 1 in Perilestes jueni (Zygoptera: Perilestidae), new species from Amazonas State Northern Brazil

FIGURE 1. Perilestes jueni sp. nov. male holotype from Amazonas State, Brazil: left view of habitus.