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213 results for “Andean forests”
Data from: Seeing the wood despite the trees: exploring the impact of human disturbance on plant diversity, community structure, and standing biomass in fragmented high Andean forests
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Data from: Acceleration and novelty: community restoration speeds recovery and transforms species composition in Andean cloud forest
Community-based tropical forest restoration projects, often promoted as a win-win solution for local communities and the environment, have increased dramatically in number in the past decade. Many such projects are underway in Andean cloud forests, which, given their extremely high biodiversity and history of extensive clearing, are understudied. This study investigates the efficacy of community-based tree-planting projects to accelerate cloud forest recovery, as compared to unassisted natural regeneration. This study takes place in northwest Andean Ecuador, where the majority of the original, highly diverse cloud forests have been cleared, in five communities that initiated tree-planting projects to restore forests in 2003. In 2011, we identified tree species along transects in planted forests (n = 5), naturally regenerating forests (n = 5), and primary forests (n = 5). We also surveyed 120 households about their restoration methods, tree preferences, and forest uses. We found that tree diversity was higher in planted than in unplanted secondary forest, but both were less diverse than primary forests. Ordination analysis showed that all three forests had distinct species compositions, although planted forests shared more species with primary forests than did unplanted forests. Planted forests also contained more animal-dispersed species in both the planted canopy and in the unplanted, regenerating understory than unplanted forests, and contained the highest proportion of species with use value for local people. While restoring forest increased biodiversity and accelerated forest recovery, restored forests may also represent novel ecosystems that are distinct from the region's previous ecosystems and, given their usefulness to people, are likely to be more common in the future.
Data from: Unveiling current guanaco distribution in Chile based upon niche structure of phylogeographic lineages: Andean puna to subpolar forests
Niche description and differentiation at broad geographic scales have been recent major topics in ecology and evolution. Describing the environmental niche structure of sister taxa with known evolutionary trajectories stands out as a useful exercise in understanding niche requirements. Here we model the environmental niche structure and distribution of the recently resolved phylogeography of guanaco (Lama guanicoe) lineages on the western slope of the southern Andes. Using a maximum entropy framework, field data, and information on climate, topography, human density, and vegetation cover, we identify differences between the two subspecies (L.g.cacsilensis, L.g.guanicoe) and their intermediate-hybrid lineage, that most likely determine the distribution of this species. While aridity seems to be a major factor influencing the distribution at the species-level (annual precipitation <900 mm), we also document important differences in niche specificity for each subspecies, where distribution of Northern lineage is explained mainly by elevation (mean = 3,413 m) and precipitation seasonality (mean = 161 mm), hybrid lineage by annual precipitation (mean = 139 mm), and Southern subspecies by annual precipitation (mean = 553 mm), precipitation seasonality (mean = 21 mm) and grass cover (mean = 8.2%). Among lineages, we detected low levels of niche overlap: I (Similarity Index) = 0.06 and D (Schoener's Similarity Index) = 0.01; and higher levels when comparing Northern and Southern subspecies with hybrids lineage (I = 0.32-0.10 and D = 0.12-0.03, respectively). This suggests that important ecological and/or evolutionary processes are shaping the niche of guanacos in Chile, producing discrepancies when comparing range distribution at the species-level (81,756 km2) with lineages-level (65,321 km2). The subspecies-specific description of niche structure is provided here based upon detailed spatial distribution of the lineages of guanacos in Chile. Such description provides a scientific tool to further develop large scale plans for habitat conservation and preservation of intraspecific genetic variability for this far ranging South American camelid, which inhabits a diversity of ecoregion types from Andean puna to subpolar forests.
Data from: Consequences of divergence and introgression for speciation in Andean cloud forest birds
Divergence with gene flow is well documented and reveals the influence of ecological adaptation on speciation. Yet it remains intuitive that gene exchange inhibits speciation in many scenarios, particularly among ecologically similar populations. The influence of gene flow on the divergence of populations facing similar selection pressures has received less empirical attention than scenarios where differentiation is coupled with local environmental adaptation. I used a paired study design to test the influence of genomic divergence and introgression on plumage differentiation between ecologically similar allopatric replacements of Andean cloud forest birds. Through analyses of short-read genome-wide sequences from over 160 individuals in 16 co-distributed lineages, I found that plumage divergence is associated with deep genetic divergence, implicating a prominent role of geographic isolation in speciation. By contrast, lineages that lack plumage divergence across the same geographic barrier are more recently isolated or exhibit a signature of secondary genetic introgression, indicating a negative relationship between gene flow and divergence in phenotypic traits important to speciation. My results suggest that the evolutionary outcomes of cycles of isolation and divergence in this important theatre of biotic diversification are sensitive to time spent in the absence of gene flow.
Data from: Nurse-based restoration of degraded tropical forests with tussock grasses: experimental support from the Andean cloud forest
1. The degradation of the Andean cloud forest raises strong biological conservation issues and threatens the sustainability of a crucial water resource. The idea that nurse-based restoration can accelerate the recovery of these forests is underexplored, despite its promise as a restoration technique. Recent conceptual models predict that facilitation among plants may be an important mechanism, but there is a lack of strong empirical support. We gathered experimental data to test this prediction and explore the relevance of using nurse-based forest restoration in these environments. 2. A 20-month factorial experimental design in the Andean tropical cloud forest was established. We measured the survival and estimated the biomass production of transplanted seedlings of a keystone canopy forest species, Ceroxylon echinulatum (Arecaceae), in a deforested area in the presence/absence of herbivory, a potential nurse plant (the tussock grass Setaria sphacelata, Poaceae), and artificial shade. 3. The joint effects of deforestation and herbivory led to the death of all seedlings, whereas most seedlings survived in the adjacent forest, which was used as the control. The presence of nurse plants led to significantly higher survival and growth of Ceroxylon seedlings throughout the experiment, regardless of herbivore presence. 4. The nurse effects were explained by a reduction of the relative abiotic stress experienced by the seedlings outside the forest, i.e. the consistently decreasing maximum vapour pressure deficit. Furthermore, nurse tussocks delayed and reduced the effects of herbivory by offering physical protection and a refuge for seedlings against detection by herbivores. However, the effects of herbivory and abiotic stress on facilitation were not additive. 5. Synthesis and applications: Facilitation in degraded cloud forest can be intense as soon as the beneficiary plants are driven away from their physiological optimum (relative abiotic stress) and/or are confronted by herbivory. Using pre-established exotic tussock grasses as a nurse-based restoration technique in degraded cloud forest is a low-cost, non-detrimental (to biodiversity) option, especially in the absence of nurse trees and shrubs. The success of this method requires transplanting seedlings at the base of tussocks.
FIGURE 5 in A new species of Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae) from Andean cloud forests of northern Peru
FIGURE 5. Habitat at the type locality of Pristimantis bustamante in Tabaconas Namballe National Sanctuary.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae) from Andean cloud forests of northern Peru
FIGURE 3. Map of Peru showing the type locality of Pristimantis bustamante and the type localities of putatively related species.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae) from Andean cloud forests of northern Peru
FIGURE 1. Living specimens of the type series of Pristimantis bustamante A–B), adult female holotype (MHNC 8638, SVL = 21.2); C–D), immature male paratopotype (MHNC 8640, SVL = 16.4); E–F), adult male paratopotype (MHNC 8641, SVL = 15.7); G–H), immature male paratopotype (MHNC 8643, SVL = 14.6); I–J), immature female paratopotype (MHNC 8644, SVL = 17.5).
FIGURE 14 in Anticyphon gen. nov., a new genus of Scirtidae (Coleoptera: Scirtoidea) inhabiting high altitude Andean cloud forests and páramo formation
FIGURE 14. Distribution of Anticyphon gen. nov. Please note that precise locality of A. peruvianus sp. nov. is unknown (see note under the species description).
FIGURE 12 in Anticyphon gen. nov., a new genus of Scirtidae (Coleoptera: Scirtoidea) inhabiting high altitude Andean cloud forests and páramo formation
FIGURE 12. Anticyphon peruvianus sp. nov., male genitalia. A) penis, B) tegmen, C) sternite VIII, D) sternite IX, E) tergite VIII, F) tergite IX. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 10 in Anticyphon gen. nov., a new genus of Scirtidae (Coleoptera: Scirtoidea) inhabiting high altitude Andean cloud forests and páramo formation
FIGURE 10. Anticyphon paramoensis sp. nov., male genitalia. A) penis, B) tegmen, C) sternite VIII, D) sternite IX, E) tergite VIII, F) tergite IX. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 13 in Anticyphon gen. nov., a new genus of Scirtidae (Coleoptera: Scirtoidea) inhabiting high altitude Andean cloud forests and páramo formation
FIGURE 13. Anticyphon santanderensis sp. nov., male genitalia. A) penis, B) tegmen, C) sternite VIII, D) sternite IX, E) tergite VIII, F) tergite IX. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 9 in Anticyphon gen. nov., a new genus of Scirtidae (Coleoptera: Scirtoidea) inhabiting high altitude Andean cloud forests and páramo formation
FIGURE 9. Anticyphon oyonensis sp. nov., female genitalia. A) genitalia, B) vaginal sclerites, C) bursal sclerites, D) bursella. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 6 in Anticyphon gen. nov., a new genus of Scirtidae (Coleoptera: Scirtoidea) inhabiting high altitude Andean cloud forests and páramo formation
FIGURE 6. Anticyphon davidsoni sp. nov., male genitalia. A) male genitalia, B) penis, C) tegmen, D) sternite VIII, E) sternite IX, F) tergite VIII, G) tergite IX. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: dpp—dorsal process of penis, pe—penis, pm—paramere, pmd—parameroid, s—sternite, t—tergite, tg—tegmen, trg—trigonium.
FIGURE 7 in Anticyphon gen. nov., a new genus of Scirtidae (Coleoptera: Scirtoidea) inhabiting high altitude Andean cloud forests and páramo formation
FIGURE 7. Anticyphon ecuadorensis sp. nov., male genitalia. A) penis (right parameroid broken), B) tegmen, C) sternite VIII, D) sternite IX, E) tergite VIII, F) tergite IX. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 4 in Anticyphon gen. nov., a new genus of Scirtidae (Coleoptera: Scirtoidea) inhabiting high altitude Andean cloud forests and páramo formation
FIGURE 4. Anticyphon paramoensis sp. nov., ventrum, SEM micrograph. Abbreviations: mf—mesoventral fossa, mpmesoventral process, sgr—subgenal ridge.
FIGURE 2 in Anticyphon gen. nov., a new genus of Scirtidae (Coleoptera: Scirtoidea) inhabiting high altitude Andean cloud forests and páramo formation
FIGURE 2. Anticyphon gen. nov., mandibles (A, D, G), maxillae (B, E, H), labia (C, F, I). A–C) A. davidsoni sp. nov., D–F) A. oyonensis sp. nov., G–I) A. paramoensis sp. nov.
FIGURE 11 in Anticyphon gen. nov., a new genus of Scirtidae (Coleoptera: Scirtoidea) inhabiting high altitude Andean cloud forests and páramo formation
FIGURE 11. Mountainous habitat of Anticyphon paramoensis sp. nov., Ecuador, Napo Prov., Papallacta Pass, 15.12.2009 (phot. R. Ruta).
FIGURE 1. Anticyphon gen. nov., habitus. A in Anticyphon gen. nov., a new genus of Scirtidae (Coleoptera: Scirtoidea) inhabiting high altitude Andean cloud forests and páramo formation
FIGURE 1. Anticyphon gen. nov., habitus. A) A. davidsoni sp. nov., B) A. ecuadorensis sp. nov., C) A. oyonensis sp. nov., female, D) A. oyonensis sp. nov., male E) A. paramoensis sp. nov., light form, F) A. paramoensis sp. nov., dark form, G) A. peruvianus sp. nov., H) A. santanderensis sp. nov. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 8 in Anticyphon gen. nov., a new genus of Scirtidae (Coleoptera: Scirtoidea) inhabiting high altitude Andean cloud forests and páramo formation
FIGURE 8. Anticyphon oyonensis sp. nov., male genitalia. A) penis, B) tegmen, C) sternite VIII, D) sternite IX, E) tergite VIII, F) tergite IX. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
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