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FIGURE 5 in The Megachilidae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Apiformes) of the Democratic Republic of Congo curated at the Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA, Belgium)

FIGURE 5. The entomologists behind the collection of Megachilidae specimen records at RMCA (Tervuren, Belgium).

FIGURE 6 in The Megachilidae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Apiformes) of the Democratic Republic of Congo curated at the Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA, Belgium)

FIGURE 6. The diversity of entomologists behind the collection of megachilid specimen records at RMCA (Tervuren, Belgium). We list here the inventory number corresponding to each photograph, as well as the names of the photographers, for the images kindly provided by the RMCA archives department. 1. Mrs. Lebrun and Vrydagh (left) and Mrs. Corbisier and Staner (right) (AP.0.0.29742; photo by P. Staner 1930); 2. Reverend Father Hyacinthe Vanderyst in Kisantu (AP.0.0.23368; photo by "Jesuit Order", 1910-1925); 3. Reverend Father Hyacinthe Vanderyst (R.P. Vanderyst) in Ipamu (AP.0.2.368; photo by R.P. Delaere, 1922); 4. Frans Guillaume Overlaet (AP.0.0.25895; photo G. Fr. De Witte, 1931); 5. Maurice Bequaert (HP.1950.7.37, photographer not identified, 1950); 6. Professor Theodore D. Cockerell and the pygmies chief Kasulo, who lived in the forest near Tshibinda in the Sud-Kivu Province (photo by Alice Mackie); 7. Gaston-François De Witte (left) and Hans Joseph Brédo (right) (HP.2011.62.20-221; photo G. Fr. De Witte, 1947); 8. Prince Léopold III of Belgium (left) and Mr Ghesquière (right) in front of the laboratory in Stanleyville (now Kisangani) (AP.0.0.25895; photo Ghesquière, 1925); 9. Charles Seydel alias "Bwana Bilulu" (HP.1953.21.8, photo E. Devroey, 1922); 10. Charles Seydel alias "Bwana Bilulu" (HP.2011.62.13-226, photo GastonFrançois De Witte, 1931); 11. Charles Seydel alias "Bwana Bilulu" (HP. 2011.62.5-145; photo Gaston-François De Witte, 1925); 12. Sheffield Airey Neave; 13. Hans Joseph Brédo on the right, Director of the International Locust Laboratory in Abercorn (Northern Rhodesia), welcomes Belgian personalities on an official visit to the Laboratory (2017.24.30; photo Infocongo, 1952). All rights reserved for photographs 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 and 9; photographs 4, 7, 10, 11 and 13 under Creative Commons license (CC-BY 4.0); photograph 6 after Cockerell (1932) and 12 ©National Portrait Gallery.

FIGURE 3. Top 4 in The Megachilidae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Apiformes) of the Democratic Republic of Congo curated at the Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA, Belgium)

FIGURE 3. Top 4 of the Megachilidae species represented by the highest number of specimens in the RMCA collection (Tervuren, Belgium). A. Gronoceras cinctum (Fabricius, 1781) (female at nest entrance) (n=1,270 specimens); B. Euaspis abdominalis (Fabricius, 1793) (female on Duranta erecta (Verbenaceae)) (n=394 specimens); C. Megachile rufipes (Fabricius, 1781) (male on Antigonon leptopus (Polygonaceae)) (n=390 specimens); D. Megachile bituberculata Ritsema, 1880 (female on Pueraria javanica (Fabaceae)) (n=281). All photographs by NJ Vereecken.

FIGURE 2 in The Megachilidae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Apiformes) of the Democratic Republic of Congo curated at the Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA, Belgium)

FIGURE 2. Linear models between collection abundance and associated species richness in (i) the six historical provinces in DRC (top row), (ii) the 26 present-day provinces (middle row), and (iii) the 10 known phytogeographical districts (bottom row) defined within the country. Some administrative/natural units deviate from the overall attributable values. The Province Equateur deviates from the number of collections for species richness close to the mean.

FIGURE 4 in The Megachilidae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Apiformes) of the Democratic Republic of Congo curated at the Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA, Belgium)

FIGURE 4. Taxonomic and temporal patterns of Megachilidae specimen records in the RMCA collection (Tervuren, Belgium). A. Rank abundance plot and associated data for the 10 most frequently collected species showing that the top 8 species make up to 50% of the dataset. The distribution of species along the curve shows a very long "tail", implying that many of the species curated are only represented by a low or a very low number of species. At the extreme, 26 species of Megachilidae were represented in the RMCA collections only as type specimens (holotype and paratype); B. Specimen accumulation curve through time (1905-1978) for the seven groups of species in the family Megachilidae showing that the best represented groups are Megachile sensu lato, Gronoceras, Lithurgini and Anthidiini (by decreasing order of magnitude). It is noteworthy that Megachile sensu lato has been regularly collected and in higher numbers during the period 1905-1920, and that all the above groups were collected in larger numbers during the decade 1930-40 compared to other groups of Megachilidae.

FIGURES 171–177 in Taxonomic revision of the Western Palaearctic bees of the subgenus Pseudomegachile (Hymenoptera, Apiformes, Megachilidae, Megachile)

FIGURES 171–177. Diagnostic traits of M. maxschwarzi sp. nov.. Female habitus, 171: lateral view, 172: facial view. 173: holotype male (lateral view). 176: holotype male (facial view). Front basitarsus of male, 174: exterior surface, 175: interior surface. 177: tergite 6 of male. PAC: preapical carina.

FIGURES 148–152 in Taxonomic revision of the Western Palaearctic bees of the subgenus Pseudomegachile (Hymenoptera, Apiformes, Megachilidae, Megachile)

FIGURES 148–152. Diagnostic traits of M. yezidica sp. nov., females. Habitus in 148: lateral view, 149: dorsal view, 150: facial view. 151: clypeus. 152: vertex.

FIGURES 134–141 in Taxonomic revision of the Western Palaearctic bees of the subgenus Pseudomegachile (Hymenoptera, Apiformes, Megachilidae, Megachile)

FIGURES 134–141. Diagnostic traits of M. syriaca sp. nov., females. 134: habitus (lateral view). 135: habitus (dorsal view). 136: habitus (facial view). 137: clypeus. 138: vertex. 139: genal surface sculpture compared with that of, 140: M. yezidica sp. nov. and, 141: M. saussurei.

FIGURES 125–133 in Taxonomic revision of the Western Palaearctic bees of the subgenus Pseudomegachile (Hymenoptera, Apiformes, Megachilidae, Megachile)

FIGURES 125–133. Diagnostic traits of M. plumigera sp. nov.. 125: holotype female (facial view). 126: holotype female (lateral view). 127: habitus of male (facial view). 128: habitus of male (lateral view). 129: underside of metasoma of male. 130: vertex of female. 131: vertex of male. 132: genital capsule of male. 133: segments of hind leg of female M. incana (lateral view). LT: lateral tooth, PAC: preapical carina, AMS: apicomedial spine, PVBMS: basomedial spine of penis valve, PVBLA: basolateral angle of penis valve, GF: gonoforceps

FIGURES 113–119 in Taxonomic revision of the Western Palaearctic bees of the subgenus Pseudomegachile (Hymenoptera, Apiformes, Megachilidae, Megachile)

FIGURES 113–119. Diagnostic traits of M. blepharis sp. nov., females. 113: holotype (dorsal view). 114: holotype (lateral view). 115: vertex. 116: clypeus (profile). 117: holotype (facial view). 118: mesonotum compared with that of 119: M. plumigera sp. nov..

FIGURES 65–70. Sternites 4–6 in Taxonomic revision of the Western Palaearctic bees of the subgenus Pseudomegachile (Hymenoptera, Apiformes, Megachilidae, Megachile)

FIGURES 65–70. Sternites 4–6 of males. 65–67: M. ericetorum. 68–70: M. lanata. PAMG: preapical medial groove. Scale bars equal 1 mm.

FIGURES 120–124 in Taxonomic revision of the Western Palaearctic bees of the subgenus Pseudomegachile (Hymenoptera, Apiformes, Megachilidae, Megachile)

FIGURES 120–124. Diagnostic traits of M. blepharis sp. nov., males. 120: habitus (dorsal view). 121: habitus (lateral view). 122: vertex. 123: metasoma (posterior view). 124: habitus (facial view). LT: lateral tooth, PAC: preapical carina, AMS: apicomedial spine, GF: gonoforceps.

FIGURES 103–110 in Taxonomic revision of the Western Palaearctic bees of the subgenus Pseudomegachile (Hymenoptera, Apiformes, Megachilidae, Megachile)

FIGURES 103–110. Vertex of females. 103: M. seraxensis. 104: M. saussurei. 105: M. nigripes. 106: M. schnabli. 107: M. tecta. 108: M. cinnamomea. 109: M. sanguinipes. 110: M. maxschwarzi sp. nov..

FIGURES 47–64. Sternites 4–6 in Taxonomic revision of the Western Palaearctic bees of the subgenus Pseudomegachile (Hymenoptera, Apiformes, Megachilidae, Megachile)

FIGURES 47–64. Sternites 4–6 (or sternites 5, 6) of males of the flavipes species group. 47–49: M. flavipes. 50–52: M. tecta. 53–55: M. maxschwarzi sp. nov.. 56–58: M. cinnamomea. 59, 62: sternites 5, 6 of M. sanguinipes. 60, 61: sternites 5, 6 of M. farinosa. 63, 64: sternites 5, 6 of M. farinosa from the southern Jordan Valley of Israel and Palestine. PAC: preapical carina. Scale bars equal 1 mm

FIGURES 142–147 in Taxonomic revision of the Western Palaearctic bees of the subgenus Pseudomegachile (Hymenoptera, Apiformes, Megachilidae, Megachile)

FIGURES 142–147. Diagnostic traits of M. syriaca sp. nov., males. 142: holotype (lateral view). 143: holotype (facial view). Front basitarsus, 144: exterior surface, 145: interior surface. 146: middle basitarsus (exterior surface). 147: metasoma (dorsal posterior view). PHF: posterior hair fringe, PAC: preapical carina.

FIGURES 6–21 in Taxonomic revision of the Western Palaearctic bees of the subgenus Pseudomegachile (Hymenoptera, Apiformes, Megachilidae, Megachile)

FIGURES 6–21. Clypeus and mandibles of females. 6: M. foersteri. 7: M. incana. 8: M. blepharis sp. nov.. 9: M. cinnamomea. 10: M. saussurei. 11: M. nigripes. 12: M. seraxensis. 13: M. ericetorum. 14: M. sanguinipes. 15 (hairs removed on left): M. maxschwarzi sp. nov.. 16 (hairs removed on left): M. flavipes. 17 (hairs removed on left): M. tecta. 18: M. cinnamomea. 19, 20 (profile): M. farinosa. 21: M. riyadhensis (profile). CT: clypeal tooth, APA: apical premarginal area of mandible, HT: clypeal hair tuft, FC: facial comb of hairs.

FIGURES 2–5 in Taxonomic revision of the Western Palaearctic bees of the subgenus Pseudomegachile (Hymenoptera, Apiformes, Megachilidae, Megachile)

FIGURES 2–5. Habitus of selected species of the subgenus Pseudomegachile. 2: M. foersteri female (Picture: Gilles Carron). 3: M. farinosa female (Picture: Nicolas Vereecken). 4: M. ericetorum male (Picture: Albert Krebs). 5. M. ericetorum female (Picture: Albert Krebs).

FIGURES 159–170. Sternites 4–8 in Taxonomic revision of the Western Palaearctic bees of the subgenus Pseudomegachile (Hymenoptera, Apiformes, Megachilidae, Megachile)

FIGURES 159–170. Sternites 4–8 and genitalia of males of the incana species group. Sternites 4–6 of 159–161: M. incana, 162–164: M. blepharis sp. nov.. Sternite 8 and genitalia of 165, 166: M. incana, 167, 168: M. blepharis sp. nov., 169, 170: M. plumigera sp. nov.. PSMD: posterior submedial depression, GFBDLP: basal dorsolateral projection of gonoforceps, PVBMS: basomedial spine of penis valve, PVBLA: basolateral angle of penis valve, PVLS: lateral spine of penis valve, PVLA: lateral angle of penis valve. Scale bars equal 1 mm, except for 0.5 mm in Figs 165–170.

FIGURES 38–46 in Taxonomic revision of the Western Palaearctic bees of the subgenus Pseudomegachile (Hymenoptera, Apiformes, Megachilidae, Megachile)

FIGURES 38–46. Diagnostic traits of males. Profile of T7 of 38: M. ericetorum, 39: M. cinnamomea. Sternite 4 in ventral view of 40: M. saussurei, 41: M. farinosa, 42: M. flavipes, 43: M. lanata. Antenna in dorsal view of 44: M. cyanipennis, 45: M. tecta, 46: M. sanguinipes. AMS: apicomedial spine, IT: inferior tooth, PAR: preapical ridge, PAC: preapical carina, MD: marginal depression, PAMG: preapical medial groove.

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic revision of the Western Palaearctic bees of the subgenus Pseudomegachile (Hymenoptera, Apiformes, Megachilidae, Megachile)

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree obtained in maximum likelihood analysis of the concatenated DNA matrix. Outgroup taxa are indicated in grey. The full dataset (two nuclear genes, 28S, and the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome Oxidase I) was obtained for taxa in bold ("backbone phylogeny"), while other taxa only have the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome Oxidase I. Numbers shown at nodes are bootstrap values based on 1000 bootstrap replicates performed in RAxML v.7.0.4. For the flavipes species group, the country is indicated as a two-letters country code. The different species groups recognized in the western Palaearctic as well as isolated species not included in these groups are indicated.