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opencc-by-4.0Dec 2010View details →

Figure 3 in Ecologically-sustainable tree monocultures contribute to conservation of an Araucaria Forest endemic frog

Figure 3. Diet composition of Physalaemus lisei (black bars) in relation to the taxonomic composition of pitfall traps (white bars). Dotted line delimits the feeding niche of P. lisei.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2010View details →

Figure 2 in Ecologically-sustainable tree monocultures contribute to conservation of an Araucaria Forest endemic frog

Figure 2. Body mass (g) distribution of Physalaemus lisei captured in the São Francisco de Paula National Forest, southern Brazil. (A) Temporal variation in body mass (g) distribution between October 2003 and April 2005; (B) among-habitat variation in body mass distribution. Horizontal line represents the median; the box delimits the first and third quartile; the vertical lines delimit the maximum and minimum values, except for the outliers that are represented by asterisks. FO, Araucaria Forest; PA, Araucaria angustifolia plantation; PP, Pinus plantation; PE, Eucalyptus plantation.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2010View details →

Figure 1 in Ecologically-sustainable tree monocultures contribute to conservation of an Araucaria Forest endemic frog

Figure 1. Number of individuals of Physalaemus lisei captured in the São Francisco de Paula National Forest, southern Brazil. (A) Temporal dynamic between October 2003 and April 2005; (B) among-habitat variation in the mean (¡SE) number of captures. FO, Araucaria Forest; PA, Araucaria angustifolia plantation; PP, Pinus plantation; PE, Eucalyptus plantation.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Tree stem diameter and height of Araucaria araucana, Nothofagus pumilio and Nothofagus dombeyi in mixed stands affected to different levels by anthropogenic disturbance in south-central Chile

Context: Around half of the Araucaria-Nothofagus forests in Chile are affected by anthropogenic disturbances such as logging, grazing, and seed harvesting, causing forest structure to become more heterogeneous. This can critically affect natural regeneration and stand development. It also challenges forest management and yield estimations, involving tree height predictions. The data allow to assess the impact of anthropogenic disturbances on forest structure and to identify optimal tree height models and calibration designs. Based on the data provided, a general workflow for this purpose was developed and published on GitHub as R software (Zhou & Zwanzig 2022). Location: Mixed Araucaria-Nothofagus forests of the Andes Cordillera in the Araucaria Region in south-central Chile. Latitude, longitude and altitude of the plots is provided in the data table. Taxon: Monkey Puzzle tree (Araucaria araucana (Molina) K.Koch), Lenga Beech (Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp. & Endl.) Krasser), Coigue (Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Oerst.) Methods: A total of twelve stands were studied at four different sites and classified into four different intensities of anthropogenic disturbance depending on the intensity of the combined effects of logging, grazing and seed harvesting. In 25 to 36 plots per stand, horizontal point sampling measurements of stem diameter as well as of height of selected trees were carried out using a basal area factor of 4 m² per hectare. Diameter at breast height (DBH, in cm) was measured for all selected trees and total tree height (HT, in m) was measured for one-third of them using a Haga device. For ten of the plots, in which no trees were found by horizontal point sampling, 'NA' is entered for species and no values are given for DBH and HT in the data table. Funding: The field data collection was funded through the project 016/2019 “Indicadores fenológicos y estructurales de alteración de hábitat en bosques de Araucaria”, being part of the Fondo de Investigación del Bosque Nativo (FIBN) of the Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture of Chile. Contributions: JH, PC and AP conceived the field study and acquired the funds; EK, JH, PC and AP performed the empirical observations; XZ, EK and MZ reviewed and processed the data collection for publication.

opencc-zeroMar 2024View details →

Data from: Evaluating the impact of historical climate and early human groups in the Araucaria Forest of Eastern South America

It has been hypothesized that the Araucaria Forest in Southern Brazil underwent expansions in the past, driven either by human groups or by climate fluctuations of the Holocene and Pleistocene. Fossil pollen records of the Paraná Pine (Araucaria angustifolia), a dominant tree in that forest, provide some insights into when those may have occurred. Still, the timing of those expansions has never been estimated. To infer past range shifts and shed light on their main drivers, we employed next-generation DNA sequencing (ddRADseq), machine learning, and a comprehensive database of fossil pollen records in a study of historical demographic inference and paleo-distribution modeling of the Paraná Pine. We found that A. angustifolia comprises two populations expanding at different times: one in the Mantiqueira mountain chain, and the other in the southern Brazilian plateau. The Southern population began to expand during the Last Glacial Period ~70kya, long before human arrival in South America. Still, genetic analyses support that humans later impacted this population, resulting in lower genetic diversity, higher inbreeding, and high levels of gene flow over large distances with a weak pattern of isolation by distance. It is possible this resulted from human influence on seed dispersal and germination on the Southern Brazilian plateau. The Mantiqueira population, in contrast, expanded only recently (~3kya). This timing coincides with Holocene climatic changes and human settlements established further south, although, to date, there is little archeological evidence of human impact in the Mantiqueira. In addition, multitemporal species distribution models built from a combination of present-day and pollen records infer range expansion of the Araucaria Forest during glacial times until the cold humid HS1 event (~16kya), when the forest was most widespread, with no evidence of glacial refugia. The combination of genomic and spatial analyses suggests that both human and climatic controls played a role in the dynamics of the Araucaria Forest.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Raw data for: Novel food resources and conservation of ecological interactions between the Andean Araucaria and the Austral parakeet

In fragile ecosystems, the introduction of exotic species could alter some ecological processes. The Austral parakeet (Enicognathus ferrugineous) shows close ecological and evolutionary relationships with the Andean Araucaria (Araucaria araucana), so any alteration in these interactions may have negative consequences for both partners and for ecosystem functioning and structure. We conducted extensive roadside surveys to estimate the abundance of parakeets in the northern Patagonian Andes over four years and recorded the food plants consumed by foraging flocks. The use of native habitats and humanized areas like villages and farms was influenced by Araucaria seed crop. In masting years, the large seed crop allowed a massive use of this resource during the non-breeding season, and even during the breeding season. The exploitation of exotic plants was minor in the masting year, but became predominant in non-masting years, especially during the non-breeding season. This feeding switch towards exotic plants primarily arose because the low Araucaria seed crop in non-masting years is entirely consumed just after production by domestic and wild exotic mammals living in Araucaria forests year-round, thus forcing the displacement of parakeets towards anthropic habitats to exploit exotic plants. Given the degradation of the remaining Andean Araucaria forests due to the impact of exotic mammals on the ecological interaction between Araucaria and Austral parakeets, ambitious programs to exclude or reduce the density of these alien mammals, including livestock, are warranted.

opencc-zeroMay 2024View details →

SNP data (DArTseq) for population genomics of Araucaria bidwillii

We took Araucaria bidwillii leaf DNA samples from a total of 31 sites and 171 samples, representing 3 sites from a northern population in the Australian Wet Tropics and 28 sites from a southern population in Southeast Queensland, Australia. SNP data was obtained from genotyping-by-sequencing platform Divesity Arrays Technology (DArTseq) and the resultant dataset has not been processed for quality control.

opencc-zeroSep 2019View details →

Distinguishing mutations and null alleles from genotyping errors using mother progeny comparisons in Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia)

The use of microsatellite markers provides a window into the evolutionary processes of a given species. As such, these markers are widely used in scientific and applied research and are praised for their practicality and ease of use, however, the unavoidable incidence of genotyping deviations has been broadly neglected in the literature. Therefore, the present study aimed to estimate the rate of null alleles, mutations and genotyping errors in microsatellite loci, using Araucaria angustifolia, a threatened species, as a case study. We estimated the rates of the different types of genotyping deviations using mother-progeny genotype comparison from 50 seed-trees and their respective progeny (seeds). A total of 2336 A. angustifolia samples were genotyped, and we found that the rate of null alleles was 0.045. From the 1972 mother-progeny comparisons, the overall genotype deviation rate was 1.58%, consisting of 145 inconsistences (mutations), 339 null alleles and 210 genotyping errors. In terms of seed numbers, 128 (6.5%) showed inconsistencies in at least one locus, 118 (6.0%) null alleles, and 321 (16.3%) genotyping errors. This is the first study to describe the inconsistences (mutations) between mother-progeny genotypes for A. angustifolia, and the outcome makes it clear that an understanding of these genotyping deviations must be considered in assessing the accuracy of inferences made based on population genetics analyses.

opencc-zeroOct 2019View details →

Distinguishing mutations and null alleles from genotyping errors using mother progeny comparisons in Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia)

the rate of null alleles, mutations and genotyping errors in microsatellite loci, using Araucaria angustifolia, a threatened species, as a case study. We estimated the rates of the different types of genotyping deviations using mother-progeny genotype comparison from 50 seed-trees and their respective progeny (seeds). A total of 2336 A. angustifolia samples were genotyped, and we found that the rate of null alleles was 0.045. From the 1972 mother-progeny comparisons, the overall genotype deviation rate was 1.58%, consisting of 145 inconsistences (mutations), 339 null alleles and 210 genotyping errors. In terms of seed numbers, 128 (6.5%) showed inconsistencies in at least one locus, 118 (6.0%) null alleles, and 321 (16.3%) genotyping errors. This is the first study to describe the inconsistences (mutations) between mother-progeny genotypes for A. angustifolia, and the outcome makes it clear that an understanding of these genotyping deviations must be considered in assessing the accuracy of inferences made based on population genetics analyses.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2018View details →

Fig. 4 in Morphometric and molecular differences among Calvertius tuberosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) populations associated with Andean and coastal populations of Araucaria araucana in the La Araucanía Region, Chile

Fig. 4. ISSR analysis. (A): Dendrogram for the populations studied (control group A. viridans).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Potential distribution dynamics of Araucaria (Araucariaceae) in South America

The distribution dynamics of the genus Araucaria in South America over time was analyzed by obtaining species distribution models for Araucaria angustifolia and A. araucana from the Last Interglacial to present.

publicFeb 2024View details →

Data from: Modelling height–diameter relationships in living Araucaria (Araucariaceae) trees to reconstruct ancient araucarian conifer height

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publicMar 2024View details →

Data from: Evaluating the impact of historical climate and early human groups in the Araucaria Forest of Eastern South America

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publicOct 2022View details →

Raw data for: Novel food resources and conservation of ecological interactions between the Andean Araucaria and the Austral parakeet

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publicMay 2024View details →

SNP data (DArTseq) for population genomics of Araucaria bidwillii

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FIGURE 9 in Arauchemus, a new spider genus of the Echemus group (Araneae: Gnaphosidae: Echeminae) from Araucaria Forest areas in southern Brazil, with notes on habitat preferences and phenology

FIGURE 9. Graphic representation of the males cephalotorax length and width variations in Arauchemus gen. nov. species.

FIGURES 8A–B in Arauchemus, a new spider genus of the Echemus group (Araneae: Gnaphosidae: Echeminae) from Araucaria Forest areas in southern Brazil, with notes on habitat preferences and phenology

FIGURES 8A–B. Seasonality based on activity abundance of Arauchemus gen. nov. species at Pró-Mata, São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil from October 2000 to May 2002. Data indicated by mean values of spider catches in each day in the sample period. A,

FIGURES 7A–B in Arauchemus, a new spider genus of the Echemus group (Araneae: Gnaphosidae: Echeminae) from Araucaria Forest areas in southern Brazil, with notes on habitat preferences and phenology

FIGURES 7A–B. Mean abundance of Arauchemus gen. nov. species at three habitat types in Araucaria Forest areas at Pró- Mata, São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil, from October 2000 to May 2002. Bars represent mean values of the total catches of individuals of each area divided by 20 traps used in each habitat. A, A. graudo sp. nov.; B, A. miudo sp. nov. PRI, primary forest habitats; SEC, secondary forest habitats; PIN, Pinus silviculture habitats. Error bars representing standard errors of mean.

FIGURES 6A–H in Arauchemus, a new spider genus of the Echemus group (Araneae: Gnaphosidae: Echeminae) from Araucaria Forest areas in southern Brazil, with notes on habitat preferences and phenology

FIGURES 6A–H. Arauchemus miudo sp. nov., male (SEM images). A. palp, ventral; B, tegulum, ventral; C, embolus, distal; D, tibial apophysis, retrolateral (arrow: triangular process); E, chelicerae, postero–ventral view (arrow: tooth at promargin; roman numbers I, II, III: indicating the three retromarginal teeth); F, abdomen, anterodorsal scutum; G, leg I trichobothrium. H, leg I tarsal organ. Abbreviations: a, median apophysis; c, conductor; e embolus; h, hematodoca; t, tegulum. Scale bars: A, B, D–F, 100 μm; C, H, 10 μm; G, 5 μm.

FIGURES 5A–H in Arauchemus, a new spider genus of the Echemus group (Araneae: Gnaphosidae: Echeminae) from Araucaria Forest areas in southern Brazil, with notes on habitat preferences and phenology

FIGURES 5A–H. Arauchemus graudo sp. nov. (SEM images). A–C, male; D–H, female. A, leg I dorsal; B, leg I tarsal organ (arrow); C, leg I trichobothrium; D, median spinnerets; E, median spinnerets fusulas; F, palp claw (arrow); G, leg IV claws; H, leg IV preening brush. Scale bars: A, D, H, 100 μm; F, G, 50 μm, B, C, E, 10 μm.