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Figure 2 in A new late Miocene bovid (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae) from ˙orakyerler (Turkey)

Figure 2. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3476 (a) and female frontlet ˙O 1427 (b); (1) frontal views; (2) caudal views; (a3) dorsal view; (a4) close up of the base of the left horn core in lateral view showing the single sinus occupying the pedicle and the basal horn core (arrows indicate the pedicle–horn core contact); (a5) close up of the dorsal parietal surface with marked anatomical details; and (b3) lateral view. The arrow in (b1) indicates the frontal sinus occupying the pedicle. Abbreviations: bhcs: basal horn core sinus; phdpr: post horn core depression; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; nc: nuchal crest; intpr: interparietal; and sulc: sulcus. (a1)–(a3) and (b1)–(b3) scale bar: 5 cm; (a4) and (a5) not to scale.

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Figure 1 in A new late Miocene bovid (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae) from ˙orakyerler (Turkey)

Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling.

Figure 9 in Microstonyx (Suidae, Artiodactyla) from the Upper Miocene of Hayranlı-Haliminhanı, Turkey

Figure 9. Bivariate plots of the lower cheek teeth: length (DAP) versus width of the anterior (DTa) or posterior lobes (DTp). Provenance of data as in Figure 2.

Figure 7 in Microstonyx (Suidae, Artiodactyla) from the Upper Miocene of Hayranlı-Haliminhanı, Turkey

Figure 7. Bivariate plots of the M3 and M: length (DAP) versus 2 width of the anterior (DTa) or posterior lobes (DTp). Legend as in Figure 2.

Figure 1 in Microstonyx (Suidae, Artiodactyla) from the Upper Miocene of Hayranlı-Haliminhanı, Turkey

Figure 1. The position of the localities on a geographic and a geologic map and in a stratigraphic column of part of the İncesu Formation. Locality 2 is situated in the stratigraphic section, while locality 19 is correlated from a short distance into the column.

Figure 6 in Microstonyx (Suidae, Artiodactyla) from the Upper Miocene of Hayranlı-Haliminhanı, Turkey

Figure 6. Bivariate plots of the upper cheek teeth: length (DAP) versus width of the anterior (DTa) or posterior lobes (DTp). Legend for the lower and upper cheek teeth (Figures 2–4): Hippopotamodon sivalense from the Siwaliks (IM, GSP, NHI, UL, NMB, BSP, FISF); Hippopotamodon antiquus from Bayraktepe (MTA), Eppelsheim (HLD), Esme Akçaköy (PIMUZ), Kayincak (UA), Montrigaud (MLG), Middle Sinap (MTA, MNHN), St. Jeande-Bournai (NMB), Usak (MTA); Microstonyx major from Allisas (MGL), Baltavár (HGSB, NMW), Basaleti (GSM), Bayir (MTA), Bayramkalesi (UA), Çeltek Küyü (MTA), Chalon (UCBL), Çobanpınar (MTA, UA), Concud (NHM), Concud - Barranco de las Calaveras (IVAU), Concud - Cerro de la Garita (MNCN, IVAU, IPS, MPZ, Collection Pepe Orrios, Teruel), Çorak Yerler (UA, PIMUZ), Crevillente 2 (MHMN, MPV), Crevillente 15 (MHMN), Csákvár (HGSB), Cucuron or Vaugines (MRA), Das (MLGSB), Eldar (GSM), Evciköy (MTA), Garkin (MTA), Grebeniki (VMM), Gökdere (UA), Elmadağ (UA), Gülpınar (MTA), Igbek (= Sinap loc. 49; SP), Kayadibi (MTA, PIMUZ), Kohfiddisch (NMW), Küçük Yozgat (UA), Lapsehi-Subasi (MTA), Luzinay (MGL), Mahmutgazi (MTA), Montredon/Mont Léberon (UCBL, MGL), Paşabağı (UA), Piera (IPS, MLGSB, MGB), Polgárdi (HGSB, NMB), Puente Minero (CPO), Salihpaşalar (MTA), Salmendingen (NMB), Schernham (NMW), Sehlek (MTA), Sinap loc. 26 (SP), Sivas-Hayranlı (MTA), Sivas loc. 2 (UA), Sivas loc. 19 (UA), Siwaliks (IM, cast IGF), Stratzing (NMW, KME), Taraklia (PIN), Terrassa (IPS), Tersanne (UCBL), Titov Veles (IVAU), La Tour du Pin (MGL), Udabno (GSM), Várpalota (HGSB), Vaugines (MRA); Microstonyx erymanthius from Ano Metochi 4 (IVAU), Dorn Dürkheim (FISF), Kavakdere (= Sinap loc. 33; MTA, PIMUZ, SP), Kerasia (IVAU), Maragha (NMW, MTA, IVAU), Maragha - Kopran (NMW), Pikermi (NHM, IPUW MGL, MSNO, TMH, MGPUSB), Pikermi - Chomateri (NMW), Samos (NMW, HLD, NMB, NMBe), Soblay (UCBL, MGL).

Figure 10 in Microstonyx (Suidae, Artiodactyla) from the Upper Miocene of Hayranlı-Haliminhanı, Turkey

Figure 10. The increase in elongation of the I2 of Microstonyx as indicated by the index 100 DMD/DLL. A value from Concud is a minimum value because of breakage; this is indicated with an arrow. Legend: triangles = material assigned to M. major; squares = material assigned to M. erymanthius; rhombs = Sus. As a comparison, indices of samples of recent Sus verrucosus from Java (Indonesia; NNML) and of recent Sus scrofa from the Golan Heights (Syrian territory occupied by Israel; HUJ). The provenance of the remaining data is as in Figure 4. Correlations or ages of the localities based on paleomagnetism or radiometric dating are indicated by arrows; assignments to MN units are indicated by dotted lines. For Samos: MT = Marker Tuff; MMB = Main Bone Beds; OMB = Old Mill Beds. All localities are placed within the ranges of their possible age as indicated by their MN units or "absolute" age; in addition, they have been arranged according to ascending (upper figure) or descending index values (lower figure), with the only constraint that a locality with very low values cannot be below Kavakdere. There are 2 options for the MN11-12 boundary: 7.5 and 7.9 Ma. The upper figure favors the idea of an evolution with increasing index values, while the lower figure blurs this pattern.

Figure 34 in Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene-earliest Oligocene tylopod Anoplotherium (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)

Figure 34. Flesh reconstruction of the Ham 3 Anoplotherium latipes specimen in bipedal stance, based on the skeletal reconstruction in Figure 31. Scale bar = 100 mm.

Figure 32 in Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene-earliest Oligocene tylopod Anoplotherium (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)

Figure 32. Reconstruction of the Ham 3 A. latipes skeleton in bipedal stance, supplemented as in Figure 30. Forelimb supinated. Neck at normal articulatory position. Scale bar = 100 mm.

Figure 28 in Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene-earliest Oligocene tylopod Anoplotherium (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)

Figure 28. Graph of moments of resistence (bh2) of vertebral centra of the Ham 3 skeleton, calculated after Slijper (1946), i.e. maximum breadth × height2 in millimetres of posterior articular surface.

Figure 30 in Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene-earliest Oligocene tylopod Anoplotherium (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)

Figure 30. Scatter diagram of medial length versus distal width in millimetres of astragali of Anoplotherium laurillardi from La Débruge and of A. commune and A. latipes (undifferentiated) from La Débruge (Z), Montmartre (Ɨ), Quercy (O) and sites in the Isle of Wight in the Osborne (O) and lower Hamstead (Δ) members.

Figure 25 in Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene-earliest Oligocene tylopod Anoplotherium (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)

Figure 25. Anoplotherium commune, Gypse, Montmartre. Right cuneiform and unciform (BMNH.M2212) in proximopostero-medial view, shown articulated during supination (A) and pronation (B). Scale bar = 10 mm.

Figure 26 in Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene-earliest Oligocene tylopod Anoplotherium (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)

Figure 26. Anoplotherium latipes, Mormoiron. Pelvis in dorsal view, redrawn from Roman (1922: pl. 3, fig. 2). Scale bar = 100 mm.

Figure 24 in Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene-earliest Oligocene tylopod Anoplotherium (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)

Figure 24. Anoplotherium commune, Gypse, Montmartre. A, B, right associated unciform (A) and cuneiform (B) (BMNH.M2212). C–E, right associated cuboid (D), navicular and ectocuneiform (E), metatarsal III (C, E) and metatarsal IV (C, D) (BMNH.M2221). Views are proximal (A, C), distal (B), lateral (D) and medial (E). Coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars = 50 mm, the larger for A–B, the smaller for C–E.

Figure 27. Anoplotherium latipes. Ham 3 in Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene-earliest Oligocene tylopod Anoplotherium (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)

Figure 27. Anoplotherium latipes. Ham 3 skeleton. Reconstruction of left leg in anterior view, with knee bent in probable normal standing position, showing distally splayed tibia. Scale bar = 100 mm.

Figure 22. Anoplotherium latipes. Ham 3 in Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene-earliest Oligocene tylopod Anoplotherium (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)

Figure 22. Anoplotherium latipes. Ham 3 skeleton. Reconstruction of dorsal part of rib cage in anterior view by articulating thoracic vertebra 4? and 8th or 9th ribs (see Fig. 7). Scale bar = 50 mm.

Figure 23. Anoplotherium latipes. Ham 3 in Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene-earliest Oligocene tylopod Anoplotherium (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)

Figure 23. Anoplotherium latipes. Ham 3 skeleton. Reconstruction of pronation and supination articulatory positions of proximal left ulna and radius. A, C, pronated. B, D, supinated. Views are anteroproximal (A, B) and anterior (C, D). Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 21. Anoplotherium latipes. Ham 3 skeleton. A, right metatarsal II in Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene-earliest Oligocene tylopod Anoplotherium (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)

Figure 21. Anoplotherium latipes. Ham 3 skeleton. A, right metatarsal II and right mesocuneiform articulated (IWCMS. 1999.128). B, partial pes articulated shown as left, comprising left calcaneum, left cuboid, right mesocuneiform (reversed), left ectocuneiform, left metatarsal III (IWCMS. 1999.128) and left metatarsal II (IWCMS. 2000.390). C, left calcaneum. D, left M/T II. E, left ectocuneiform and M/T III articulated. F, right M/T II. G, right mesocuneiform. H–J, pedal left first phalanx III (IWCMS. 1999.128). K, sesamoid (IWCMS. 1999.128). Views are medial (A, E), anterior (B), lateral (C, D, J), proximal (F), distal (G), dorsal (H), ventral (I) and medial or lateral (K). Coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bar = 50 mm.

Figure 15. Anoplotherium latipes. Ham 3 skeleton, manus. A–C in Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene-earliest Oligocene tylopod Anoplotherium (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)

Figure 15. Anoplotherium latipes. Ham 3 skeleton, manus. A–C, left scaphoid (SMNS.41992). D–F, left unciform (BMNH.M42661) and proximal metacarpal IV (SMNS.42066a) articulated. G, J, P, left metacarpal II. H, I, right metacarpals III and IV, reversed (IWCMS. 1999.128), to show articulation (G) and juxtaposition (J) with left M/C II. K–M, manual right first phalanx IV, reversed (IWCMS. 1999.128). N, O, manual left or right second phalanx III or IV (SMNS.42098). Q, R, right M/C III, reversed. S, right M/C IV reversed. Views are anterior (A, D, G, H), lateral (B, F, P, R), proximal (C, I, J), medial (E, K, Q, S), dorsal (L, O), ventral (M) and medial or lateral (N). Coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bar = 50 mm.

Figure 16. Anoplotherium latipes. Ham 3 in Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene-earliest Oligocene tylopod Anoplotherium (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)

Figure 16. Anoplotherium latipes. Ham 3 skeleton, left os innominatum (IWCMS. 1999.128) in lateral view. A, ilium fragments with acetabulum. B, ischium fragment. Coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bar = 50 mm.