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130 results for “Ascomycetes”
UnFATE: A comprehensive probe set and bioinformatics pipeline for phylogeny reconstruction and multilocus barcoding of filamentous ascomycetes (Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina)
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Data from: Lecanora caperatica (Lecanoraceae, lichenized ascomycetes) a new sorediate species widespread in eastern North America
Lecanora caperatica is described based on collections from throughout temperate eastern North America. It is a crustose sorediate species in the L. subfusca group which has pulcaris-type apothecia, and produces atranorin and caperatic acid often with accessory roccellic/angardianic acid. The species is chemically similar to the European L. mugosphagneti which differs in ecology, thallus morphology and in having albella-type apothecia. The generic placement of L. caperatica, and its affinity to the L. subfusca group, are confirmed by molecular phylogenetic analysis.
Table 2 in A phylogenetic survey of the ascomycete genus Arthrorhaphis (Arthrorhaphidaceae, Lecanoromycetes) including new species in Arthrorhaphis citrinella sensu lato
<p><b>Table 2.</b> Results from the bGMYC analyses for mrSSU, nrITS, and <i>RPB1</i> gene loci.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>mrSSU</th><th>nrITS</th><th><i>RPB1</i></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Likelihood null model</th><td>1231.294</td><td>1199.214</td><td>1160.623</td></tr><tr><th>Maximum likelihood GMYC model</th><td>1264.052</td><td>1230.614</td><td>1180.092</td></tr><tr><th>Likelihood ratio</th><td>65.51679</td><td>62.80141</td><td>38.93693</td></tr><tr><th>Result of likelihood ratio test</th><td>5.884182e-15***</td><td>2.309264e-14***</td><td>3.507144e-09***</td></tr><tr><th>Number of maximum likelihood clusters with confidence interval in brackets</th><td>10 (9–10)</td><td>15 (15–15)</td><td>12 (12–20)</td></tr><tr><th>Number of maximum likelihood entities with confidence interval in brackets</th><td>15 (14–15)</td><td>19 (19–20)</td><td>15 (15–30)</td></tr><tr><th>Threshold time</th><td>–0.002228722</td><td>–0.007533381</td><td>–0.002175746</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 3 in A phylogenetic survey of the ascomycete genus Arthrorhaphis (Arthrorhaphidaceae, Lecanoromycetes) including new species in Arthrorhaphis citrinella sensu lato
<p><b>Table 3.</b> Summary of species delimitations from the bGMYC, bPtP, and bP&P analyses.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>mrSSU</th><th>bGMYC nrITS</th><th><i>RPB1</i></th><th>bPtP</th><th>15</th><th>bP&P</th><th>22</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><i>A. aeruginosa</i></th><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>–</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. alpina</i> s.l. (incl. var. <i>jungens</i>)</th><td>4</td><td>3</td><td>5</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>8</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. arctoparmeliae</i></th><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>–</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. bullata</i></th><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. catolechioides</i></th><td>–</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. citrinella</i></th><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. farinosa</i></th><td>1</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. grisea</i></th><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. muddii</i></th><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. olivaceae</i></th><td>–</td><td>1</td><td>–</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th>“ <i>A. septentrionalis</i> ”</th><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th><i>A</i>. sp. 1</th><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. vulgaris</i></th><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th><i>A. vacillans</i></th><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th><i>Anzina carneonivea</i> (outgroup)</th><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>–</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th>Sum</th><td>15</td><td>19</td><td>15</td><td>17</td><td>15</td><td></td><td>22</td></tr></tbody></table>
FIG. 1 in New species and records of mostly lignicolous dothideomycetous ascomycetes from Brazil
FIG. 1. — Habitus of Melomastia septemseptata sp. nov. (holo-, CGMS). Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 4 in New species and records of mostly lignicolous dothideomycetous ascomycetes from Brazil
FIG. 4. — Ascospores of Melomastia septemseptata sp. nov. (holo-, CGMS). Scale bar: 10 μm.
Data from: Lecanora caperatica (Lecanoraceae, lichenized ascomycetes) a new sorediate species widespread in eastern North America
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Data from: Long-term experimental warming alters community composition of ascomycetes in Alaskan moist and dry arctic tundra
Arctic tundra regions have been responding to global warming with visible changes in plant community composition, including expansion of shrubs and declines in lichens and bryophytes. Even though it is well-known that the majority of arctic plants are associated with their symbiotic fungi, how fungal community composition will be different with climate warming remains largely unknown. In this study, we addressed the effects of long-term (18 years) experimental warming on the community composition and taxonomic richness of soil ascomycetes in dry and moist tundra types. Using deep Ion Torrent sequencing we quantified how OTU assemblage and richness of different orders of Ascomycota changed in response to summer warming. Experimental warming significantly altered ascomycete communities with stronger responses observed in the moist tundra compared to dry tundra. The proportion of several lichenized and moss-associated fungi decreased with warming, while the proportion of several plant and insect pathogens and saprotrophic species was higher in the warming treatment. The observed alterations in both taxonomic and ecological groups of ascomycetes are discussed in relation to previously reported warming-induced shifts in arctic plant communities, including decline in lichens and bryophytes and increase in coverage and biomass of shrubs.
Data from: A crush on small fungi: an efficient and quick method for obtaining DNA from minute ascomycetes
1. We have developed a reliable technique for extracting DNA from single microscopic fungal thalli, including efficient cell disruption and transfer of cell content for subsequent polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The technique was primarily developed for members of the ascomycete order Laboulbeniales, which are minute fungi with tough cell walls that are exceedingly difficult to disrupt with standard extraction techniques. 2. Our method makes routine amplification of DNA from single thalli possible, even from small species or poorly developed individuals. DNA release is accomplished in an entirely mechanical manner using an arbor press fitted with custom-made components. This approach has eliminated additional treatment such as laborious freeze-thaw cycles, enzymes, or lysing agents. 3. The overall PCR success rate of 89% is comparable to or better than alternative protocols that make use of substantially larger amounts of fungal tissue. From 97% of the successful PCRs a total of 156 sequences from four gene regions were produced. 4. Being able to restrict DNA extractions to a single thallus is critical to all genetic studies requiring data at the level of individual, e.g., population genetics. Since all researchers working with minute uncultivable organisms in many respects face the same problems (effective handling of the material, small quantities of DNA etc.), the methodology described here has a potential to be widely applicable. Necessary custom-made components can be manufactured at fairly low cost by any precision-tool workshop using our detail drawings.
Figs. 1–3. 1 in Buchananius sulcatus(Leconte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Baridinae) Reared from the Fruiting Bodies of the Ascomycete FungusTrichoderma peltatum(Berk.) Samuels, Jaklitsch, and Voglmayr in Maryland, USA
Figs. 1–3. 1) Dead, fallen canopy branch of Fagus grandifolia with Trichoderma fungus growing on top; 2) Close-up of Trichoderma peltatum with discharged larval frass on surface; 3) Cross-section of stroma showing two adult Buchananius sulcatus (arrows; inset with enlarged dorsal view) and larval work. Figs. 1 and 2 taken by J. Swearingen on 9 September 2013; Fig. 3 prepared by JP.
Fig. 2 in Botryane, noreudesmane and abietane terpenoids from the ascomycete Hypoxylon rickii
Fig. 2. Selected COSY and HMBC correlations determining the carbon backbones of (A) 1, (B) 7 and (C) 10.
FIGURE 6. Cercophora costarricenses. A. Perithecia. B in Ascomycetes from the relic forest of Oreomunnea mexicana, Oaxaca, Mexico
FIGURE 6. Cercophora costarricenses. A. Perithecia. B. Transverse section of perithecium. C. Ostiole. D. Apical pore of ascus. E. Inmature ascospore. F, G. Ascospores with appendix.
FIGURE 3. Ascocoryne inflata. A, B. Apothecia. C in Ascomycetes from the relic forest of Oreomunnea mexicana, Oaxaca, Mexico
FIGURE 3. Ascocoryne inflata. A, B. Apothecia. C. Globose cells of ectal excipulum. D. Paraphysis. E. Ascospores.
FIGURE 5. Calyculosphaeria macrospora. A. Stromata. B. Ascomata. C. Ascospores. Thelonectria lucida. D, E. Perithecia. F. Conidium. Chaetosphaeria ellisii. G. Perithecia. H in Ascomycetes from the relic forest of Oreomunnea mexicana, Oaxaca, Mexico
FIGURE 5. Calyculosphaeria macrospora. A. Stromata. B. Ascomata. C. Ascospores. Thelonectria lucida. D, E. Perithecia. F. Conidium. Chaetosphaeria ellisii. G. Perithecia. H. Hymenium.
FIGURE 4. Coccomyces limitatus. A. Ascomata. B in Ascomycetes from the relic forest of Oreomunnea mexicana, Oaxaca, Mexico
FIGURE 4. Coccomyces limitatus. A. Ascomata. B. Longitudinal section of ascoma. C. Asci. D. Paraphyses. E. Ascospores.
FIGURE 7. Lasisophaeria ovina. A, B. Perithecia. C. Ostiole. D. Perithecium wall. E in Ascomycetes from the relic forest of Oreomunnea mexicana, Oaxaca, Mexico
FIGURE 7. Lasisophaeria ovina. A, B. Perithecia. C. Ostiole. D. Perithecium wall. E. Apical pore of asci. F–G Ascospores.
Data from: Basidiomycete yeasts in the cortex of ascomycete macrolichens
For over 140 years, lichens have been regarded as a symbiosis between a single fungus, usually an ascomycete, and a photosynthesizing partner. Other fungi have long been known to occur as occasional parasites or endophytes, but the one lichen–one fungus paradigm has seldom been questioned. Here we show that many common lichens are composed of the known ascomycete, the photosynthesizing partner, and, unexpectedly, specific basidiomycete yeasts. These yeasts are embedded in the cortex, and their abundance correlates with previously unexplained variations in phenotype. Basidiomycete lineages maintain close associations with specific lichen species over large geographical distances and have been found on six continents. The structurally important lichen cortex, long treated as a zone of differentiated ascomycete cells, appears to consistently contain two unrelated fungi.
FIGURE 1 in A new species in the genus Circinaria (Lichenized Ascomycetes: Megasporaceae) from Pakistan
FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogeny of selected Circinaria ITS sequences. The reliability of each branch was tested by ML and Bayesian methods. Numbers at tree branches indicate ML bootstrap percentages (left) and Bayesian inference with the Markov chain Monte Carlo (BMCMC) posterior probabilities (right). Thicker branches indicate when the bootstrap value of ML is ≥70% or the BMCMC posterior probability is ≥0.95 or both. GenBank Accession numbers are given to serve as operational taxonomic unit (OTU) names (see Table 1). Originally produced sequences are marked in bold. Megaspora cretacea was used as an outgroup.
FIGURE 2 in A new species in the genus Circinaria (Lichenized Ascomycetes: Megasporaceae) from Pakistan
FIGURE 2. (A–F): Circinaria semicontorta (Holotype). A. Dry thallus B. Apothecia and areoles (dry thallus) C & D. Pycnidia in pseudocyphellae (wet). E. Section of apothecia F. Conidia. Scales: A = 2 cm, B = 0.5 mm, C = 1 mm; D = 1 mm; E = 100 µm, F = 15 µm.
FIGURE 3. 50 in The phylogenetic position of Coniarthonia and the transfer of Cryptothecia miniata to Myriostigma (Arthoniaceae, lichenized ascomycetes)
FIGURE 3. 50% majority-rule consensus tree inferred from mtSSU sequence data produced by a Bayesian analysis and showing the phylogenetic relationships among 45 specimens of Arthoniales. PP values are shown at internal branches.
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