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55 results for “Asian elephant”
Recent estimate of Asian elephants in Borneo reveals a smaller population
<p>Asian elephants occurring in northern Borneo form a geographically isolated and genetically distinct population. Of this, the subpopulation of Central Sabah holds the greatest opportunity for long-term survival, due to a relatively large population size and occurrence over a vast, contiguous, and protected habitat. We surveyed this subpopulation in 2015 using advanced methods to obtain a population size estimate. We used the distance-sampling framework and laid out transects following a stratified random design for counting elephant dung piles; measured dung decay following the 'retrospective' method; and used Bayesian analysis to estimate dung decay rate and dung pile density. Thus, we estimated a posterior mean dung decay rate of 212 days (95% BCI: 133–319), an overall elephant density of 0.07 per km<sup>2</sup> (95% BCI: 0.03–0.11), and a population size of 387 elephants (95% BCI: 169–621). These estimates were far lower than the population size of 1132 individuals and density of 1.18 per km<sup>2 </sup>estimated in 2008. It is unlikely that there has been a steep population decline, as there were no drastic land-use changes between 2008 and 2015, nor were there other identifiable causes for a population decline. Therefore, it appears that the methodological and analytical flaws in the previous estimate are the most plausible reason for this observed difference. Given that the new estimate suggests a much smaller population, it is prudent and precautionary to use the new estimate as the basis for all policy decisions and conservation actions for elephants in Sabah.</p>
Age-specific differences in Asian Elephant defecation, dung decay, detection and their implication for dung count
<p><span>In vertebrate population estimation, converting faecal density into animal density requires information on faecal production rate, decay rate, and faecal density. Differences in the above factors for long-lived species across age classes were not evaluated. We have evaluated these factors associated with the dung count of Asian elephants </span><span>(<em>Elephas maximus</em>) </span><span>in the tropical forest of Southern India. </span></p> <p><span>The defecation rate of elephants was determined in semi-wild elephants at the Mudumalai elephant camp. The relationship between dung bolus diameter and age was determined to estimate the age of the elephant. Total and age-specific elephant density based on dung bolus diameter were estimated. A total of 24 transect lines of 2-4 km (125 km) were sampled in the study area. An experiment was conducted to assess detection probability across the age classes of dung piles. The dung decay rates across age classes and seasons were determined by marking fresh dung piles (n=1551). The dung-based age structure assessment and its limitations were evaluated. </span></p> <p><span>The mean defecation rate was 13.51</span><span>±</span><span>0.51 per day. The defecation rate was significantly lower for the younger age class and increased with the age of elephants. Defecation rates were significantly lower in the wet season than in the dry. </span><span>The dung-boli diameter positively increased with the age of elephants, and the growth curve can be used to predict the age and age structure of the elephant population. </span></p> <p><span>The disparity in the dung production rate results in the lower availability of younger age class (Juvenile and calf) dung in the transect for counting, that results in lower dung abundance. The detection probability of dung piles of younger age classes was low (0.58). The survival rates of dung piles of younger age classes were lower and increased with the age of elephants in the wet season. </span><span>Hence, demography assessment of the population based on dung needs to consider age-specific differences in dung production, decay, and detection probability. Through demography assessment using dung provides insight into population age structure, it has limitations </span><span>in predicting age structure for young elephants. </span></p>
Data from: Visual feedback influences the consistency of the locomotor pattern in Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus)
<p><span>Elephants are atypical of most quadrupeds in that they maintain the same lateral sequence footfall pattern across all locomotor speeds. It has been speculated that the preservation of the footfall patterns is necessary to maintain a statically stable support polygon. This should be a particularly important constraint in large, relatively slow animals. This suggests that elephants must rely on available sensory feedback mechanisms to actively control their massive pillar-like limbs for proper foot placement and sequencing. How the nervous system of elephants integrates the available sensory information for a stable gait is unknown. Here we explored the role that visual feedback plays in the control of the locomotor pattern in elephants. Four Asian elephants (</span><span><em>Elephas maximus</em>)</span><span> walked with and without a blindfold as we measured their stride time intervals. Coefficient of variation was used to assess changes in the overall variability of the stride time intervals, while approximate entropy was used to measure the stride-to-stride consistency of the time intervals. We show that visual feedback plays a role in the stride-to-stride consistency of the locomotor pattern in elephants. These results demonstrate that elephants likely use visual feedback to correct and maintain proper sequencing of the limbs during locomotion. </span></p>
Asian elephant microsatellite genotypes: Nakai Plateau and Sepon mines region, Lao PDR
<p class="MsoNormal">Habitat loss and fragmentation are leading contributors to the endangered status of species. In 2006, the Nakai Plateau contained the largest known Asian elephant (<em>Elephas maximus</em>) population in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), and the population was among those with the highest genetic diversity reported for Asian elephants. In 2008, completion of the Nam Theun 2 hydroelectric dam inundated much of the Plateau, resulting in the loss of 40% of elephant habitat. We<span> studied elephant presence, movements, and the incidence of human–elephant conflict (HEC) on the Nakai Plateau and surrounding areas from 2004-2020, before and for 12 years after dam completion. To examine contemporary population dynamics in the Nakai elephants, we </span>used genetic sampling to compare <span>minimum population numbers, demography, and levels of genetic diversity from the wet and dry seasons in 2018/2019, 10 years after dam completion, </span>with those reported in a pre-dam-completion genetic survey.<span> </span>After dam completion, we found a major increase in HEC locally and the creation of new, serious, and persistent HEC problems as far as 100 km away.<span> </span>While we were unable to compare estimated population sizes before and after dam completion, our data revealed a decrease in genetic diversity, a male-biased sex ratio, and evidence of dispersal from the Plateau by breeding-age females. Our results raise concerns about the long-term viability of this important population as well as that of other species in this region. Given that hydropower projects are of economic importance throughout Laos and elsewhere in southeast Asia, this study has important implications for understanding and mitigating their impact.</p>
Age-specific differences in Asian Elephant defecation, dung decay, detection and their implication for dung count
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Data from: Visual feedback influences the consistency of the locomotor pattern in Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus)
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Data from: Long-term monitoring of seed dispersal by Asian elephants in a Sundaland rainforest
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Asian elephant microsatellite genotypes: Nakai Plateau and Sepon mines region, Lao PDR
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Recent estimate of Asian elephants in Borneo reveals a smaller population
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Asian elephant Microsatellite raw fragment files produced from faecal samples collected in the Prey Lang Extended Landscape, Cambodia
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Data from: Fission–fusion processes weaken dominance networks of female Asian elephants in a productive habitat
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SNP genotyping raw flourescent values from Asian Elephant in Prey Lang Extended Landscape, Cambodia
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Data and R analysis code: Asian elephants distinguish sexual status and identity of unfamiliar elephants using urinary odours
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Data from: How big is it really? Assessing the efficacy of indirect estimates of body size in Asian elephants
Information on an organism's body size is pivotal in understanding its life history and fitness, as well as helping inform conservation measures. However, for many species, particularly large-bodied wild animals, taking accurate body size measurements can be a challenge. Various means to estimate body size have been employed, from more direct methods such as using photogrammetry to obtain height or length measurements, to indirect prediction of weight using other body morphometrics or even the size of dung boli. It is often unclear how accurate these measures are because they cannot be compared to objective measures. Here, we investigate how well existing estimation equations predict the actual body weight of Asian elephants Elephas maximus, using body measurements (height, chest girth, length, foot circumference and neck circumference) taken directly from a large population of semi-captive animals in Myanmar (n = 404). We then define new and better fitting formulas to predict body weight in Myanmar elephants from these readily available measures. We also investigate whether the important parameters height and chest girth can be estimated from photographs (n = 151). Our results show considerable variation in the ability of existing estimation equations to predict weight, and that the equations proposed in this paper predict weight better in almost all circumstances. We also find that measurements from standardised photographs reflect body height and chest girth after applying minor adjustments. Our results have implications for size estimation of large wild animals in the field, as well as for management in captive settings.
Predicting barrier effects of transportation networks on Asian elephants: Implications for environmental impact assessment
<p>The rapid proliferation of transportation networks (TNs) is a threat to wide–ranged animals through habitat erosion, road–kill, and indirect socio–ecological interaction. In most cases, environmental impact assessments of TNs about animals are descriptive and targeted to direct impacts of the "linear features", while indirect and cumulative impacts are relatively neglected. Using spatially explicit data of elephant–caused damage during 2012–2015 in China, we quantified barrier effects of TN on Asian elephants and predicted the effects under a TN expansion scenario using maximum entropy algorithms. We found that TN acted as a strong barrier even for the elephants that have inhabited highly fragmented landscapes for years, with only 18% of the damage occurred on the crossed side of roads. Also, the TN expansion will reduce elephant habitats, exacerbating herd isolation and human–elephant conflict locally. Thus, we suggest that mitigation of the conflicts should be integrated into future environmental impact assessments.</p>
Asian elephants are associated with a more robust mammalian community in tropical forests
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FIGURE 5 in New Entodiniomorphid Ciliates, Buetschlia minuta n. sp., B. cirrata n. sp., Charonina elephanti n. sp., from Asian Elephants of Turkey
FIGURE 5. Photomicrographs of B. cirrata n. sp., a—in MFS, b-c-d—after pyridinated silver carbonate impregnation. ACZ, adoral ciliary zone; AP, adoral polybrachykinety; C, cytostome; CP, cytoproct; CV, contractile vacuole; MA, macronucleus; MI, micronucleus; SC, somatic cilia.
FIGURE 1 in New Entodiniomorphid Ciliates, Buetschlia minuta n. sp., B. cirrata n. sp., Charonina elephanti n. sp., from Asian Elephants of Turkey
FIGURE 1. Schematic figures of Buetschlia minuta n. sp., a—in MFS, b—after pyridinated silver carbonate impregnation. ACZ, adoral ciliary zone; AP, adoral polybrachykinety; C, cytostome; CP, cytoproct; CTV, concretion vacuole; CV, contractile vacuole; MA, macronucleus; MI, micronucleus; PK, paralabial kineties; SCR, somatic ciliary rows; SK, somatic kineties.
FIGURE 6 in New Entodiniomorphid Ciliates, Buetschlia minuta n. sp., B. cirrata n. sp., Charonina elephanti n. sp., from Asian Elephants of Turkey
FIGURE 6. SEM images of B. cirrata n. sp. ACZ, adoral ciliary zone; PK, paralabial kineties; SC, somatic cilia.
FIGURE 3 in New Entodiniomorphid Ciliates, Buetschlia minuta n. sp., B. cirrata n. sp., Charonina elephanti n. sp., from Asian Elephants of Turkey
FIGURE 3. SEM images of B. minuta n. sp. ACZ, adoral ciliary zone; PK, paralabial kineties (arrowhead), SCR, somatic ciliary rows.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.