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Figure 14. a–c in A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 14. a–c, Nepanthia pedicellaris (R = 23 mm, holotype, USNM 32643): a, cleared lower lateral ray, and distinct margin; b, abactinal spinelets; c, adambulacral and actinal plates and spines. d, Pseudonepanthia troughtoni (R = 55 mm, NMV F73977): cleared proximal lateral lower ray, margin, and ambulacrum. e, Pseudonepanthia nigrobrunnea (R = 85 mm, NMV F95810): cleared section of ray with single series of superambulacral plates (arrow), and absence of transactinal and superactinal plates. f, Pseudonepanthia gotoi (R = 70 mm, holotype, USNM 36899): internal cleared view of ambulacral plates, with series of superambulacral plates (arrow).

Figure 13. a in A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 13. a, Indianastra inopinata (R = 19 mm, AM J15254): cleared abactinal surface. b–f, Indianastra sarasini (R = 14 mm, WAM Z6835): b, abactinal ray; c, abactinal elongate subsacciform spinelets, and papulae; d, bare superomarginal plates, and tufts of inferomarginal spinelets; e, oral and proximal actinal spines; f, actinal plates and spines.

Figure 12 in A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 12. Abactinal views of Disasterina species. a, Disasterina abnormalis (R = 11 mm, WAM Z6753). b, Disasterina longispina (R = 25 mm, WAM Z6760).

Figure 10. a–d in A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 10. a–d, Callopatiria granifera (R = 50 mm, NMV F98049); a, mid-ray abactinal primary and secondary plates, spinelets and papulae; b, internal superambulacral (left arrow) and superactinal (right arrow) plates; c, cleared lower lateral ray, with marginal plates, glassy convexities, papulae and secondary plates; d, section through ray showing superactinal (left arrow) and superambulacral (right arrow) plates. e, Disasterina abnormalis (R = 38 mm, WAM Z6749): integument-covered inferomarginal plate (arrow) with two distal sacciform spinelets. f, Disasterina longispina (R = 20 mm, WAM Z6760): abactinal tip of ray, with margin and long upper ray spinelet (arrow). g, Meridiastra atyphoida (R = 12 mm, NMV F87166): minute abactinal conical spinelets. h, Meridiastra occidens (R = 22 mm, NMV F73186): proximal actinal interradius, with oral spines. i, Meridiastra gunnii (R = 40 mm, NMV F73248): interradial margin supported by contiguous projections from abactinal and actinal plates, absence of superambulacral and superactinal plates.

Figure 7 in A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 7. Longitudinal sections through interradii of Anseropoda species, showing internal contiguous projections from abactinal and actinal plates, and absence (b) of superambulacral plates. a, Anseropoda placenta (R = 56 mm, NMV F98043). b, Anseropoda rosacea (R = 82 mm, NMV F95811).

Figure 8. a in A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 8. a, Anseropoda placenta (R = 56 mm, NMV F98043): abactinal plates, spinelets, papulae. b, Anseropoda rosacea (R = 82 mm, NMV F95811): adambulacral and actinal plates and sacciform spines. c–d, Asterina gibbosa (R = 19 mm, NMV F45108): c, actinal interradius with gonopores; d, margin supported by internal contiguous projections from abactinal and actinal plates, absence of superambulacral plates. e, Asterina ocellifera (R = 37 mm, BMNH 1969.12.16.13): margin supported by internal contiguous plate projections, absence of superambulacral and superactinal plates. f–h, Asterinides folium (R = 20 mm, USNM 28573): f, abactinal spinelet clusters and papulae; g, actinal interradius with sacciform spines; h, marginal plates with spinelets. i, Asterinides pompom (R = 14 mm, USNM 47866): abactinal plates with paxilliform elevations.

Figure 5 in A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 5. Forms of spinelets and spines. a, Meridiastra gunnii (NMV F73248): granuliform abactinal spinelets. b, Parvulastra dyscrita (TM H854): globose abactinal spinelets. c, Paranepanthia grandis (NMV F73976): acicular abactinal spinelets. d, Pseudonepanthia gotoi (USNM 36899): splay-pointed abactinal spinelets. e, Parvulastra dyscrita (TM H854): digitiform actinal spines. f, Disasterina longispina (WAM Z6760): sacciform actinal spines.

Figure 4 in A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 4. Abactinal views, with plates removed and cleared with bleach to show internal morphology. a–b, Parvulastra dyscrita (R = 24 mm, TM H854): a, series of superambulacral plates linking ambulacral and actinal plates; b, superactinal plates linking abactinal and actinal plates to support the interradial margin. c, Meridiastra oriens (R = 28 mm, NMV F73468): margin supported by internal contiguous projections of abactinal and actinal plates (arrow), absence of superambulacral and superactinal plates. d, Patiria miniata (R = 65 mm, NMV F97444): multiple superactinal plate struts supporting interradial margin. e, Pseudonepanthia troughtoni (R = 85 mm, NMV F73013): series of superambulacral plates, and thick internal tisue lining. f, Nepanthia belcheri (R = 40 mm, NMV F95806): transactinal plates extending transversely across actinal inner ray, and thick internal tissue lining.

Figure 3 in A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 3. Abactinal views of type species of Asterinidae genera (continued; Tremaster mirabilis is figure 17e). a, Patiria miniata (R = 67 mm, NMV F98040). b, Patiriella regularis (R = 31 mm, AM J5594). c, Pseudonepanthia gotoi (R = 74 mm, holotype, USNM 36899). d, Pseudopatiria obtusa (R = 54 mm, holotype, BMNH 1938.6.23.24). e, Stegnaster inflatus (R = 45 mm, NMV F95675). f, Tegulaster emburyi (R = 19 mm, holotype, AM J5605).

Figure 11. a in A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 11. a, Cryptasterina hystera (R = 11 mm, NMV F98457): abactinal surface with small papulae and granuliform spinelets. b, Parvulastra exigua (R = 10 mm, NMV F98062): abactinal surface with larger papulae and granuliform spinelets.

Figure 9. a–d in A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 9. a–d, Aquilonastra cepheus: a, cleared ray (R = 17 mm, NMV F95793); b, internal superambulacral (left arrow) and superactinal (right arrow) plates (R = 22 mm, WAM Z6778); c, cleared abactinal plates with some sacciform spinelets (R = 17 mm, NMV F95793); d, abactinal margin (R = 22 mm, WAM Z6778). e, Aquilonastra batheri (R = 19 mm, NMV F97441): abactinal carinal plates with tufts of spinelets. f, Aquilonastra coronata (R = 22 mm, NMV F95796): side of ray with paxilliform elevations on upper ray.

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic trees obtained from a concatenated dataset with a in Molecular Systematics and Morphological Analyses of the Subgenus Setihenricia (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Henricia) from Japan

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic trees obtained from a concatenated dataset with a total length of 1,277 bp, consisting of seven mitochondrial genes (16S, tRNA-Ala, tRNA-Leu, tRNA-Asn, tRNA-Gln, tRNA-Pro, and COI). The trees were built based on maximum likelihood (ML, left) and Bayesian inference (BI, right). Values at nodes indicate bootstrap scores from ML and posterior probabilities from BI. Outgroups are only shown in the ML tree with both the support values. Scale bars indicate the number of nucleotide substitutions per site. OTUs sequenced in this study are in bold face. Each letter in parentheses after non-bold OTUs denotes the source: C, Chichvarkhin (2017b); F, Foltz and Rocha- Olivares (unpublished); K, Knott et al. (2018); L, Lopes et al. (2016); M, Matsubara et al. (2004); W, Wada et al. (1996). Circles indicate species listed as Setihenricia in Chichvarkhin and Chichvarkhina (2017). Triangles indicate species morphologically identified as Setihenricia in this study (see Fig. 4A).

Fig. 2 in Molecular Systematics and Morphological Analyses of the Subgenus Setihenricia (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Henricia) from Japan

Fig. 2. Measurements (morphometrics) of four kinds of ossicles of Henricia nipponica (Oshoro): A, dorsal spine (DS); B, adambulacral spine (AdS); C, adambulacral plate (AdP), proximal view; D, ambulacral plate (AmP), proximal view.

Fig. 5 in Molecular Systematics and Morphological Analyses of the Subgenus Setihenricia (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Henricia) from Japan

Fig. 5. Side views of the arms of Henricia nipponica (Oshoro) (A, B) and Henricia tumida (C, D). A, C, Lower magnification; B, D, higher magnification of the rectangle on A and C, respectively. The number of the rows of spines on the inferomarginal plate can be interpreted as either two (solid line), two or three (dashed line), or three (dotted line). Scale bars indicate 1 mm.

Fig. 1 in Molecular Systematics and Morphological Analyses of the Subgenus Setihenricia (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Henricia) from Japan

Fig. 1. Sampling locations of Henricia (circle) and Echinaster (square) specimens around Japan. (1) Off Abashiri, Hokkaido; H. sp. 2 (Abashiri 1), H. sp. 3 (Abashiri 2); (2) Oshoro, Hokkaido; H. nipponica (Oshoro), H. ohshimai (Oshoro); (3) Off Iwanai, Hokkaido; H. reniossa; (4) Akkeshi, Hokkaido; H. reticulata, H. tumida, H. sp. 1 (Akkeshi); (5) Muroran, Hokkaido; H. nipponica (Muroran); (6) Off Iwate; H. hayashii; (7) Off Miyagi; H. kinkasana; (8) Off Fukushima; H. sp. 4 (Fukushima); (9) Misaki, Kanagawa; H. ohshimai (Misaki); (10) Iki Island, Nagasaki; H. regularis; (11) Okinoerabu Island, Kagoshima; H. sp. 8 (Okinoerabu); (12) Iheya Island, Okinawa; E. sepositus; (13) Okinawa Island, Okinawa; H. sp. 5 (Okinawa); (14) Nagannu Island, Okinawa; H. sp. 7 (Nagannu); (15) Aka Island, Okinawa; E. callosus; (16) Miyako Island, Okinawa; H. sp. 6 (Miyako); (17) Iriomote Island, Okinawa; E. luzonicus.

Fig. 4 in Molecular Systematics and Morphological Analyses of the Subgenus Setihenricia (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Henricia) from Japan

Fig. 4. Morphological characters which might be useful to distinguish Setihenricia species from non-Setihenricia species. A, number of rows of spines on each inferomarginal plate; B, SEM images of AdP; C, AdPwidth; D, SEM images of AmP; E, photographs of entire body; F, ratios of AmPwidth/AmPneck/r. See Table 4for abbreviations. Circles on boxplots (A, C, and F) indicate outliers. Specimens that show three (indicated by a vertical dashed line on A) or more rows of the spines can be identified as Setihenricia (Chichvarkhin and Chichvarkhina 2017). Enlarged images of B, D, and E are available in the figshare repository (Wakita et al. 2019).

Fig. 6 in Molecular Systematics and Morphological Analyses of the Subgenus Setihenricia (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Henricia) from Japan

Fig. 6. Morphological characters representing the degree of tapering of spines. A, SEM images of DS; B, ratios of DSbase/DStip; C, SEM images of AdS; D, ratios of AdSbase/AdStip. See Table 4for abbreviations. Circles on boxplots (B and D) indicate outliers. On B and D, a value above one (indicated by a vertical dashed line) can be interpreted that the spine is tapered. Enlarged images of A and C are available in the figshare repository (Wakita et al. 2019).

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Fig.ç3.D isasterina akajimaensis sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6758). A, Anal pore and a patch; B, madreporite; C, proximal part of arm, abactinal view; D, oral plate pair and interradial uncalci ed area, some oral spines have been lost (see also Fig. 6 for oral plate pair and interradial uncalci ed area at another interradius); E, proximal part of ambulacral furrow (oral plates seen at the lower-le corner are drawn in Fig. 6); F, inferomarginal spinelets, abactinal view. Abbreviations: als, actinolateral spine; apo, anal pore; fs, furrow spine; imp, inferomarginal plate; ims, inferomarginal spine; ir, interradial; iua, interradial uncalci ed area; md, madreporite; op, oral plate; os, oral spine; r, radial; rp, rigid patch; sas, subambulacral spine. in A New Asterinid Sea Star, Disasterina akajimaensis (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, with Notes on the Genus Disasterina

Fig.ç3.D isasterina akajimaensis sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6758). A, Anal pore and a patch; B, madreporite; C, proximal part of arm, abactinal view; D, oral plate pair and interradial uncalci ed area, some oral spines have been lost (see also Fig. 6 for oral plate pair and interradial uncalci ed area at another interradius); E, proximal part of ambulacral furrow (oral plates seen at the lower-le corner are drawn in Fig. 6); F, inferomarginal spinelets, abactinal view. Abbreviations: als, actinolateral spine; apo, anal pore; fs, furrow spine; imp, inferomarginal plate; ims, inferomarginal spine; ir, interradial; iua, interradial uncalci ed area; md, madreporite; op, oral plate; os, oral spine; r, radial; rp, rigid patch; sas, subambulacral spine.

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Fig. 3 in First Record of the Family Myxasteridae (Asteroidea: Velatida) from Western North Pacific with Description of a New Species of Asthenactis

Fig. 3. Abactinal views of Asthenactis agni n. sp. Holotype, NSMT E-13917. A, Whole body; B, denuded abactinal surface at proximal part of arm; C, denuded abactinal surface at middle part of arm; D, denuded abactinal surface at the center of the disc; E, abactinal surface at proximal part of arm; F, abactinal surface at middle part of arm. Abbreviations: abp, abactinal plates; abs, abactinal spines; an, anus; fa, fascicles of abactinal spines; r, primary radial plates. Scale bars indicate 10 mm in A and 1 mm in B–F. Proximal is left in B, C, E, and F.