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Elemental and isotopic composition of bronze axes from Léon (France)
<p>This dataset contains analyses of 31 copper-alloy axes from Léon (Landes, France).<br><br><strong>Material</strong></p> <p>31 copper-alloy axes were analyzed. Each artefact was weighed, photodocumented, and 3D digitized before sampling. Each artefact was sampled twice using a single-use saw blade. The first sample was taken from the heel of the axes, after which the surface was mechanically cleaned to remove surface corrosion. These samples were used to measure lead isotope ratios. The second sample, a few cubic millimeters in size, was taken from the edge of the blades. These micro-samples were mounted, then ground and polished to a 0.25 mm diamond finish to create a surface suitable for SEM-EDS analyses.</p> <p><strong>Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry</strong></p> <p>The elemental composition of the samples was obtained by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry using two Oxford Ultim Max 100 spectrometers, coupled with scanning electron microscopy imaging (JEOL JSM IT500HR variable-pressure microscope). Measurements were carried out under a partial vacuum (20 Pa) with an acceleration voltage of 20 kV to avoid charging phenomena. The acquisition time was 60 seconds per spectrum over the 0-20 keV energy range. For all EDS spectra, the dead time during acquisition was around 30%, with an average number of counts per spectrum greater than 106.</p> <p>Due to the presence of arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) in the same samples, the As L ray series and the Pb M ray series were used for EDS analyses to avoid line overlap with the As K ray series and Pb L ray series. Six measurements were carried out on each sample, with the area analyzed in each measurement being approximately 0.05 mm². For each sample, the compositional mean (Aitchison 1986) of the six measurements was used. Results are expressed as mass percentages, normalized to 100%. Values below 0.5% should be interpreted with caution, but they are retained in the general composition as they provide qualitative information.</p> <p>The file leon_elements.csv contains all elemental compositions, with the following columns:</p> <ul> <li><em>code</em>: sample reference.</li> <li><em>O</em>,<em>Mg</em>,<em>Al</em>,<em>Si</em>,<em>S</em>,<em>Fe</em>,<em>Ni</em>,<em>Cu</em>,<em>Zn</em>,<em>As</em>,<em>Sn</em>,<em>Pb</em>: amounts (%)</li> </ul> <p><strong>Multi-collection mass spectrometry</strong></p> <p>Lead isotope ratios were measured by multi-collection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) at the Service d'Analyse des Roches et Minéraux (SARM) of the Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (UMR 7358 CRPG).</p> <p>Samples were weighed into 15 mL Savillex vial, and HNO3 was added. The solution was heated at 115°C for at least 72 hours, evaporated, then mixed with HCl and heated again for 24 hours or until the sample was completely dissolved. After evaporation, 1 mL of 0.8 M HBr was added to place the sample in the same medium as that used in the ion exchange column.</p> <p>Each sample was loaded onto approximately 50 microliters of AG1X8 resin in micro-columns (see Manhes et al. 1980), then 2 mL of 0.8 M HBr were used for elution. Lead was collected in 2 mL of 6M HCl (4 x 0.5 mL), dried, and redissolved in 1 mL of 0.5 M HNO3.</p> <p>Pb analyses were performed on an MC-ICP-MS (Neptune Plus, Thermo Electron) using Tl (NIST 997) as an external standard for mass bias (White, Albarède, and Télouk 2000). The Tl and Pb values used for NIST 981 are those of Thirlwall (2002).</p> <p>The file leon_isotopes.csv contains all lead isotopes ratios, with the following columns:</p> <ul> <li><em>CRPG</em>, <em>BDX</em>: sample references.</li> <li><em>Pb_206_204</em>, <em>Pb_206_204_error</em>: 206Pb/204Pb ratio and error.</li> <li><em>Pb_207_204</em>, <em>Pb_207_204_error</em>: 207Pb/204Pb ratio and error.</li> <li><em>Pb_208_204</em>, <em>Pb_208_204_error</em>: 208Pb/204Pb ratio and error.</li> <li><em>Pb_207_206</em>, <em>Pb_207_206_error</em>: 207Pb/206Pb ratio and error.</li> <li><em>Pb_206_207</em>, <em>Pb_206_207_error</em>: 206Pb/207Pb ratio and error.</li> <li><em>Pb_208_206</em>, <em>Pb_208_206_error</em>: 208Pb/206Pb ratio and error.</li> </ul>
FIG. 1. — Axes A1, A2 and A3 in The architecture of Phyllanthus acuminatus Vahl: a prelude to understanding the architectural evolution in the Phyllanthaceae
FIG. 1. — Axes A1, A2 and A3 of Phyllanthus acuminatus Vahl. The combination of A2 and A3 is clearly similar to a compound leaf (phyllomorphic branch).
FIG. 14 in Les Brachiopodes du Jurassique inférieur et moyen en Tunisie centrale (Axe Nord-Sud). Un nouveau témoin du Domaine paléobiogéographique ouest-téthysien
FIG. 14. — Distribution des brachiopodes étudiés, selon une carte paléogéographique simplifiée de la région péri-téthysienne au Jurassique moyen (d'après Thierry 2000): 1, Axe Nord-Sud central; 2, Provence méridionale; 3, Quercy; 4, Bordure sud-armoricaine; 5, Pyrénées; 6, Chaînes ibériques et catalanes; 7, Sous-bassin nord lusitanien; 8, Ouarsenis; 9, Algérie occidentale (Monts de Saïda et de Tlemcen); 10, Maroc oriental; 11, Moyen Atlas; 12, Atlas, Monts des Ksour; 13, Lyonnais, Bourgogne, Jura; 14, Wurtemberg; 15, Normandie; 16, Somerset, Dorset; 17, Sinaï; 18, Jordanie; 19, Negev; 20, Arabie Saoudite.
FIG. 2 in Les Brachiopodes du Jurassique inférieur et moyen en Tunisie centrale (Axe Nord-Sud). Un nouveau témoin du Domaine paléobiogéographique ouest-téthysien
FIG. 2. — Le Toarcien du Jebel Sidi Khalif, coupe de Khechem El Kelb, répartition des brachiopodes et des ammonites; la biozonation des ammonites est celle du Groupe Français d'étude du Jurassique (1997). Légende: 1, biostromes de térébratulidés; 2, biostromes de rhynchonellidés; 3, niveaux condensés à ammonites; 4, marne; 5, calcaire argileux; 6, calcaire ferrugineux oolithique; 7, calcaire.
FIG. 13. — A in Les Brachiopodes du Jurassique inférieur et moyen en Tunisie centrale (Axe Nord-Sud). Un nouveau témoin du Domaine paléobiogéographique ouest-téthysien
FIG. 13. — A, Tubithyris chouberti Rousselle, 1965, Bajocien inférieur, zone à Humphriesianum, Khechem El Kelb Est, niveau KEKE.14, PFT337; B,? Ornithella boxensis Muir-Wood, 1936, Bathonien moyen, zone à Bremeri, Khechem El Kelb, niveau KEK.33, PFT338.
FIG. 6. — A-C in Les Brachiopodes du Jurassique inférieur et moyen en Tunisie centrale (Axe Nord-Sud). Un nouveau témoin du Domaine paléobiogéographique ouest-téthysien
FIG. 6. — A-C, Pseudogibbirhynchia jurensis (Quenstedt, 1852), Toarcien inférieur, zone à Serpentinum, Châabet El Attaris: A, niveau CHA.0, PFT312; B, C, niveau CHA.1, PFT313 (B), PFT314 (C); variabilité de l'espèce. D-F, Pseudogibbirhynchia praedifformis (Flamand, 1911), Toarcien moyen, zone à Bifrons, sous-zone à Sublevisoni, Khechem El Kelb, niveau KEK.4, PFT315 (D), PFT316 (E), PFT317 (F), variabilité de l'espèce. Échelle: 1 cm.
FIG. 12 in Les Brachiopodes du Jurassique inférieur et moyen en Tunisie centrale (Axe Nord-Sud). Un nouveau témoin du Domaine paléobiogéographique ouest-téthysien
FIG. 12. — Telothyris jauberti (Deslongchamps, 1863), Toarcien inférieur, zone à Serpentinum: A-C, Khechem El Kelb, niveau KEK.2, PFT331 (A), PFT332 (B), PFT333 (C); D-F, Châabet El Attaris, niveau CHA.1, PFT334 (D), PFT335 (E), PFT336 (F); A, B, deux coquilles de taille croissante, avec un contour ovale allongé; C, coquille ovale allongée avec sulciplication élevée; D, E, deux coquilles de taille croissante, avec un contour circulaire; F, coquille ovale allongée planoplissée. Mensurations des exemplaires figurés: voir Tableau 3. Échelle: 1 cm.
FIG. 11. — A-C in Les Brachiopodes du Jurassique inférieur et moyen en Tunisie centrale (Axe Nord-Sud). Un nouveau témoin du Domaine paléobiogéographique ouest-téthysien
FIG. 11. — A-C, Sphaeroidothyris elmii Alméras & Moulan, 1988, Bathonien moyen, zone à Bremeri, Khechem El Kelb: A, niveau KEK.33, PFT328; B, niveau KEK.36, PFT329; C, niveau KEK.35, PFT330. Morphogenèse illustrée par trois spécimens de taille croissante. Échelle: 1 cm.
FIG. 1. — A in Les Brachiopodes du Jurassique inférieur et moyen en Tunisie centrale (Axe Nord-Sud). Un nouveau témoin du Domaine paléobiogéographique ouest-téthysien
FIG. 1. — A, carte géologique synthétique de la Tunisie et localisation des principaux affleurements de Jurassique; B, carte structurale schématique de l'Axe Nord-Sud.
FIG. 4 in Les Brachiopodes du Jurassique inférieur et moyen en Tunisie centrale (Axe Nord-Sud). Un nouveau témoin du Domaine paléobiogéographique ouest-téthysien
FIG. 4. — Soaresirhynchia bouchardi (Davidson, 1852). Toarcien inférieur, zone à Serpentinum, sous-zone à Elegantulum. Khechem El Kelb, niveau KEK.1. Spécimens avec: A, B, deux côtes, PFT300 (A), PFT301(B); C-E, trois côtes PFT302 (C), PFH303 (D), PFT304 (E); F, quatre côtes (PFT305) sur le pli médian dorsal (collection Ph. Fauré). Il est déposé dans les collections de l'Office national des Mines de Tunis. Échelle: 1 cm.
FIG. 3 in Les Brachiopodes du Jurassique inférieur et moyen en Tunisie centrale (Axe Nord-Sud). Un nouveau témoin du Domaine paléobiogéographique ouest-téthysien
FIG. 3. – Le Jurassique moyen (Bajocien à Callovien) de la partie centrale de l'Axe Nord-Sud. Comparaison des coupes de Khechem El Kelb (Jebel Sidi Khalif) et du Châabet El Attaris. Répartition des brachiopodes dans le cadre zonal donné par les ammonites (* nouvelle datation apportée par le présent travail). Légende identique à la Fig. 2 sauf: 1, biostromes de brachiopodes; 2, ammonites ayant permis une datation.
FIG. 9. — A-C in Les Brachiopodes du Jurassique inférieur et moyen en Tunisie centrale (Axe Nord-Sud). Un nouveau témoin du Domaine paléobiogéographique ouest-téthysien
FIG. 9. — A-C, Quadratirhynchia vasconcellosi (Choffat in Dubar, 1931), Toarcien inférieur, zone à Serpentinum, Khechem El Kelb; A, spécimen miniaturisé précocement uniplissé (niveau KEK.2), PFT323; B, C, variabilité de la costulation, avec (C) coquille la plus densément costée (Nvd = 25) (niveau KEK.3), PFT324 (B), PFT325 (C). Mensurations des exemplaires figurés: voir Tableau 1. Échelle: 1 cm.
FIG. 10. — A, B in Les Brachiopodes du Jurassique inférieur et moyen en Tunisie centrale (Axe Nord-Sud). Un nouveau témoin du Domaine paléobiogéographique ouest-téthysien
FIG. 10. — A, B, Sphaeroidothyris lenthayensis (Richardson & Walker, 1907), Bathonien inférieur, zone à Zigzag, sous-zone à Parvum, Châabet El Attaris, niveaux CHA.10, PFT327 (B) et CHA.12, PFT326 (A). Échelle: 1 cm.
FIG. 8. — A-C in Les Brachiopodes du Jurassique inférieur et moyen en Tunisie centrale (Axe Nord-Sud). Un nouveau témoin du Domaine paléobiogéographique ouest-téthysien
FIG. 8. — A-C, Quadratirhynchia vasconcellosi (Choffat in Dubar, 1931), Toarcien inférieur, zone à Serpentinum. Khechem El Kelb: A-C, trois spécimens de taille croissante (niveau KEK.2), PFT320 (A), PFT321 (B), PFT322 (C). Mensurations des exemplaires figurés: voir Tableau 1. Échelle: 1 cm.
FIG. 5. — A-C in Les Brachiopodes du Jurassique inférieur et moyen en Tunisie centrale (Axe Nord-Sud). Un nouveau témoin du Domaine paléobiogéographique ouest-téthysien
FIG. 5. — A-C, Soaresirhynchia bouchardi (Davidson, 1852), Toarcien inférieur, zone à Serpentinum, sous-zone à Elegantulum: A, Morphe prerenzi (PFT306); B, PFT307; C, PFT308; D, E, Soaresirhynchia rustica (Dubar, 1931), Toarcien inférieur, zone à Serpentinum, sous-zone à Elegantulum, Khechem El Kelb, niveau KEK.1, PFT309 (D), PFT310 (E). Variabilité de la densité de la costulation (Nvd = 15 et 12 côtes). Échelle: 1 cm.
Text-fig. 28. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Goczania inaequalis sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment that yielded the pollen in (b–f, k); b) Group of pollen grains showing distal and proximal surfaces and inner surface of anther wall with densely spaced orbicules; c) Inner surface of anther wall showing small, spherical orbicules with microechinate sculpturing; d, e, j–l) Pollen grains in distal and equatorial view (k) showing the long colpus with an irregular margin flanked by narrow bands of poorly differentiated microechinate; note that colpus is aligned perpendicular to the longest axes in elliptical grains and that the pollen wall is almost psilate around the equator and in the distal in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 28. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Goczania inaequalis sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment that yielded the pollen in (b–f, k); b) Group of pollen grains showing distal and proximal surfaces and inner surface of anther wall with densely spaced orbicules; c) Inner surface of anther wall showing small, spherical orbicules with microechinate sculpturing; d, e, j–l) Pollen grains in distal and equatorial view (k) showing the long colpus with an irregular margin flanked by narrow bands of poorly differentiated microechinate; note that colpus is aligned perpendicular to the longest axes in elliptical grains and that the pollen wall is almost psilate around the equator and in the distal
Figure 2. The paraconsistent plane where the axes G1 and G2 in A Case Study of Wavelets and SVM Application in Coffee Agriculture: Detecting Cicadas Based on Their Acoustic and Image Patterns
Figure 2. The paraconsistent plane where the axes G1 and G2 represent the degrees of certainty and contradiction, respectioely. P = (G1, G2) = (α ̅ β, α + β ̅ 1), drawn in blue just to exemplify, is an important element for our analysis: The closer it is to the corner (1,0), the weaker the classifier associated with the features oector can be. The oalues of α and β are derioed from intra-class and inter-class analyses, respectioely, as detailed in [17].
Utilising quadrat.count and quadrat.test to understand metal axes as spatial point patterns
<p>As part of a Master's thesis, the spatial distribution and density of metal axes found by private metal detectorists were assessed in relation to different covariates: soil type, soil texture, land cover and estimated preservation capacity (Kibblewhite et al. 2016). The data derives from England and Wales (Portable Antiquities Scheme), Denmark (Digitale Metaldetektorfund) and the Netherlands (Portable Antiquities Scheme). Calculations were performed with the functions 'quadrat.count', 'intensity.quadratcount' and 'quadrat.test' in R. There are three separate .Rmd files per country, each refering to a particular covariable.</p>
LOTR sword, axe, shield, helmet
Old works based on the books "The Lord of the rings" and arts by Ted Nasmith. **Battle Axe** About model * vert: 3839 * faces: 3913 * tris: 7532 *Textures 4k: normal, metallic, basecolor, roughness* **Sword** About model * vert: 6404 * faces: 6509 * tris: 12640 *Textures 4k: normal, metallic, basecolor, roughness* **Shield Dol Amroth** About model * vert: 4572 * faces: 4626 * tris: 8516 *Textures 4k: normal, metallic, basecolor, roughness* **Helmet Dol Amroth** About model * vert: 7276 * faces: 7512 * tris: 14168 *Textures 4k: normal, metallic, basecolor, roughness* Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Grooved Axe
**Three-quarter grooved axe** Location: Doerschuk site D10, Davidson County, North Carolina. Period: Late Archaic (3000-1000 BC). Material: granite. Dimensions: length, 178.0 mm; width, 81.4 mm; thickness, 65.1 mm. Notes: Uncataloged specimen donated by Herbert M. Doerschuk, North Carolina Archaeological Collection, Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Illustrated in *Town Creek Indian Mound: A Native American Legacy,* by Joffre L. Coe, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1995, Figure 10.20B. Model by Steve Davis. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
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