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49 results for “Bacterial symbiont”
No evidence of bacterial symbionts influencing host specificity in Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
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Contrasting influences on bacterial symbiont specificity by co-occurring deep-sea mussels and tubeworms
<p>Relationships between deep-sea invertebrates and bacterial symbionts, fueled by sulfide and methane, are well known, yet factors influencing symbiont specificity remain cryptic. For animals that obtain their symbionts from the environment, both host identity and geographic location can impact the ultimate symbiont partner. Bacterial symbionts were analyzed for 3 co-occurring species each of <i>Bathymodiolus</i> mussels and vestimentiferan tubeworms, from three deep methane seeps off the west coast of Costa Rica. The bacterial internal transcribed spacer gene was analyzed via direct and barcoded amplicon sequencing to reveal fine-scale symbiont diversity. Each of the three mussel species (<i>B. earlougheri, B. billschneideri </i>and<i> B. nancyschneideri</i>) hosted genetically-distinct thiotrophic endosymbionts, despite living nearly side-by-side in their habitat, suggesting that host identity is influential in driving symbiont specificity.<b> </b>The dominant thiotrophic symbiont of co-occurring tubeworms <i>Escarpia spicata</i> and <i>Lamellibrachia (L. barhami </i>and<i> L. donwalshi)</i>, on the other hand, was identical regardless of host species or sample location, suggesting lack of influence by either factor on symbiont selectivity in this group of animals. These findings highlight the specific, yet distinct, influences on the environmental acquisition of symbionts in two foundational invertebrates with similar lifestyles, and provide a rapid and precise method of examining symbiont identities.</p>
Data from: Photoautotrophic symbiont and geography are major factors affecting highly structured and diverse bacterial communities in the lichen microbiome
Although common knowledge dictates that the lichen thallus is formed solely by a fungus (mycobiont) that develops a symbiotic relationship with an alga and/or cyanobacterium (photobiont), the non-photoautotrophic bacteria found in lichen microbiomes are increasingly regarded as integral components of lichen thalli. For this study, comparative analyses were conducted on lichen-associated bacterial communities to test for effects of photobiont-types (i.e., green algal vs. cyanobacterial), mycobiont-types, and large-scale spatial distances (from tropical to arctic latitudes). Amplicons of the 16S (SSU) rRNA gene were examined using both Sanger sequencing of cloned fragments and barcoded pyrosequencing. Rhizobiales is typically the most abundant and taxonomically diverse order in lichen microbiomes; however, overall bacterial diversity in lichens is shown to be much higher than previously reported. Members of Acidobacteriaceae, Acetobacteraceae, Brucellaceae, and sequence group LAR1 are the most commonly found groups across the phylogenetically and geographically broad array of lichens examined here. Major bacterial community trends are significantly correlated with differences in large-scale geography, photobiont-type, and mycobiont-type. The lichen as a microcosm represents a structured, unique microbial habitat with greater ecological complexity and bacterial diversity than previously appreciated and can serve as a model system for studying larger ecological and evolutionary principles.
Data from: Differential aphid toxicity to ladybeetles is not a function of host plant or facultative bacterial symbionts
Herbivores often defend themselves from predation by transmitting toxic plant-produced chemicals to their enemies. Polyphagous herbivores sometimes exhibit differential toxicity when found on various host plant species, which is generally assumed to reflect variation in plant chemistry. Here, however, we provide evidence that host-associated herbivore lineages can intrinsically differ in their toxic properties. Lineages of Aphis craccivora originating from black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) are unsuitable food for the ladybeetle Harmonia axyridis, resulting in death of both larvae and adults, whereas aphid lineages originating from alfalfa (Medicago sativa) support larval development and adult reproduction. We show that locust-origin aphids remain toxic and alfalfa-origin aphids remain non-toxic when reared on any of three legume plants (fava, alfalfa or locust). Furthermore, toxicity is not a function of the facultative bacterial symbiont Arsenophonus, which is naturally present in locust-origin aphid lineages and facilitates aphid use of locust. Experimentally cured locust-origin lineages remain toxic, and an experimentally transinfected alfalfa-origin lineage remains non-toxic to H. axyridis. Instead, Arsenophonus plays an indirect role in the distribution of toxic aphid lineages by facilitating aphid use of locust. It is the parthenogenetic coinheritance of Arsenophonus and the toxic trait that observationally correlates locust-feeding with toxicity in A. craccivora, rather than host plant chemistry per se. Our results clearly demonstrate that aphid lineages intrinsically vary in their toxic properties in a way that neither plant chemistry nor bacterial symbionts can explain. A more inclusive paradigm is needed for understanding variation in herbivore defence against predators.
Recent genetic drift in the co-diversified gut bacterial symbionts of laboratory mice
<p>Daniel D. Sprockett (1), Brian A. Dillard (1), Abigail A. Landers (2), Jon G. Sanders (1), Andrew H. Moeller (1,2)*</p> <p>1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA<br>2 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA<br>*To whom correspondence should be addressed: andrew.moeller@princeton.edu</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Laboratory mice (<em>Mus musculus domesticus</em>) harbor gut bacterial strains that are distinct from those of wild mice but whose evolutionary histories are unclear. Understanding the divergence of laboratory-mouse gut microbiota (LGM) from wild-mouse gut microbiota (WGM) is critical, because LGM and WGM have been previously shown to differentially affect mouse immune-cell proliferation, infection resistance, cancer progression, and ability to model drug outcomes for humans. Here, we show that laboratory mice have retained gut bacterial symbiont lineages that diversified in parallel (co-diversified) with rodent species for > 25 million years, but that LGM strains of these ancestral symbionts have experienced accelerated accumulation of genetic load during the past ~ 120 years of captivity. Compared to closely related WGM strains, co-diversified LGM strains displayed significantly faster genome-wide rates of fixation of nonsynonymous mutations, indicating elevated genetic drift, a difference that was absent in non-co-diversified symbiont clades. Competition experiments in germ-free mice further indicated that LGM strains within co-diversified clades displayed significantly reduced fitness in vivo compared to WGM relatives to an extent not observed within non-co-diversified clades. Thus, stochastic processes (e.g., bottlenecks), not natural selection in the laboratory, have been the predominant evolutionary forces underlying divergence of co-diversified symbiont strains between laboratory and wild house mice. Our results show that gut bacterial lineages conserved in diverse rodent species have acquired novel mutational burdens in laboratory mice, providing an evolutionary rationale for restoring laboratory mice with wild gut bacterial strain diversity.</p>
Data from: Widespread extinctions of co-diversified gut bacterial symbionts from humans
<p><span>Humans and other primates harbour complex gut bacterial communities that influence health and disease, but the evolutionary histories of these symbioses remain unclear due to a lack of information about the state of the microbiota in ancestral primates. Here we show that hundreds of gut bacterial lineages co-diversified with primate species over millions of years, but that nearly half of these ancestral symbionts have been lost from humans. Analyses of thousands of metagenome-assembled genomes from humans, chimpanzees, bonobos, and other non-human primates revealed significant co-diversification within ten gut bacterial phyla. Remarkably, 44% of the co-diversifying clades detected in African apes were absent from available human metagenomic data. In contrast, only ~3% of the clades displaying the weakest evidence for co-diversification and detected in African apes were absent from humans. This study identifies bacterial symbioses that predate hominid diversification, revealing accelerated extinctions of ancestral, co-diversifying symbionts from human populations. </span></p>
Data from: Widespread extinctions of co-diversified gut bacterial symbionts from humans
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Data from: Differential aphid toxicity to ladybeetles is not a function of host plant or facultative bacterial symbionts
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Contrasting influences on bacterial symbiont specificity by co-occurring deep-sea mussels and tubeworms
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Data from: Partner associations across sympatric broad-headed bug species and their environmentally acquired bacterial symbionts
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Data from: Engineering bacterial symbionts of nematodes improves biocontrol potential of the western corn rootworm
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Data from: Photoautotrophic symbiont and geography are major factors affecting highly structured and diverse bacterial communities in the lichen microbiome
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Data from: Raw whole Drosophila genome sequence traces have contaminant sequences from bacterial symbionts
Many Drosophila genomes have been sequenced and assembled recently, and many more genome sequencing projects are in progress. However, Drosophila have bacterial, fungal, and protozoan symbionts, and the DNA of these symbionts may be isolated in the process of sequencing Drosophila genomes. Here, we assess how much sequence is isolated from these symbionts and if the sequence contamination affected how these Drosophila genomes were assembled. We do find raw sequence from bacterial symbionts and humans in Drosophila genome sequence traces analyzed. Surprisingly, the four most-common contaminant species were shared among the Drosophila genomes. However, we do not find evidence of bacterial sequences in two published Drosophila genome assemblies.
Data from: Tadpole body size and behavior alter the social acquisition of a defensive bacterial symbiont
Individual differences in host phenotypes can generate heterogeneity in the acquisition and transmission of microbes. Although this has become a prominent factor of disease epidemiology, host phenotypic variation might similarly underlie the transmission of microbial symbionts that defend against pathogen infection. Using green frog (Lithobates clamitans) tadpoles, we test whether body size and behavior influence the social acquisition of a skin bacterium, Janthinobacterium lividum, which in some hosts can confer protection against infection by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, the causative agent of the amphibian skin disease chytridiomycosis. We measured body size and boldness (time spent in an open field) of green frog tadpoles and haphazardly constructed groups of six individuals. In some groups we exposed one individual in each group to J. lividum and, in other groups, we inoculated a patch of aquarium pebbles to J. lividum. After 24hr, we swabbed each individual to estimate the presence of J. lividum on their skin. On average, tadpoles acquired nearly four times more bacteria when housed with an exposed individual compared to those housed with a patch of inoculated substrate. When tadpoles were housed with an exposed group-mate, larger and "bolder" individuals acquired more bacteria. These data suggest that phenotypically-biased acquisition of defensive symbionts might generate biased patterns of mortality from the pathogens against which they protect.
Figure 3 in New host detection of the parasitic mite, Erythraeus pistacicus (Trombidiformes: Erythraeidae) from Iran and indication of possible infection with bacterial symbionts
Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree based on wsp sequences of Wolbachia, constructed by a neighbor-joining procedure. Wolbachia strains are depicted by the host name. The accession numbers are shown after the host name. Numbers on the nodes indicate bootstrap percent confidence values.
Figure 8 in Basic laboratory and field manual for conducting research with the entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, and their bacterial symbionts
Figure 8. Scanning electron microscopy images of Steinernema beitlechemi male. A, B: First generation male. A: Tail with paired genital papillae (numbered), single papilla (s) and post-deirid (arrow), dorso-lateral; B: Spicules with rounded tip, ventro-lateral. C–E: Secondgeneration male. C: Tail with paired genital papillae (numbered), single papilla (s) and postdeirid (arrow), lateral; D: Postdeirid, detail; E: Tail with part of paired genital papillae (numbered), single papilla (s) and mucron (m), ventro-lateral.
Figure 9 in Basic laboratory and field manual for conducting research with the entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, and their bacterial symbionts
Figure 9. Light microscopy (LM) images of infective juvenile, male and female of Steinernema biddulphi. A, C. First generation female. A. Tail region. C. Vulval region. B, D. Second generation female. B. Tail region. D. Vulval region. E. First generation male, tail with spicules and gubernaculum. F. Second generation male, tail with spicules and gubernaculum. G, H. Infective juvenile. G. Anterior portion showing rounded head and excretory pore (arrow). H. Tail with anus and hyaline region.
Data from: Raw whole Drosophila genome sequence traces have contaminant sequences from bacterial symbionts
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Data from: Bacterial symbiont sharing in Megalomyrmex social parasites and their fungus-growing ant hosts
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Data from: Tadpole body size and behavior alter the social acquisition of a defensive bacterial symbiont
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