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Figure 6 in Biogeography of the high mountain Lepidoptera in the Balkan Peninsula

Figure 6. Vertical distribution of the species of the Erebia pluto group + E. melas in European high mountains. The niche overlap is between the synpatric species is mostly insignificant.

Figure 3 in Biogeography of the high mountain Lepidoptera in the Balkan Peninsula

Figure 3. Distribution of Erebia gorge on the Balkan peninsula and in the Carpathians. The populations of the southeastern Alps and western Balcanic mountains are closely related, the populations of the Carpathians and the Bulgarian high mountains belong to an other group. Legend: western subspecies: G – Erebia gorge gorge; V – E. gorge vagana; H – E. gorge hercegovinensis(Dinaric Mts); A – E. gorge albanica; (the latter with reduction of apical ocelli); eastern subspecies: R – E. gorge rudkwskyi; FKE. gorge fridericikoenigi; P – E. gorge pirinica(in Rila Mts often in f. triopes).

Figure 2 in Biogeography of the high mountain Lepidoptera in the Balkan Peninsula

Figure 2. Distribution of Erebia epiphron and Erebia orientalis in the Carpathians and on the Balkan peninsula. Legend: 1 – Erebia epiphron aetherius: the widely distributed eastern Alpine – western Balkanic subspecies group (in Pelister: E. epiphron roosi, (1a)); 2 – Erebia epiphron transsylvanica; or – Erebia orientalis, different subspeces in Stara Planina, Rila and Pirin.

Figure 1 in Biogeography of the high mountain Lepidoptera in the Balkan Peninsula

Figure 1. Southern boundary of arcticalpine and alpine species on the Balkan peninsula and the Adamović line. The high mountain systems of southeastern Europe, their number of arcticalpine marcoLepidoptera species (numbers in circles) and the occurrence of xeromontane species (triangles). The Adamović line is marked with "A". The southern boundary of true alpine and arcticalpine species is marked with broken line. Legend: EC – Eastern Central Alps; JA – Julian Alps; HT – High Tatra & Belanské Tatry; R – Rodna Alps; BC – Bucegi and Piatra Craiului; Rt – Retezat Mts; Tr, Pr, Cv, V –Trebević, Prenj, Cvrstnica, Vranica planina; D – Durmitor & Maglić; NA – N Albanian Alps; S – Šar Planina; Jb – Jablanica; Ko – Korab; R – Rila Mts; P – Pirin Mts; Ro – Rodopi Mts; AB – Ali Botus–Orvilos; F – Falakron; B – Baba Planina (Pelister); G – Galičica Planina; T – Tomor; Gr Grammos; O – Olympos; Sm – Smolika; Ty – Trychonis; Parnassos; Ch – Chelmos; E – Erymanthos; K – Korynthos; T – Taygetos; Pn – Parnon.

Fig. 19 in 3D X-ray microscopy (Micro-CT) and SEM reveal Zospeum troglobalcanicum Absolon, 1916 and allied species from the Western Balkans (Ellobioidea: Carychiidae)

Fig. 19. Zospeum simplex Inäbnit, Jochum & Neubert, 2021, (SMF 349425) Scanning Electron Microscopy images. A. Protoconch and upper teleoconch showing microstructure of superficial pitting. B. Close up view of pitting microstructure. C. Last whorl with axial ribbing extending beyond peristome lip. D. Close up view of second whorl showing rows of interrupted dashes of radial pitting. E. Growth lines and radial banding on teleoconch. F. Close up view of growth lines and shell microstructure.

Fig. 22 in 3D X-ray microscopy (Micro-CT) and SEM reveal Zospeum troglobalcanicum Absolon, 1916 and allied species from the Western Balkans (Ellobioidea: Carychiidae)

Fig. 22. Sites of localities and collections. A. Site of type locality of Zospeum njunjicae Jochum, Schilthuizen & Ruthensteiner sp. nov., Golubova pećina, Gornja Seoca, Montenegro. Credit: I. Njunjić. B. Collection site within St John's cave, type locality of Z. kolbae Jochum, Inäbnit, Kneubühler & Ruthensteiner sp. nov. and Z. njegusiense Jochum & Ruthensteiner sp. nov., Njeguši, Montenegro (42.4307° N, 18.8115° E) with speleologist, P. Kunisch. Credit: Péter Lenkei. C. Entrance to Golubova pećina (42.2093° N, 19.1306° E), Gornja Seoca, Montenegro. Credit: I. Njunjić.

Fig. 16 in 3D X-ray microscopy (Micro-CT) and SEM reveal Zospeum troglobalcanicum Absolon, 1916 and allied species from the Western Balkans (Ellobioidea: Carychiidae)

Fig. 16. Light microscopic images of full-bodied Zospeum Bourguignat, 1856 from Njeguši, St John's cave. A–B. Zospeum kolbae Jochum, Inäbnit, Kneubühler & Ruthensteiner sp. nov. (NMBE 571122– 571123), individuals assessed by DNA sequencing with sigmoid intestine showing through shells (shells were destroyed post imaging for tissue extraction). A. Holotype (NMBE 571122), shell of aliquot, aperture, and aperture facing left view. B. Paratype (NMBE 571123), shell of aliquot, aperture, and aperture facing left view. C. Undescribed Zospeum sp. 1 (NMBE 577052) showing all perspectives. D–E. Undescribed Zospeum sp. 1 (NMBE 577053/2) showing all perspectives.

Fig. 13 in 3D X-ray microscopy (Micro-CT) and SEM reveal Zospeum troglobalcanicum Absolon, 1916 and allied species from the Western Balkans (Ellobioidea: Carychiidae)

Fig. 13. Light microscopic images of Zospeum constrictum Jochum & Ruthensteiner sp. nov. (NHMW Mol.Coll.Edlauer 16.693) and collection labels.A. Holotype, aperture, and dorsal views. B–D. Paratypes, aperture and dorsal views.

Fig. 18. 3D in 3D X-ray microscopy (Micro-CT) and SEM reveal Zospeum troglobalcanicum Absolon, 1916 and allied species from the Western Balkans (Ellobioidea: Carychiidae)

Fig. 18. 3D visualizations of Micro-CT data of Zospeum simplex Inäbnit, Jochum & Neubert, 2021, (NMHW-MO-113642 ex RSC 3760) from Dobravljevac jama, Gornji Brišnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina. A–F. Specimen 1 (spm1). A. Aperture view. B. Aperture facing right view. C. Apical view. D. Dorsal view. E. Aperture facing left view. F. Ventral view. G–L. Specimen 2 (spm2). Same perspectives as Specimen 1.

Fig. 12 in 3D X-ray microscopy (Micro-CT) and SEM reveal Zospeum troglobalcanicum Absolon, 1916 and allied species from the Western Balkans (Ellobioidea: Carychiidae)

Fig. 12. Zospeum neuberti Jochum & Ruthensteiner sp. nov. (NHMW Mol.Coll.Edlauer 32006). A–B. Light microscopic images of paratypes showing aperture and dorsal views and collection labels. C. Light microscopic images of holotype showing aperture and dorsal views. D–I. 3D visualizations of Micro-CT data of holotype. D. Aperture view. E. Aperture facing right view showing smooth columella. F. Apical view. G. Dorsal view showing smooth columella. H. Aperture facing left view. I. Ventral view.

Fig. 21 in 3D X-ray microscopy (Micro-CT) and SEM reveal Zospeum troglobalcanicum Absolon, 1916 and allied species from the Western Balkans (Ellobioidea: Carychiidae)

Fig. 21. Bayesian tree of the genus Zospeum Bourguignat, 1856. Node support values of both the Bayesian Inference (left) and the Maximum Likelihood analysis (right) are given. Branches are coloured to denote the informal species groups within the eastern radiation of Zospeum following Inäbnit et al. (2019). Emboldened specimen names indicate samples sequenced for this study.

Fig. 11 in 3D X-ray microscopy (Micro-CT) and SEM reveal Zospeum troglobalcanicum Absolon, 1916 and allied species from the Western Balkans (Ellobioidea: Carychiidae)

Fig. 11. Zospeum njunjicae Jochum, Schilthuizen & Ruthensteiner sp. nov. A–B. Light microscopic images of paratypes (NMBE 572616) showing aperture and dorsal views. C. Light microscopic images of holotype (NMBE 572617) showing aperture and dorsal views. D–I. 3D visualizations of X-ray microCT data of holotype (NMBE 572617). D. Aperture view. E. Aperture facing right view showing well defined lamella. F. Apical view. G. Dorsal view. H. Aperture facing left view. I. Ventral view.

Fig. 9 in 3D X-ray microscopy (Micro-CT) and SEM reveal Zospeum troglobalcanicum Absolon, 1916 and allied species from the Western Balkans (Ellobioidea: Carychiidae)

Fig. 9. Zospeum amplioscutum Jochum & Ruthensteiner sp. nov., (NHMW Mol.Coll.Edlauer 19.069) with sample labels. A. Light microscopic images of paratype (NHMW Mol.Coll.Edlauer 19.069), apertural and dorsal views. B. Light microscopic images of holotype (NHMW Mol.Coll.Edlauer 19.069), aperture and dorsal views. C–H. 3D visualizations of X-ray Micro-CT data of holotype (NHMW Mol. Coll.Edlauer 19.069). C. Aperture view. D. Aperture facing right view. E. Apical view. F. Dorsal view. G. Aperture facing left view. H. Ventral view showing coiling projecting high up on shell and peristome oblique to umbilicus.

Fig. 10 in 3D X-ray microscopy (Micro-CT) and SEM reveal Zospeum troglobalcanicum Absolon, 1916 and allied species from the Western Balkans (Ellobioidea: Carychiidae)

Fig. 10. Zospeum tumidum Jochum, Schilthuizen & Ruthensteiner sp. nov., holotype (NMBE 572615). A. Light microscopic images, showing aperture and dorsal views and TxEx Collection label. B. 3D visualizations of Micro-CT data, apical view. C. Ventral view showing deep umbilical depression. D. Aperture view. E. Aperture facing right view showing tapered columella and lamellar bulge. F. Dorsal view. G. Aperture facing left view.

Fig. 17. Z in 3D X-ray microscopy (Micro-CT) and SEM reveal Zospeum troglobalcanicum Absolon, 1916 and allied species from the Western Balkans (Ellobioidea: Carychiidae)

Fig. 17. Z. njegusiense Jochum & Ruthensteiner sp. nov., Scanning Electron Microscopy images. A. Holotype (NMBE 572639), aperture view showing subfossil shell with superficial erosion of shell layer. B. Paratype (NMBE 578378), aperture view showing close up of lamellar band on columella (Fig. C). C. Paratype (NMBE 578378), aperture view showing damaged shell and columella. D. Close up view of holotype (NMBE 572639), showing body whorl with low, irregular growth lines. E. Paratype (NMBE 578378), protoconch.

Fig. 6 in 3D X-ray microscopy (Micro-CT) and SEM reveal Zospeum troglobalcanicum Absolon, 1916 and allied species from the Western Balkans (Ellobioidea: Carychiidae)

Fig. 6. Zospeum intermedium Jochum & Ruthensteiner sp. nov. (RMNH.MOL.234132) from Gittenberger (1975). A. Light microscopic images of apertural and dorsal views. B. Sample labels. C–H. 3D visualizations of X-ray Micro-CT data. C. Aperture view. D. Aperture facing right view. E. Apical view. F. Dorsal view. G. Aperture facing right view. H. Umbilical view showing slight umbilical depression and lamella projecting from the columellar side.

Fig. 7 in 3D X-ray microscopy (Micro-CT) and SEM reveal Zospeum troglobalcanicum Absolon, 1916 and allied species from the Western Balkans (Ellobioidea: Carychiidae)

Fig. 7. Light microscopic images of shells from the caves Lipska pećina and Duboki do (Montenegro) with specimen labels. A–C. Zospeum troglobalcanicum Absolon, 1916 (MCSMNH-PMSL-Moll.-FVelkovrh 29603). D–F. Zospeum dubokidoense Jochum & Ruthensteiner sp. nov. D. Holotype (MCSMNHPMSL-Moll.-FVelkovrh 30360[spm1]). E–F. Paratypes, Duboki do, Montenegro (MCSMNH-PMSLMoll.-FVelkovrh 30360[spm2-3]).

Fig. 2. 3D in 3D X-ray microscopy (Micro-CT) and SEM reveal Zospeum troglobalcanicum Absolon, 1916 and allied species from the Western Balkans (Ellobioidea: Carychiidae)

Fig. 2. 3D visualizations of Micro-CT data of the lectotype of Zospeum troglobalcanicum Absolon, 1916 (NHMW Moll.Coll.Edlauer 32.749) with shell parts and terms indicated. A. Measurements include shell height (sh), shell width (sw), aperture height (ah), aperture width (aw), height of last whorl (hlw) and spire angle (SA). B. Internal view showing columella (co), lamella (la), peristome (pe) and penultimate whorl (pw). C. Apical view showing protoconch (pr), teleoconch (te) and peristome (pe). D. Ventral view showing peristome configuration (pe) parietal shield (ps) and umbilicus (um).

Fig. 4. 3D in 3D X-ray microscopy (Micro-CT) and SEM reveal Zospeum troglobalcanicum Absolon, 1916 and allied species from the Western Balkans (Ellobioidea: Carychiidae)

Fig. 4. 3D visualizations using Micro-CT data of shells from the caves Benetina pećina (SE Bosnia and Herzegovina) and Cetinska pećina (Montenegro). A–F. Zospeum troglobalcanicum Absolon, 1916, lectotype (NHMW Moll.Coll.Edlauer 32.749). A. Aperture view. B. Aperture facing right view. C. Apical view. D. Dorsal view. E. Aperture facing left view. F. Ventral view showing umbilical depression. G–L. Zospeum tortuosum Jochum & Ruthensteiner sp. nov., holotype (MCSMNH-PMSLMoll.-FVelkovrh 34099[spm1]). G. Aperture view. H. Aperture facing right view. I. Apical view. J. Dorsal view. K. Aperture facing left view. L. Ventral view showing callused peristome positioned mostly on top of umbilicus.

Fig. 15 in 3D X-ray microscopy (Micro-CT) and SEM reveal Zospeum troglobalcanicum Absolon, 1916 and allied species from the Western Balkans (Ellobioidea: Carychiidae)

Fig. 15. Zospeum biokovoense Jochum & Ruthensteiner sp. nov. (NHMW Mol.Coll.Edlauer 16.390). A–B. Light microscopic images showing aperture and dorsal views and collection labels. A. Juvenile shell. B. Holotype. C–H. 3D visualizations of Micro-CT data of holotype. C. Aperture view showing gnarled deformation of the columella. D. Aperture facing right view showing fat columella and lamella. E. Apical view. F. Dorsal view showing lopsided spire and incomplete lamella on top of fat columella. G. Aperture facing left view. H. Ventral view showing puckered umbilical depression.